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| {{Wilde|Woah! Check out these leprachauns I'm steppin' on!|LSD}} | |||
| {{featured article}} | |||
| {{Wilde|Dude! I'll bet this is how DOGS see, man...|LSD}} | |||
| {{drugbox | | |||
| | width = 120 | |||
| | image = Lsd-structure.png | |||
| | IUPAC_name = (6a''R'',9''R'')-''N'',''N''-Diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-<br>hexahydroindolo-quinoline-9-carboxamide | |||
| | CAS_number = 50-37-3 | |||
| | PubChem = 5761 | |||
| | C=20 | H=25| N=3| O=1 | |||
| | molecular_weight = 323.43 g/mol | |||
| | melting_point = 80 - 85 | |||
| | synonyms = LSD, LSD-25, lysergide, <small>D</small>-lysergic acid diethylamide | |||
| | smiles = O=(N(CC)CC)<br>1CN(C)(C2=C1)()<br>CC3=CNC4=C3C2=CC=C4 | |||
| | excretion = renal | |||
| | pregnancy_category = X | |||
| | legal_status = ] | |||
| | routes_of_administration = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Quote|I am the eggman! They are the eggmen! I am the Walrus, goo goo g'joob!|John Lennon}} | |||
| {{otheruses}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Lysergic acid diethylamide''', commonly called '''acid''', '''LSD''', or '''LSD-25''', also known as '''lysergide''', is a ] ]. A typical single dose of LSD during the 1960s was between 100 and 200 ]s,<ref name="henderson-glass">"LSD : Still With Us After All These Years" by Epidemiologist Leigh A. Henderson & NIDA Project Officer William J. Glass : .</ref> a tiny amount roughly equal to one-tenth the weight of a grain of sand. Today, a typical single dose of LSD can be as low as 25–50 micrograms, although they are more commonly 50–100 micrograms.<ref name="henderson-glass"/> Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 20 micrograms.<ref name="greiner">{{cite journal | author=Greiner T, Burch NR, Edelberg R | title=Psychopathology and psychophysiology of minimal LSD-25 dosage; a preliminary dosage-response spectrum | journal=AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry | year=1958 | pages=208–10 | volume=79 | issue=2 | id=PMID 13497365}}</ref> | |||
| An experimental drug pioneered by the ] of the ] party in the early 20th century. Made by mixing Morning Glory seeds and strychnine, it was first employed to allow soldiers to see inter-dimensional portals, allowing faster than light (]) travel on the battlefield. The drug backfired when the soldiers discovered that their enemies were in fact "''****ing lizards with huge 20 feet long tongues that raped the souls of their oppressors.''" | |||
| The effects of LSD can vary greatly, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. Generally, LSD causes expansion and altered experience of ]s, ]s, ], and ] for 8 to 14 hours. In addition, LSD may produce visual effects such as moving ]s, "trails" behind moving objects, and brilliant colors. LSD does not produce ]s in the strict sense but instead illusions and vivid daydream-like ], in which ordinary objects and experiences can take on entirely different appearances or meanings. At higher doses it can cause ]. The drug sometimes spurs long-term or even permanent changes in a user's personality and life perspective. | |||
| ] | |||
| LSD is ] from ] derived from ], a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. LSD is sensitive to ], ], and ], especially in ] (though its potency may last years if the substance is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature). In pure form it is colorless, odorless, and mildly bitter. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a ], or gelatin. | |||
| It was soon adopted by American pop-culture in the 1920s as an alternative to ], which soon led to orgies of blood in the streets of ] (as documented in the ] Singing in the Rain). | |||
| At the end of the 1920's, ] decried LSD as a menace to society, and called for its outlaw. ] saw the outlaw of LSD, causing the huge LSD factories to stop production immediately. Subsequently, the LSD-dependent economy of the ] crashed, ushering in the ]. Panicked stockbrokers, breaking into their stash of bad acid, jumped out of buildings on Wall Street, assuming they were frogs and could eat flies. | |||
| Introduced by ] as a drug with various ] uses, LSD quickly became a ] that appeared to show great promise. However, the extra-medical use of the drug in ] in the middle years of the ] led to a political firestorm and government insider panic that resulted in the ] for medical as well as recreational and spiritual uses. Despite this, it is still considered a promising drug in some intellectual circles. | |||
| Soon after, alcohol prohibition was repealed, allowing former LSD junkies to drown their sorrows. | |||
| ==Origins and history== | |||
| {{main|History of LSD}} | |||
| ] | |||
| "LSD" is an ] formed from the ] chemical name of the compound, '''''L'''yserg'''s'''äure-'''d'''iethylamid''. It was first synthesized in 1938 by Swiss chemist Dr. ] at the ] in ] as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ] derivatives. Its psychedelic properties were unknown until 5 years later, when Hofmann, acting on a hunch, returned to work on the chemical. He attributed the discovery of the compound's psychoactive effects to the accidental absorption of a tiny amount through his skin on ], which led to him testing a larger amount on himself for ].<ref name="problem-child">Hofmann, Albert. ''LSD – My Problem Child'' (McGraw-Hill, 1980). ISBN 0-07-029325-2. Available online or .</ref> | |||
| The serial murders committed by the ] have been attributed to LSD. | |||
| Until 1966, LSD and ] were provided by Sandoz Laboratories free of charge to interested scientists. (Sandoz gave LSD the ] "Delysid".<ref name="problem-child"/>) The use of these compounds by psychiatrists to gain a better subjective understanding of the ] experience was an accepted practice. Many ] were conducted on the potential use of LSD in ], generally with very positive results. | |||
| '''LSD''' has since been replaced by LCDs, which are a more-costly yet still-usable way of seeing images of things that never existed. '''LCD'''s are a very potent liquid form of LSD being pushed by a notoriously shady subgroup of the ] community known as dealers, who (much like the LSD dealers before them) have a large number of ]s who are all ] and eagerly waiting to download the latest fix. | |||
| ] era intelligence services were keenly interested in the possibilities of using LSD for interrogation and mind control, and also for large-scale ]. The ] conducted extensive research on LSD, which was mostly destroyed.<ref>ACHRE Report, chapter 3: "".</ref> ] (also known as MK-ULTRA) was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program begun in the 1950s and continued until the late 1960s. There is much published evidence that the project involved not only the use of drugs to manipulate persons, but also the use of electronic signals to alter brain functioning; for details, see the MKULTRA article proper. | |||
| ==Effects== | |||
| The ] government also indulged in LSD testing; in 1953 and 1954, scientists working for ] dosed servicemen in an effort to find a "truth drug". (In all probability, MI6 was motivated by rumors that the ] had developed ] drugs.) The test subjects were not informed that they were being given LSD, and had in fact been told that they were participating in a medical project to find a cure for the common cold. One subject, aged 19 at the time, reported seeing "walls melting, cracks appearing in people's faces ... eyes would run down cheeks, ]-type faces ... a flower would turn into a slug". After keeping the trials secret for many years, MI6 agreed in 2006 to pay the former test subjects financial compensation. Like the CIA, MI6 decided that LSD was not a practical drug for brainwashing purposes.<ref>Rob Evans, "". ''The Guardian'' 24 February 2006.</ref> | |||
| Hahahahahaha! Oh, man, don't creep up on me like that, I thought, like, you were a lizard. Because lizards creep. I think. Wait... what the fuck? Wait, dude, okay, quick question: what color are lizards? Are they blue? Because you're a fucking blue lizard! That's nuts! More like testacles! Oh shit... I am the eggman... or something. Dude, dude, put on ''Dark Side of the Moon''! That album is the shit. Wow! What the... blue isn't a flavor... or is it? I think of it more as a smell. You smelly, tasty blue lizard! | |||
| ] | |||
| LSD first became popular ] among a small group of mental health professionals such as psychiatrists and psychologists during the 1950s, as well as by socially prominent and politically powerful individuals such as ] and ] to whom the early LSD researchers were connected socially. | |||
| Many School Children are currently feeling these affects, as the New Labour governent has made it compulsary for all milk cartons to be laced with the drug, in order to achieve a group of new thinking pupils. | |||
| Several mental health professionals involved in LSD research, most notably ] psychology professors Drs. ] and ], became convinced of LSD's potential as a tool for spiritual growth. In 1961, Dr. Timothy Leary received grant money from Harvard University to study the effects of LSD on test subjects. 3,500 doses were given to over 400 people. Of those tested, 90% said they would like to repeat the experience, 83% said they had "learned something or had insight," and 62% said it had changed their life for the better. | |||
| ===Can also mean=== | |||
| Their research became more esoteric and controversial, alleging links between the LSD experience and the state of enlightenment sought after in many ] traditions. They were dismissed from the traditional academic psychology community, and as such cut off from legal scientific acquisition of the drug. <!-- Dr. Leary was then (allegedly unbeknownst to himself) approached by agents of the CIA, who supplied him with such quantity of purified LSD-25 that he and Dr. Alpert/Ram Dass made available to a much wider portion of the public. --><!-- previous sentence commented out pending sourcing --> The experiments lost their scientific accreditation, and the pair evolved into countercultural ] ]s, encouraging people to question authority and challenge the status quo, a concept summarized in their catchphrase, "Turn on, tune in, and drop out". The drug was banned in the United States in 1967, with scientific therapeutic research as well as individual research also becoming prohibitively difficult. Many other countries, under pressure from the U.S., quickly followed suit. | |||
| ] | |||
| * Pounds, shillings and pence (]) | |||
| * Low Sodium Diet | |||
| * Lick Some Dick | |||
| * The Unix ls daemon, which responds to calls made by the ls command | |||
| * ] in the sky with diamonds | |||
| * "]" (]), supposing ] | |||
| * Laxative Sun Drug, a pharmaceutical for the constipated people of warm, sub saharan climates. | |||
| ==Things LSD are commonly used with== | |||
| Since 1967, underground recreational and therapeutic LSD use has continued in many countries, supported by a black market and popular demand for the drug. Legal, academic research experiments on the effects and mechanisms of LSD are also conducted on occasion, but rarely involve human subjects. | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Everyday Uses of LSD== | |||
| According to Leigh Henderson and William Glass, two researchers associated with the ] who performed a 1994 review of the literature, LSD use is relatively uncommon when compared to the abuse of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and prescription drugs. Over the previous fifteen years, long-term usage trends stayed fairly stable, with roughly 5% of the population using the drug and most users being in the 16 to 23 age range. Henderson and Glass found that LSD users typically partook of the substance on an infrequent, episodic basis, then "maturing out" after two to four years. Overall, LSD appeared to have comparatively few adverse health consequences, of which "bad trips" were the most commonly reported (and, the researchers found, one of the chief reasons youths stop using the drug).<ref name="henderson-glass"/> | |||
| Commonly ingested at breakfast by meddlesome philosophers, this lovely mental medicine can be yours for the price of a pizza! Can make space and time seem relative and subject to the mind, but can also make demons eat your head, which also is currently a banana named Bill. If you eat too much, Jefferson Airplane may spontaneously appear in front of you, and Timothy Leary's voice may echo softly through the room. | |||
| Can Thus Be Used For: | |||
| == Dosage == | |||
| *Entertainment during otherwise serious moments | |||
| LSD is, by weight, one of the most potent drugs yet discovered. Both subjective reports and pharmacological methods such as ]s determine LSD to be, per ], around 100 times more potent than ] and ] and around 4,000 times more potent than ]. Dosages of LSD are measured in ]s (µg), or millionths of a ]. By comparison, dosages of almost all other drugs, both recreational and medical, are measured in ]s (mg), or thousandths of a gram. | |||
| *Traveling Space and Time | |||
| *FInally Understanding The Doors | |||
| *Knowing everything, in its entirety, all at once. | |||
| Christopher Columbus was not actually sailing away for the precious menieral of gold. He considered LSD to be "gold" and decided to sail away to the Americas where the Mexicans (more specifically the Northern Gangsta'Mexicans or 'Cholos') were using it liberally to keep their lowriders running smoothly, completely unaware of the fact that it can be sold for, as quoted by Columbus himself "Major cashola, dude!" | |||
| The dosage level that will produce a threshold hallucinogenic effect in humans is generally considered to be 20–30 μg, with the drug's effects becoming markedly more evident at higher dosages.<ref>Stoll, W.A. (1947). Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirsames Phantastikum. Schweiz. Arch. Neur. 60,483.</ref><ref name="greiner"/> According to Glass and Henderson's review, black-market LSD is largely unadulterated though sometimes contaminated by manufacturing by-products. Typical doses in the 1960s ranged from 200 to 1000 micrograms, while street samples of the 1970s contained 30 to 300 µg. By the mid-1980s, the average had reduced to about 100 to 125 µg, lowering still further in the 1990s to the 20–80 µg range. (Lower doses, Glass and Henderson found, generally produce fewer bad trips.)<ref name="henderson-glass"/> Dosages by frequent users can be as high as 1,200 µg (1.2 mg), although such a high dosage may precipitate unpleasant physical and psychological reactions. | |||
| ==See Also== | |||
| Estimates for the lethal dosage (]) of LSD range from 200 μg/kg to more than 1 mg/kg of human body-weight, though most sources report that there are no known human cases of such an overdose. Other sources note one report of a suspected fatal overdose of LSD in which there were indications that ~1/3 of a gram (320 mg or 320,000 µg) had been injected intravenously, i.e., over 3,000 more typical oral doses of ~100 µg had been injected.<ref> from ]</ref> | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{Drugs}} | |||
| LSD is not considered addictive, in that its users do not exhibit the medical community's commonly accepted definitions of ] and physical dependence. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use, and there is cross-tolerance shown between LSD, ] and ]. This tolerance diminishes after a few days' abstention from use. As with any psychotropic substance there is a risk of psychological dependence; however, as with most psychedelics, this risk is relatively low. | |||
| {{IAIUA}} | |||
| == Effects == | |||
| === Pharmacodynamical === | |||
| LSD's primary effects normally last from eight to twelve hours,<ref name="tihkal">] and ]. "", in '']'' (Berkeley: Transform Press, 1997). ISBN 0-963-00969-9.</ref> though as Sandoz's prospectus for "Delysid" warned, "intermittent disturbances of affect may occasionally persist for several days."<ref name="problem-child"/> Contrary to early reports and common belief, LSD effects do not last longer than significant levels of the drug in the blood. Aghajanian and Bing <ref>{{cite journal|author=Aghajanian, George K. and Bing, Oscar H. L.|url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1964/1964_aghajanian_2224_1.pdf|title=Persistence of lysergic acid diethylamide in the plasma of human subjects|journal=Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.|volume=5|year=1964|pages=611–4|id=PMID 14209776}}</ref> found LSD had an elimination half-life of 175 min, while, more recently, Papac and Foltz <ref>{{cite journal | author=Papac DI, Foltz RL | title=Measurement of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry | journal=J Anal Toxicol | year=1990 | pages=189-90 | volume=14 | issue=3 | id=PMID 2374410}}</ref> | |||
| reported that 1 µg/kg oral LSD given to a single male volunteer had an apparent plasma half-life of 5.1 h with a peak plasma concentration of 1.9 ng/mL at 3 h post-dose. Notably, Aghajanian and Bing found that blood concentrations of LSD matched the time course of volunteers' difficulties with simple arithmetic problems. | |||
| {{Mommy's medicine}} | |||
| Anecdotal reports indicate that administration of ] (Thorazine) or similar ] tranquilizers will not end an LSD trip, but rather will just immobilize and numb the patient. While it also may not end an LSD trip, the best chemical treatment for a "bad trip" is an ] agent such as ] (Valium) or another ]. There have also been reports of the ] being useful, a claim that has not been confirmed by multiple research groups using double-blind scientific methods and is therefore questionable. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]] | |||
| LSD affects an enormous number of ], including all ] subtypes, all ] subtypes as well as many others. LSD binds to most ] subtypes except for 5-HT<sub>3</sub> and 5-HT<sub>4</sub>. However, most of these receptors are affected at too low affinity to be activated by the brain concentration of approximate 10–20 nM.<ref name="nichols">{{cite journal | author=Nichols, David E. | title=Hallucinogens | journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics | year=2004 | pages=131-81 | volume=101 | issue=2 | url=http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6318 | id=PMID 14761703}}</ref> Recreational doses of LSD can affect 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, ], 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, 5-HT<sub>5A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>5 B</sub> and 5-HT<sub>6</sub> The hallucinogenic effects of LSD are attributed to its strong partial agonist effects at 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors as specific 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> ] drugs are hallucinogenic and largely 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> specific antagonists block the hallucinogenic activity of LSD.<ref name="nichols"/> Exactly how this produces the drug's effects is unknown, but it is thought that it works by increasing ] release and hence excitation in the ], specifically in layers IV and V.<ref>BilZ0r. "". ], v3.1 (August 2005).</ref> | |||
| === Physical === | |||
| Physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include the following: ] contractions, ] (body ] increase), elevated ] levels, dry-mouth, ], heart-rate increase, jaw clenching, nausea, perspiration, ], ]tion, ] production, ]lessness and ]s. ] and muscle tension or soreness are also fairly commonly reported, but rather than being direct effects of LSD in the bloodstream, these symptoms are believed by some to be the result of awkward positions assumed by users experiencing fluctuations in their awareness of the passage of time and their own physical discomfort. | |||
| LSD was studied in the 1960s by Eric Kast as a painkiller for serious and chronic pain caused by cancer or other major trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kast, Eric | title=Attenuation of anticipation: a therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide | journal=Psychiat. Quart. | year=1967 | pages=646-57 | volume=41 | issue=4 | id=PMID 4169685 | url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1967/1967_kast_3881_1.pdf}}</ref> Even at low (sub-psychedelic) dosages, it was found to be at least as effective as traditional opiates while being much longer lasting (pain reduction lasting as long as a week ''after'' peak effects had subsided). Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in anxiety. This reported effect is being tested (though not using LSD) in an ongoing (as of 2006) study of the effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on anxiety in terminal cancer patients. | |||
| Furthermore, LSD has been illicitly used as a treatment for ]s, an uncommon but extremely painful disorder. Researcher Peter Goadsby describes the headaches as "worse than natural childbirth or even amputation without anesthetic."<ref>Dr. Goadsby is quoted in "", and he makes an equivalent statement in on Australian ] (9 August 1999).</ref> Although the phenomenon has not been formally investigated, case reports indicate that LSD and ] can reduce cluster pain and also interrupt the cluster-headache cycle, preventing future headaches from occurring. Currently existing treatments include various ]s, among other chemicals, so LSD's efficacy may not be surprising. A dose-response study, testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocybin is, ], being planned at ]. Unlike attempts to use LSD or ] in ], this research involves non-psychological effects and often sub-psychedelic dosages; therefore, it is plausibly a way that a respected medical use of LSD will arise.<ref>Summarized from "" and .</ref> | |||
| === Psychological === | |||
| LSD's psychological effects (] called a "trip") vary greatly from person to person, from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a single trip. Widely different effects emerge based on '']'' — the "set" being the general mindset of the user, and the "setting" being the physical and social environment in which the drug's effects are experienced. | |||
| An LSD trip can have long lasting or even permanent neutral, negative, and positive psychoemotional effects. LSD experiences can range from indescribably ecstatic to extraordinarily difficult; many difficult experiences (or "bad trips") result from a panicked user feeling that he or she has been permanently severed from ] and his or her ]. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant. | |||
| Conversely, a comfortable environment and a relaxed, balanced and open mindset will often result in a pleasant experience. | |||
| Many users experience a dissolution between themselves and the "outside world": cognitive differences between subject ("I") and object ("me", "you", "it") break down or seem absurd.<ref name="linton-langs">Linton, Harriet B. and Langs, Robert J. "". ''Arch. Gen. Psychiat.'' Vol. 6 (1962): 352–68.</ref> This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. | |||
| Some experts hypothesize that drugs such as LSD may be useful in psychotherapy, especially when the patient is unable to "unblock" repressed subconscious material through other psychetherapeutic methods,<ref>Cohen, S. (1959). The therapeutic potential of LSD-25. ''A Pharmacologic Approach to the Study of the Mind,'' p251–258.</ref> and also for treating alcoholism. One study concluded, "The root of the therapeutic value of the LSD experience is its potential for producing self-acceptance and self-surrender,"<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chwelos N, Blewett D.B., Smith C.M., Hoffer A. | title=Use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide in the treatment of alcoholism | journal=Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol | year=1959 | pages=577-90 | volume=20 | id=PMID 13810249}}</ref> presumably by forcing the user to face issues and problems in that individual's psyche. Many believe that, in contrast, other drugs (such as ], ], and ]) are used to ] from reality. Studies in the 1950s that used LSD to treat alcoholism professed a 50% success rate,<ref>Maclean, J.R.; Macdonald, D.C.; Ogden, F.; Wilby, E., "LSD-25 and mescaline as therapeutic adjuvants." In: Abramson, H., Ed., ''The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism,'' Bobbs-Merrill: New York, 1967, pp. 407–426; Ditman, K.S.; Bailey, J.J., "Evaluating LSD as a psychotherapeutic agent," pp.74–80; Hoffer, A., "A program for the treatment of alcoholism: LSD, malvaria, and nicotinic acid," pp. 353–402.</ref> higher than estimates near 10% for ].<ref>Minogue, S. J. "Alcoholics Anonymous." ''The Medical Journal of Australia'' May 8 (1948):586–587.</ref> | |||
| Some LSD studies were criticized for methodological flaws, and different groups had inconsistent results. Mangini's 1998 paper reviews this history and concludes that the efficacy <!--This is a correct usage of the word "efficacy", not a typo for "efficiency"--> of LSD in treating alcoholism remains an open question.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Mangini M | title=Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research | journal=J Psychoactive Drugs | year=1998 | pages=381-418 | volume=30 | issue=4 | id=PMID 9924844}}</ref> | |||
| ] have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD. Some of these comments date from the era when it was legally available in the US and Europe for non-medical uses, and others pertain to ] treatment in the 1950s and 60s. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes. | |||
| ==== Sensory/perception ==== | |||
| Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion and continuing for the following six to twelve hours, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming ]s. | |||
| Changes in aural and visual perception are common, ranging from mild to profound.<ref name="linton-langs"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Katz MM, Waskow IE, Olsson J | title=Characterizing the psychological state produced by LSD | journal=J Abnorm Psychol | year=1968 | pages=1-14 | volume=73 | issue=1 | id=PMID 5639999}}</ref> These sensory changes include basic "high-level" distortions such as the appearance of moving geometrical patterns, new textures on objects, blurred vision, image trailing, shape suggestibility and color variations. Users sometimes describe experiencing new, previously-unseen colors; sights and sounds may take on greater intensity or have more of an impact. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplained way; that is, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions.<ref>See, ''e.g.,'' Gerald Oster's article "". ''Psychedelic Rev.'' No. 7 (1966): 33–40.</ref> | |||
| Higher doses often bring about shifts at a lower cognitive level, causing intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as ], the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. | |||
| ==== Spiritual ==== | |||
| LSD is considered an ] because it often catalyzes intense spiritual experiences where users feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. It is common for users to believe that they have achieved insights into the way the mind works and some users experience permanent or long-lasting changes in their life perspective. Some users consider LSD a religious sacrament, or a powerful tool for access to the divine. Many books have been written comparing the LSD trip to the state of ] of ]. | |||
| Such experiences under the influence of LSD have been observed and documented by researchers such as ] and ]. For example, Walter Pahnke conducted the ] ] under Leary's supervision, performing a double blind experiment on the administration of psilocybin to volunteers who were students in religious graduate programs, ''e.g.,'' divinity or theology.<ref>Video of the experiment can be viewed .</ref> That study showed that hallucinogens could reliably be used to induce mystical religious states (at least in people with a spiritual predisposition). | |||
| === Physical dangers === | |||
| Although LSD is generally considered nontoxic,and not harmfull to the human body, it may temporarily impair the ability to make sensible judgments and understand common dangers, thus making the user susceptible to accidents and personal injury. | |||
| There is also some indication that LSD may trigger a ] state in individuals who are taking certain classes of ] such as ]s and ]. In such a state, the user has an impulse to wander, and may not be aware of his or her actions, which can lead to physical injury.<ref name="lsd-antidepressants">"" (2003) via ].</ref> ] are believed to interact more benignly, with a tendency to noticeably reduce LSD's subjective effects.<ref>Kit Bonson, "" (2006).</ref> Similar and perhaps greater reductions have also been reported with ]s.<ref name="lsd-antidepressants"/> | |||
| As Albert Hofmann reports in ''LSD – My Problem Child,'' the early pharmacological testing Sandoz performed on the compound (before he ever discovered its psychoactive properties) indicated that LSD has a pronounced effect upon the mammalian ]. Sandoz testing showed that LSD can stimulate uterine contractions with efficacy comparable to ], the active uterotonic component of the ] fungus. (It is worth noting that Hofmann's work on ergot derivatives also produced a modified form of ergobasine which became a widely accepted medication used in ], under the trade name ].) LSD use by pregnant women is therefore contraindicated.<ref name="problem-child"/> | |||
| Initial studies in the 1960s and 70s raised concerns that LSD might produce genetic damage or developmental abnormalities in fetuses. However, these initial reports were based on in vitro studies or were poorly controlled and have not been substantiated. In studies of ] changes in human users and in monkeys, the balance of evidence suggests no significant increase in chromosomal damage. For example, studies were conducted with people who had been given LSD in a clinical setting.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dishotsky NI, Loughman WD, Mogar RE, Lipscomb WR | title=LSD and genetic damage | journal=Science | year=1971 | pages=431-40 | volume=172 | issue=982 | id=PMID 4994465 | url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1971/1971_dishotsky_5148_1.pdf}}</ref> ]s from these people were examined for visible chromosomal abnormalities. Overall, there appeared to be no lasting changes. Several studies have been conducted using illicit LSD users and provide a less clear picture. Interpretation of these data is generally complicated by factors such as the unknown chemical composition of "street" LSD and concurrent use of other psychoactive drugs. It seems possible that the small number of congenital abnormalities reported in users of street LSD is either coincidental or related to factors other than a toxic effect of pure LSD. | |||
| === Flashbacks === | |||
| There is also a rarely reported possibility of "]", a psychological phenomenon in which an individual experiences an episode of some of the subjective effects of LSD (this may be a positive or negative experience) long after the drug has been consumed and worn off — sometimes weeks, months or even years afterward. | |||
| Colloquial usage of the term "flashbacks" refers to any experience reminiscent of LSD effects; these are commonly occasional brief experiences. However, psychiatry recognizes a disorder in which LSD-like effects are persistent and cause clinically-significant impairment or distress. This chronic flashback syndrome is called ], a ] diagnosis. Several journal articles have described the disorder.<ref>See, for example, {{cite journal | author=Abraham HD, Aldridge AM | title=Adverse consequences of lysergic acid diethylamide | journal=Addiction | year=1993 | pages=1327-34 | volume=88 | issue=10 | id=PMID 8251869}}</ref> | |||
| Several studies have tried to determine how likely a "normal user" (that is a user not suffering from known psychiatric conditions) of LSD is to experience flashbacks. The larger studies include Blumenfeld's in 1971 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Blumenfield M | title=Flashback phenomena in basic trainees who enter the US Air Force | journal=Military Medicine | year=1971 | pages=39-41 | volume=136 | issue=1 | id=PMID 5005369}}</ref> and Naditch and Fenwick's in 1977 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Naditch MP, Fenwick S | title=LSD flashbacks and ego functioning | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | year=1977 | pages=352-9 | volume=86 | issue=4 | id=PMID 757972}}</ref>, which arrived at figures of 20% and 28%, respectively. A recent review suggests that chronic flashbacks, according to the DSM-IV definition, appear to be rare disorders that affect a distinctly vulnerable subpopulation of users.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr | title=Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? | journal=Drug Alcohol Depend | year=2003 | pages=109-19 | volume=69 | issue=2 | id=PMID 12609692}}; {{cite journal | author=Halpern JH | title=Hallucinogens: an update | journal=Curr Psychiatry Rep | year=2003 | pages=347-54 | volume=5 | issue=5 | id=PMID 13678554}} </ref> Differences in the estimated prevalence of flashbacks may partly depend on the multiple meanings of the term and the fact that hallucinogen persisting perception disorder can only be diagnosed in a person who admits to their health care practitioner that they have used hallucinogens. | |||
| Debate continues over the nature and causes of chronic flashbacks. Some say chronic flashbacks are a manifestation of ], not directly related to LSD's mechanism, and vary according to the susceptibility of the individual to the disorder. Many emotionally intense experiences can lead to flashbacks when a person is reminded acutely of the original experience. However, not all published case reports of chronic flashbacks appear to describe an anxious hyper-vigilant state reminiscent of post-traumatic stress disorder. | |||
| Several ] claim that intermittent flashbacks are the result of trace amounts of LSD or related chemicals being dislodged and released into the body after having been crystallized and stored in fat or spinal fluid cells. However, there is no evidence for this and scientific research suggests that it is not the case; LSD (which is water soluble) is metabolized in the liver, as with many other drugs, and its metabolites are excreted normally in the urine.<ref> from Erowid</ref> | |||
| An alternative theory regarding flashbacks postulates that it is a form of perceptual learning. People having unusual experiences while on LSD may be more likely to make similar interpretations of their sensory input in the future. This theory does not appear to explain why a subset of people develop hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and are unable to 'unlearn' their distressing perceptual patterns. | |||
| === Psychosis === | |||
| There are some cases of LSD inducing or triggering a ] in people who were apparently healthy prior to taking LSD. This issue was reviewed extensively in a 1984 publication by Rick Strassman.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Strassman RJ | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | journal=J Nerv Ment Dis | year=1984 | pages=577-95 | volume=172 | issue=10 | id=PMID 6384428}}</ref> In most cases, the psychosis-like reaction is of short duration, but in other cases it may be chronic. It is difficult to determine if LSD itself induces these reactions or if it merely triggers latent conditions that would have manifested themselves otherwise. The similarities of time course and outcomes between putatively LSD-precipitated and other psychoses suggests that the two types of syndromes are not different and that LSD may have been a nonspecific trigger. Several studies have tried to estimate the prevalence of LSD-induced prolonged psychosis arriving at numbers of around 4 in 1,000 individuals (0.8 in 1,000 volunteers and 1.8 in 1,000 psychotherapy patients in Cohen 1960 <ref>{{cite journal|author=Cohen, Sidney|url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1960/1960_cohen_1848_1.pdf|title=Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Side Effects and Complications|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=130|issue=1 |pages=30–40|month=January|year=1960|id=PMID 13811003}}</ref>; 9 per 1,000 psychotherapy patients in Melleson 1971 <ref>{{cite journal|author=Malleson, Nicholas|url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1971/1971_malleson_5136_1.pdf|title=Acute Adverse Reactions to LSD in Clinical and Experimental Use in the United Kingdom|journal=Brit. J. Psychiat.|volume=118|pages=229–30|id=PMID 4995932|issue=543|year=1971}}</ref>). But these rates are far lower than the lifetime prevalence for psychotic conditions: ], to pick just one type of psychosis, has a lifetime prevalence of about 1% in populations that are not exposed to LSD. In itself, this suggests no causative link between LSD and chronic psychotic disorders. | |||
| == Chemistry == | |||
| ] | |||
| LSD is an example of an ] derivative. It is commonly produced from ], which is made from ergotamine, a substance derived from the ] ] on ], or from ] (lysergic acid amide), a chemical found in ] and ] seeds. It is theoretically possible to manufacture LSD from morning glory or hawaiian baby woodrose seeds although this is not economically feasible, and these seeds have never been found to be a successful starting material for LSD production. Lysergic acid can also be synthesized in the laboratory by relatively complex ]. | |||
| LSD is a ] compound with two ]s at the ] atoms C-5 and C-8, so that theoretically four different ] of LSD could exist. LSD, also called (+)-<small>D</small>-LSD, has the absolute ] (5''R'',8''R''). The C-5 ]s of lysergamides do not exist in nature and are not formed during the synthesis from <small>D</small>-lysergic acid. However, LSD and iso-LSD, the two C-8 isomers, are rapidly interconverting in the presence of ]. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD which has formed during the synthesis can be removed by ] and can be isomerized to LSD. | |||
| === Stability === | |||
| "LSD," writes the chemist ], "is an unusally fragile molecule."<ref name="tihkal"/> It is stable for indefinite amounts of time ''if'' stored, as a salt or in water, at low temperature and protected from air and light exposure. Two portions of its molecular structure are particularly sensitive, the carboxamide attachment at the 8-position and the ] between the 8-position and the ]. The former is affected by high ], and if perturbed will produce isolysergic acid diethylamide (iso-LSD), which is biologically inactive. If water or alcohol adds to the double bond (especially in the presence of light), LSD converts to "lumi-LSD", which is totally inactive in human beings, to the best of current knowledge. Furthermore, ] destroys LSD molecules on contact; even though chlorinated tap water typically contains only a slight amount of chlorine, because a typical LSD solution only contains an infinitesimal amount of LSD, dissolving LSD in tap water is likely to completely eliminate the substance.<ref name="tihkal"/> | |||
| A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Li Z, McNally AJ, Wang H, Salamone SJ. | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9788528&dopt=Abstract | title=Stability study of LSD under various storage conditions. | journal=J Anal Toxicol | volume=22 | issue=6 | pages=520–5 | month=October | year=1998 | id=PMID 9788528}}</ref> The concentrations of LSD in urine samples were followed over time at various temperatures, in different types of storage containers, at various exposures to different wavelengths of light, and at varying pH values. These studies demonstrated no significant loss in LSD concentration at 25 degrees C for up to 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of incubation, a 30% loss in LSD concentration at 37 degrees C and up to a 40% at 45 degrees C were observed. Urine fortified with LSD and stored in amber glass or nontransparent polyethylene containers showed no change in concentration under any light conditions. Stability of LSD in transparent containers under light was dependent on the distance between the light source and the samples, the wavelength of light, exposure time, and the intensity of light. After prolonged exposure to heat in alkaline pH conditions, 10 to 15% of the parent LSD epimerized to iso-LSD. Under acidic conditions, less than 5% of the LSD was converted to iso-LSD. There was also demonstrated that trace amounts of metal ions in buffer or urine could catalyze the decomposition of LSD and that this process can be avoided by the addition of ]. | |||
| ==Production== | |||
| ] | |||
| Only a small amount of ergotamine tartrate is required to produce LSD in large batches. For example, 25 kg of ergotamine tartrate can produce 5 or 6 kg of pure LSD crystal that, under ideal circumstances, could be processed into 100 million dosage units, assuming a typical "hit" of 125 μg. This is more than enough to meet what is believed to be the entire annual U.S. demand for the drug. LSD manufacturers only need to create a small quantity of the substance, and thus they enjoy an ease of transport and concealment not available to traffickers of other illegal drugs (such as ] and ]).<ref name="DEA-pub">"", DEA Publications.</ref> | |||
| Manufacturing LSD requires laboratory equipment and experience in the field of ]. It takes two or three days to produce 30 to 100 grams of pure compound. It is believed that LSD usually is not produced in large quantities, but rather in a series of small batches. This technique minimizes the loss of precursor chemicals in case a synthesis step does not work as expected.<ref name="DEA-pub"/> | |||
| ===Forms of LSD=== | |||
| ] | |||
| LSD is produced in crystalline form and then mixed with excipients or diluted as a liquid for production in ingestible forms. Liquid solution is either distributed as-is in small vials or, more commonly, sprayed or soaked onto a distribution medium. Historically, LSD solutions were first sold on sugar cubes, but practical considerations forced a change to tablet form. Early pills or tabs were flattened on both ends and identified by color: "grey flat", "blue flat", and so forth. Next came "domes", which were rounded on one end, then "double domes" rounded on both ends, and finally small tablets known as "microdots". Later still, LSD began to be distributed in thin squares of gelatin ("window panes") and, most commonly, as blotter paper: sheets of paper impregnated with LSD and perforated into small squares of individual dosage units. The paper is then cut into small square pieces called "tabs" for distribution. Individual producers often print designs onto the paper serving to identify different makers, batches or strengths, and such "blotter art" often emphasizes ] themes. | |||
| LSD is sold under a wide variety of street names including Acid, 'Cid, Sid, Barrels, Blotter, Doses, Heavenly blue, L, Liquid, Liquid A, Lucy, Microdots, Mind detergent, Orange cubes, Orange micro, Owsley, Hits, Paper, Sacrament, Sandoz, Sugar, Sugar lumps, Sunshine, Tabs, Ticket, Trips, Twenty-five, Wedding bells, and Windowpane, as well as names that reflect the designs on the sheets of blotter paper.<ref name="erowid-faq">Honig, David. via ].</ref> On occasion, authorities have encountered the drug in other forms — including powder or crystal, and capsule — and laced on other substances. More than 200 types of LSD tablets have been encountered since 1969 and more than 350 paper designs have been observed since 1975. Designs range from simple five-point stars in black and white to exotic artwork in full four-color print. | |||
| == Legal status == | |||
| The ] ] (adopted in 1971) requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the ], ] and most of ]. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. | |||
| LSD is easy to conceal and smuggle. A tiny vial can contain thousands of doses. Not much money is made from retail-level sales of LSD, so the drug is typically not associated with the violent ] organizations involved in ] and ] smuggling. | |||
| ===United States: Prior to 1967=== | |||
| Prior to 1967, LSD was available legally in the United States as an experimental ] drug. (LSD "apostle" ] actively promoted the drug between the 1950s and the 1970s and introduced thousands of people to it.) The ] classified it as a Schedule I drug according to the ] of 1970. As such, the ] holds that LSD meets the following three criteria: it is deemed to have a high potential for abuse; it has no legitimate medical use in treatment; and there is a lack of accepted safety for its use under medical supervision. (LSD prohibition does not make an exception for religious use.) Lysergic acid and lysergic acid amide, LSD precursors, are both classified in Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act. Ergotamine tartrate, a precursor to lysergic acid, is regulated under the ]. | |||
| LSD has been manufactured illegally since the 1960s. Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the psychedelic experience could do good for humanity, that it expanded the mind and could bring understanding and love. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. The best known of these is undoubtedly ], usually known simply as Owsley. The former chemistry student set up a private LSD lab in the mid-Sixties in ] and supplied the LSD consumed at the famous ] parties held by ] and his ], and other major events such as the ] in San Francisco in January 1967. He also had close social connections to leading San Francisco bands the ], ] and ], regularly supplied them with his LSD and also worked as their live sound engineer and made many tapes of these groups in concert. Owsley's LSD activities — immortalized by ] in their song "Kid Charlemagne" — ended with his arrest at the end of 1967, but some other manufacturers probably operated continuously for 30 years or more. Announcing Owsley's first bust in 1966, The ]'s headline "LSD Millionaire Arrested" inspired the rare Grateful Dead song "Alice D. Millionaire." | |||
| ===United States: 1970 to 2003=== | |||
| ] | |||
| American LSD usage declined in the 1970s and 1980s, then experienced a mild resurgence in popularity in the 1990s. Although there were many distribution channels during this decade, the U.S. ] identified continued tours by the ] band ] and the then-burgeoning ] scene as primary venues for LSD trafficking and consumption. American LSD usage fell sharply circa 2000. The decline is attributed to the arrest of two chemists, ], a Harvard-educated organic chemist, and ]. | |||
| Pickard was an alleged member of the ] group that produced and sold LSD in California during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is believed he had links to other "cooks" associated with this group — an original source of the drug back in the 1960's — and his arrest may have forced other operations to cease production, leading to the large decline in street availability. | |||
| The DEA claims these two individuals were responsible for the vast majority of LSD sold illegally in the United States and a significant amount of the LSD sold in ], and that they worked closely with organized traffickers. While this claim may have some bearing, the extent of Pickard's direct influence on the overall availability in the United States is not fully known. Some attest that "Pickard's Acid" was sold exclusively in Europe, and was not distributed through American music venues. | |||
| According to DEA reports, black market LSD availability dropped by 95% after the two were arrested in 2000. These arrests were a result of the largest LSD manufacturing raid in DEA history.<ref>Seper, Jerry. "". ''The Washington Times'' 27 November 2003.</ref> Availability has increased slightly as of summer 2005, but still remains limited. {{citation needed}} | |||
| In November of 2003, Pickard and Apperson were sentenced to two life sentences and two 30-year sentences, respectively, after being convicted in ] of running a large scale LSD manufacturing operation out of several clandestine laboratories, including a former ] near ]. | |||
| LSD manufacturers and traffickers can be categorized into two groups: A few large scale producers, such as the aforementioned Pickard and Apperson, and an equally limited number of small, clandestine chemists, consisting of independent producers who, operating on a comparatively limited scale, can be found throughout the country. As a group, independent producers are of less concern to the ] than the larger groups, as their product reaches only local markets. | |||
| == References == | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| <references/> | |||
| </div> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| === Chemical === | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Related ] compounds: ]s, ], ], ], ] | |||
| === Other === | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] – ] experiments with LSD | |||
| * ], deaths attributed to LSD overdoses | |||
| * ]- a human right linked to the use of psychoactive drugs | |||
| * ] | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{Wikinews|Drug website surveys LSD users and culture}} | |||
| === Media === | |||
| * Dr Albert Hofmann - The father of LSD | |||
| * , January 16, 2006 | |||
| * , September 27, 2004 | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Official DEA press release on the "Largest LSD Lab Seizure In DEA History" | |||
| * Book written about Pickard Case | |||
| * , April 16, 2001 | |||
| * {{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/07/international/europe/07hoffman.html?ex=1294290000&en=3f9d07f38d182f59&ei=5090 | title=Nearly 100, LSD's Father Ponders His 'Problem Child' | date=], ] | publisher=The New York Times}} | |||
| * | |||
| * ] (), 5 April 2006 | |||
| * | |||
| === Video === | |||
| * "", a fanciful depiction of Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD, created by David Normal | |||
| * "", lecture by Jack Cowan (via the ]) | |||
| === Academic === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * online, by LSD inventor Dr. ] | |||
| * , '']'' | |||
| * Aldous, F. A. B., Barrass, B. C., Brewster, K., Buxton, D. A., Green, D. M., Finder, R. M., Rich, P., Skeels, M., and Tutt, K. J., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 17, 1100–1111 (1974) | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| === Urban legends === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| === General === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * essay by ] | |||
| {{Hallucinogenic lysergamides}} | |||
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Revision as of 09:08, 23 June 2006
I am the eggman! They are the eggmen! I am the Walrus, goo goo g'joob!
— John Lennon
An experimental drug pioneered by the cats of the Nazi party in the early 20th century. Made by mixing Morning Glory seeds and strychnine, it was first employed to allow soldiers to see inter-dimensional portals, allowing faster than light (FTL) travel on the battlefield. The drug backfired when the soldiers discovered that their enemies were in fact "****ing lizards with huge 20 feet long tongues that raped the souls of their oppressors."
It was soon adopted by American pop-culture in the 1920s as an alternative to alcohol, which soon led to orgies of blood in the streets of Manhattan (as documented in the film Singing in the Rain).
At the end of the 1920's, Timothy Leary decried LSD as a menace to society, and called for its outlaw. October 29th, 1929 saw the outlaw of LSD, causing the huge LSD factories to stop production immediately. Subsequently, the LSD-dependent economy of the United Spades of Amerika crashed, ushering in the Great Depression. Panicked stockbrokers, breaking into their stash of bad acid, jumped out of buildings on Wall Street, assuming they were frogs and could eat flies.
Soon after, alcohol prohibition was repealed, allowing former LSD junkies to drown their sorrows.
The serial murders committed by the Kool-Aid Man have been attributed to LSD.
LSD has since been replaced by LCDs, which are a more-costly yet still-usable way of seeing images of things that never existed. LCDs are a very potent liquid form of LSD being pushed by a notoriously shady subgroup of the IT community known as dealers, who (much like the LSD dealers before them) have a large number of users who are all hooked and eagerly waiting to download the latest fix.
Effects
Hahahahahaha! Oh, man, don't creep up on me like that, I thought, like, you were a lizard. Because lizards creep. I think. Wait... what the fuck? Wait, dude, okay, quick question: what color are lizards? Are they blue? Because you're a fucking blue lizard! That's nuts! More like testacles! Oh shit... I am the eggman... or something. Dude, dude, put on Dark Side of the Moon! That album is the shit. Wow! What the... blue isn't a flavor... or is it? I think of it more as a smell. You smelly, tasty blue lizard!
Many School Children are currently feeling these affects, as the New Labour governent has made it compulsary for all milk cartons to be laced with the drug, in order to achieve a group of new thinking pupils.
Can also mean
- Pounds, shillings and pence (£sd)
- Low Sodium Diet
- Lick Some Dick
- The Unix ls daemon, which responds to calls made by the ls command
- Lucy in the sky with diamonds
- "Latter-Day Saints" (LDS), supposing Dyslexia
- Laxative Sun Drug, a pharmaceutical for the constipated people of warm, sub saharan climates.
Things LSD are commonly used with
Everyday Uses of LSD
Commonly ingested at breakfast by meddlesome philosophers, this lovely mental medicine can be yours for the price of a pizza! Can make space and time seem relative and subject to the mind, but can also make demons eat your head, which also is currently a banana named Bill. If you eat too much, Jefferson Airplane may spontaneously appear in front of you, and Timothy Leary's voice may echo softly through the room.
Can Thus Be Used For:
- Entertainment during otherwise serious moments
- Traveling Space and Time
- FInally Understanding The Doors
- Knowing everything, in its entirety, all at once.
Christopher Columbus was not actually sailing away for the precious menieral of gold. He considered LSD to be "gold" and decided to sail away to the Americas where the Mexicans (more specifically the Northern Gangsta'Mexicans or 'Cholos') were using it liberally to keep their lowriders running smoothly, completely unaware of the fact that it can be sold for, as quoted by Columbus himself "Major cashola, dude!"