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| ⚫ | {{Coord|40|39|47|N|73|56|41|W|scale:30000|display=title}} | ||
| {{redirect|Crown Heights, New York|the hamlet in Dutchess County|Crown Heights, New York}} | {{redirect|Crown Heights, New York|the hamlet in Dutchess County|Crown Heights, New York}} | ||
| {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}} | ||
| ], ], New York City]] | ], ], New York City]] | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| '''Crown Heights''' is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City ] of ]. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is ], a tree-lined boulevard designed by ] extending {{convert|2|mi|abbr=off}} east-west. | '''Crown Heights''' is a neighborhood in the central portion of the ] ] of ]. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is ], a tree-lined boulevard designed by ] extending {{convert|2|mi|abbr=off}} east-west. | ||
| Originally, the area was known as '''Crow Hill.''' It was a succession of hills running east and west from ] to Classon Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and ].<ref>"" by Eugene Armbruster 1912 updated 1941 | Originally, the area was known as '''Crow Hill.''' It was a succession of hills running east and west from ] to Classon Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and ].<ref>"" by Eugene Armbruster 1912 updated 1941 | ||
| </ref> The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.<ref>"" from the 1939 "WPA Guide to New York City"</ref> | </ref> The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.<ref>"" from the 1939 "WPA Guide to New York City"</ref> | ||
| Crown Heights is bounded by Franklin Avenue (to the west), ] (to the north), Ralph Avenue (to the east) and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue (to the south). It is about |
Crown Heights is bounded by Franklin Avenue (to the west), ] (to the north), Ralph Avenue (to the east) and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue (to the south). It is about {convert|1|mi|km}}) wide and {{convert|2|mi|km}} long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include ] to the west, ] to the south, ] to the east, and ] to the north. | ||
| The neighborhood extends through much of ]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.brooklyncb8.org/|format = Official Website|title = Community Board 8}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.communitybrd9bklyn.org/|format = Official Website |title = Community Board 9}}</ref> It is under the jurisdiction of two ] of the ]. The 77th precinct is part of Brooklyn North, which covers Crown Heights, ] and ]. The 71st precinct is part of Brooklyn South and covers the southern end of Crown Heights.<ref>"" (includes precinct maps)</ref> | The neighborhood extends through much of ]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.brooklyncb8.org/|format = Official Website|title = Community Board 8}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.communitybrd9bklyn.org/|format = Official Website |title = Community Board 9}}</ref> It is under the jurisdiction of two ] of the ]. The 77th precinct is part of Brooklyn North, which covers Crown Heights, ] and ]. The 71st precinct is part of Brooklyn South and covers the southern end of Crown Heights.<ref>"" (includes precinct maps)</ref> | ||
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| In some areas the increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents.<ref>New York Community Media Alliance, May 9, 2007: {{cite web|url= http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/127/news/news_2/|title= Desperately seeking an apartment: Haitians continue to double up as rents soar}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref><ref>New York Times – City Room, November 16, 2007: {{cite news|url= http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/16/landlords-eviction-trick-backfires-investigators-say/|title= Landlord Eviction Trick Backfired, Investigators Say | work=The New York Times | first=Sewell | last=Chan | date=November 16, 2007 | accessdate=April 30, 2010}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref><ref>INPRINT, August 10, 2004: {{cite web|url= http://eugenelang-inprint.blogspot.com/|title= The Uncertain Fate of an Old Brooklyn Nook}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref> Crown Heights remains an overall ethnic and social melange where a wide variety of people from older residents to new immigrants and other groups continue to reside. | In some areas the increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents.<ref>New York Community Media Alliance, May 9, 2007: {{cite web|url= http://www.indypressny.org/nycma/voices/127/news/news_2/|title= Desperately seeking an apartment: Haitians continue to double up as rents soar}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref><ref>New York Times – City Room, November 16, 2007: {{cite news|url= http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/16/landlords-eviction-trick-backfires-investigators-say/|title= Landlord Eviction Trick Backfired, Investigators Say | work=The New York Times | first=Sewell | last=Chan | date=November 16, 2007 | accessdate=April 30, 2010}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref><ref>INPRINT, August 10, 2004: {{cite web|url= http://eugenelang-inprint.blogspot.com/|title= The Uncertain Fate of an Old Brooklyn Nook}} (Accessed on December 6, 2009)</ref> Crown Heights remains an overall ethnic and social melange where a wide variety of people from older residents to new immigrants and other groups continue to reside. | ||
| NYC. |
NYC.gov statistics for 2007 revealed that the 77th precinct, which includes a significant part of Crown Heights, had experienced a year-to-date decline of 40% in the number of murders (a total of 9, down from 15), significantly impacted by local volunteer police patrols, and a decline of 20% in the number of rapes (12, down from 15). However, felonious assaults and burglaries had increased significantly in that period(16.8 and 24.8%, respectively)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyc.gov/html/nypd/pdf/chfdept/cs077pct.pdf |title=Compstat |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070414185001/http://nyc.gov/html/nypd/pdf/chfdept/cs077pct.pdf |archivedate = April 14, 2007}}</ref> | ||
| According to the latest statistics, in 2010 stats showed an increase in the homicide rate for the 77th precinct which covers Crown Heights and Bed-stuy when it rose from 13 in 2009 to 20 in 2010. The 71st precinct which covers the southern portion of Crown Heights also recorded 10 homicides for the year. | According to the latest statistics, in 2010 stats showed an increase in the homicide rate for the 77th precinct which covers Crown Heights and Bed-stuy when it rose from 13 in 2009 to 20 in 2010. The 71st precinct which covers the southern portion of Crown Heights also recorded 10 homicides for the year. | ||
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| == Transportation == | == Transportation == | ||
| Crown Heights is served by the ] and the ], with major subway stations at ], ], ] and ]s ({{NYCS Eastern center}}) and ] ({{NYCS Nostrand}}). Several bus lines serve the |
Crown Heights is served by the ] and the ], with major subway stations at ], ], ] and ]s ({{NYCS trains|Eastern center}}) and ] ({{NYCS trains|Nostrand}}). Several bus lines serve the area, including the {{NYC bus link|B12}}, {{NYC bus link|B14}}, {{NYC bus link|B15}}, {{NYC bus link|B17}}, {{NYC bus link|B43}}, {{NYC bus link|B44}}, {{NYC bus link|B45}}, {{NYC bus link|B46}}, and {{NYC bus link|B65}}. | ||
| == Landmarks == | == Landmarks == | ||
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| * ] (born 1975), author and rabbi | * ] (born 1975), author and rabbi | ||
| * ] (born 1959), Hasidic Jewish singer, songwriter, and record store owner | * ] (born 1959), Hasidic Jewish singer, songwriter, and record store owner | ||
| <!-- NOTICE * * * NOTICE * * * NOTICE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *NOTICE * * * NOTICE * * * NOTICE | |||
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| ==In film== | ==In film== | ||
| ], a 2013 documentary shot with ], features the Caribbean and Hasidic residents of Crown Heights. The footage includes local scenes shot by the residents themselves.<ref name="DNA"></ref><ref name="Columbia"></ref> | ], a 2013 documentary shot with ], features the Caribbean and Hasidic residents of Crown Heights. The footage includes local scenes shot by the residents themselves.<ref name="DNA"></ref><ref name="Columbia"></ref> | ||
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| == References == | == References == | ||
| '''Notes''' | |||
| {{Reflist| |
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}} | ||
| '''Further reading''' | |||
| * | * | ||
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| {{Brooklyn}}{{Ethnicity in New York City |state=collapsed}} | {{Brooklyn}} | ||
| {{Ethnicity in New York City |state=collapsed}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Coord|40|39|47|N|73|56|41|W|scale:30000|display=title}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 23:48, 2 April 2014
40°39′47″N 73°56′41″W / 40.66306°N 73.94472°W / 40.66306; -73.94472
"Crown Heights, New York" redirects here. For the hamlet in Dutchess County, see Crown Heights, New York.
Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending 2 miles (3.2 kilometres) east-west.
Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Classon Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue. The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.
Crown Heights is bounded by Franklin Avenue (to the west), Fulton Street (to the north), Ralph Avenue (to the east) and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue (to the south). It is about {convert|1|mi|km}}) wide and 2 miles (3.2 km) long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush to the south, Brownsville to the east, and Bedford-Stuyvesant to the north.
The neighborhood extends through much of Brooklyn Community Board 8 and 9. It is under the jurisdiction of two precincts of the New York City Police Department. The 77th precinct is part of Brooklyn North, which covers Crown Heights, Prospect Heights and Weeksville. The 71st precinct is part of Brooklyn South and covers the southern end of Crown Heights.
History
Early history
Although no known physical evidence remains in the Crown Heights vicinity, large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by the Lenape, (later renamed Delaware Indians by the European colonizers). The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams, and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops.
The first recorded contact between the indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 in the service of France when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape. The next contact was in 1609 when the explorerer Henry Hudson arrived in what is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen (Half Moon) commissioned by the Dutch Republic.
European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into the western end of Long Island. In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje purchased about 335 acres (1.36 km) around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company purchased title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants.
Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Pieter Stuyvesant and the directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as “a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there” on the condition that they situate their houses “within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet.”
Development in the early 1900s
Crown Heights had begun as a posh residential neighborhood, a "bedroom" for Manhattan's growing bourgeois class. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in a subway configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line (2, 3, 4, and 5 trains), in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, which had elevated lines. Conversion to a commuter town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street and Nostrand Avenue.
Beginning in the early 1900s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from the parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations.
Mid-20th century
Population changes began in the 1920s with newcomers from Jamaica and the West Indies, as well as African Americans from the South.
From the '40s through the '60s, many middle class Jews lived in Crown Heights. In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with some 50 to 60 percent of the white population, or about 75,000 people, being Jewish, and a small, growing black population. By 1957, there were about 25,000 blacks in Crown Heights, making up about one-fourth of the population. There were thirty-four large synagogues in the neighborhood, including the Bobov, Chovevei Torah, and 770 Eastern Parkway, home of the worldwide Lubavitch movement. There were also three prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street, the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, and the Reines Talmud Torah.
The 1960s through the early 1990s
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations in the area: With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflict plagued some of its neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, with its racially and culturally mixed populations. The neighborhood's relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim, at the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneersohn stayed in the community after other whites left.
In 1964 the Labor Day Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture was moved to the neighborhood when its license to run in Harlem was revoked. It now attracts between one and three million people and is held on the first Monday in September.
During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition due to lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness, and a relatively high concentration of elderly residents.
Violence has erupted in the neighborhood on more than one occasion, including during the New York City blackout of 1977: More than 75 area stores were robbed, and thieves used cars to pull down gates protecting stores. In 1991 there was a three-day outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot.
Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in the city and urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect in its neighborhoods including Crown Heights.
The Crown Heights Riot
Main article: Crown Heights riot | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day disturbance that occurred in August 1991 in the Crown Heights. The community was, as it is now, majority West Indian and African American and with a large minority of Jews. The riots began on August 19, 1991 after Gavin Cato, the son of two Guyanese immigrants, was struck and killed by a car in the motorcade of prominent Hasidic rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. A Jewish ambulance known as Hatzolah came to the scene and removed the Jewish driver and placed him in the ambulance. The child was left pinned under the vehicle which had jumped onto the sidewalk of President Street and Utica Avenue as the police had ordered the ambulance away, fearing the outrage that was being expressed by black bystanders. The rioting began very shortly after the Hatzolah left the scene. During the riot a visitor from Australia and an Orthodox Jew, Yankel Rosenbaum, was murdered. The riot unveiled long-simmering tensions between the neighborhood's black and Jewish communities, which impacted the 1993 mayoral race and ultimately led to a successful outreach program between black and Jewish leaders that somewhat helped improve race relations in the city.
21st-century renaissance
Crown Heights today has extreme contrasts between ornate and lovely architecture in certain sectors and vacant, run-down buildings in other sectors. It contains a variety of people ranging from bearded, dark-suit wearing Hasidim, to vividly and brightly dressed Afro-Caribbean residents.
In the spring of 2008 racial tension flared up in a few blocks; however, it never reached the level of tension that occurred during the Crown Heights Riot of the early 1990s.
In November 2013, a series of attacks on Jewish residents were suspected to be part of "knockout games". Media attention to knockout attacks increased following the incidents in Crown Heights. In response to the violence, the Jewish community hosted an event for African-American teens, designed to promote greater understanding of Jews and their beliefs. The event, hosted by the Jewish Children's Museum, was coordinated by local Jewish organizations, public schools, and by the NYPD's 71st and 77th precincts.
In some areas the increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents. Crown Heights remains an overall ethnic and social melange where a wide variety of people from older residents to new immigrants and other groups continue to reside.
NYC.gov statistics for 2007 revealed that the 77th precinct, which includes a significant part of Crown Heights, had experienced a year-to-date decline of 40% in the number of murders (a total of 9, down from 15), significantly impacted by local volunteer police patrols, and a decline of 20% in the number of rapes (12, down from 15). However, felonious assaults and burglaries had increased significantly in that period(16.8 and 24.8%, respectively) According to the latest statistics, in 2010 stats showed an increase in the homicide rate for the 77th precinct which covers Crown Heights and Bed-stuy when it rose from 13 in 2009 to 20 in 2010. The 71st precinct which covers the southern portion of Crown Heights also recorded 10 homicides for the year.
The neighborhood hosting one of the largest street fairs in New York City, the annual Labor Day Carnival on Eastern Parkway, continues to be a popular draw.
Demographics
As of 2010, of the approximately 150,000 residents in Crown Heights, 74.7% were Black, 19.1% were White, 4.2% were Hispanic, and 2% were Asian and other ethnic groups. Crown Heights has majority West Indian and African American population, however there is a significant number of Hasidic Jews.
Reflecting the most varied population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival. The boisterous and colorful event is the West Indian Carnival Parade, also known as "The Labor Day Parade." The vivid ostentation goes along Eastern Parkway, from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza. According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the colorful parade each year.
It is also the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway. A thriving Orthodox Jewish community has grown up around that location.
Political representation
In city government, Crown Heights is part of New York City Council Districts 35 and 36.
Crown Heights is represented in State government as part of the State Senate 19th District and the State Senate 20th District. In the New York State Assembly, Crown Heights is part of State Assembly District 43 and State Assembly District 57. Crown Heights is within the boundaries of New York's 11th congressional district for the U. S. House of Representatives, currently represented by Yvette Clark.
Education
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
Among the public schools are the International Arts Business School, The League School, The School for Human Rights, The School for Democracy and Leadership and the High School for Public Service: Heroes of Tomorrow, all on the campus of the now-closed George W. Wingate High School, and Success Academy Crown Heights, part of Success Academy Charter Schools. M.S. 587, New Heights Charter School, Achievement First Crown Heights Elementary School, and Achievement First Crown Heights Middle School are all located in Crown Heights, housed in the Mahalia Jackson School building. Explore Empower Charter School is also located in Crown Heights.
Medgar Evers College is an institution of higher education.
The orthodox Jewish community is serviced by gender-classified schools. Among the girls schools are Beth Rivkah Academy, the oldest girls school founded by the Previous Lubavitcher Rebbe in 1943, which now hosts preschool through higher learning institutions. Newer schools include Bnos Menachem, Bais Chaya Mushka and Bnos Chomesh. The boys are educated at Oholei Torah and Yeshiva Tomchei Temimim.
Transportation
Crown Heights is served by the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line, with major subway stations at Franklin, Nostrand, Kingston and Utica Avenues (2, 3, 4, and 5 trains) and President Street (2 and 5 trains). Several bus lines serve the area, including the B12, B14, B15, B17, B43, B44, B45, B46, and B65.
Landmarks
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden
- Brooklyn Museum
- Brooklyn Children's Museum
- Brooklyn Public Library (Eastern Parkway Branch)
- George W. Wingate High School
- 770 Eastern Parkway (central headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement)
- Jewish Children's Museum
- Medgar Evers College
- Ebbets Field Apartments
- Weeksville Heritage Center
Notable people
- Bob Arum (born 1931), founder and CEO of Top Rank, a professional boxing promotion company
- Buckshot, rapper
- Iris Cantor, philanthropist
- Clive Davis (born 1932), music industry executive
- I.A.L. Diamond (1920–88), comedy writer
- Eliyahu Federman, advocate for equal voting rights, sexual abuse awareness and better police-community relations in Crown Heights.
- Avraham Fried (born 1959), Hasidic singer
- Yitzchak Ginsburg (born 1944), American-born Israeli rabbi
- Allen Grubman, entertainment lawyer
- Jamie Hector (born 1975), actor, portrays Marlo Stanfield on the HBO series The Wire
- Gavriel Holtzberg (1979–2008), murdered Orthodox rabbi and Chabad emissary to Mumbai, India
- Simon Jacobson (born 1956), rabbi, author, journalist
- Yosef Jacobson (born 1972), rabbi, orator
- Harold S. Koplewicz (born 1953), child and adolescent psychiatrist
- Carol Laderman (1932–2010), medical anthropologist
- Norman Mailer (1923–2007), novelist, journalist, author
- Marty Markowitz (born 1945), Borough President of Brooklyn, New York City
- Matisyahu Miller (born 1979), reggae artist
- Stephanie Mills (born 1957), singer
- Mark Naison (born 1946), professor of history and former political activist
- Lemrick Nelson (born 1975), convicted of violating Yankel Rosenbaum's civil rights in his murder during the 1991 Crown Heights riot
- Mendy Pellin, Hassidic comic
- Noel Pointer, jazz violinist
- Aaron Raskin, religious leader, Chabad Lubavitch rabbi, and author
- Kendall Schmidt (born 1990), television actor (Big Time Rush) and singer
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–94), the Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch
- Carl Sigman (1909–2000), songwriter
- Beverly Sills (1929–2007), opera singer and administrator
- Mighty Sparrow (born 1935), Calypso musician from Trinidad/West Indies
- Susan McKinney Steward (1847–1918), first African American woman to earn medical degree in New York
- Aaron Swartz (1986–2013), computer programmer, writer, archivist, political organizer, and internet activist
- William L. Taylor (1931–2010), attorney and civil rights advocate
- Simcha Weinstein (born 1975), author and rabbi
- Mendy Werdyger (born 1959), Hasidic Jewish singer, songwriter, and record store owner
In film
Project 2x1, a 2013 documentary shot with Google Glass, features the Caribbean and Hasidic residents of Crown Heights. The footage includes local scenes shot by the residents themselves.
A 2004 film titled "Crown Heights" depicts an orthodox Rabbi and a community activist helping two local youths, one Hasidic, the other African-American, form a hip-hop group. Set in the aftermath of the Crown Heights riot, the group aims at at healing tensions in the neighborhood.
See also
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden
- Chabad-Lubavitch
- Eastern Parkway
- Utica Avenue
- St. Johns Place Line
- West Indian Carnival
- Brooklyn Babylon
References
Notes
- "The Eastern District of Brooklyn" by Eugene Armbruster 1912 updated 1941
- "Crown Heights" from the 1939 "WPA Guide to New York City"
- "Community Board 8" (Official Website).
- "Community Board 9" (Official Website).
- "Brooklyn, New York Police Precincts & Patrol Districts" (includes precinct maps)
- "Notes for: Jan Joris Jansen (Rapalje) De_Rapalie" from the Janssen Verheul families in Canada and Holland database
- "Crown Heights North Historic District: Designation Report" prepared by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission April 24, 2007 (pdf)
- "Chapter 3.1: Woodland to City Neighborhood: 300 Years of Change" by Jerome Krase, Brooklyn College Sociology Department "Self and Community in the City", University Press of America 1982
- Brooklyn Museum open collection Crow Hill Penitentiary gate
- Race And Religion Among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights By Henry Goldschmidt.
- "770 Live". 770 Live. March 20, 1940. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
- "Racial tensions brewing in Crown Heights." CNN.
- "Police Added in Brooklyn Neighborhood Amid "Knockout Game" Attacks". WNBC. November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- Jonathan Mark (November 20, 2013). "Mark, Jonothan. 'Knockout' Attacks A Concern. ''The Jewish Week.'' Nov. 10, 2013". Thejewishweek.com. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- ""Brooklyn Jewish leaders offer 1500 reward for knockout game arrests". ''DNA.info''. Nov. 25, 2013". Dnainfo.com. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- "NYPD investigating Crown Heights 'knockout' attacks on Jews as possible hate crimes – Daily News". Nydailynews.com. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- "Yanover, Yoni. "Crown Heights Knockout-the-Jew attacks serial hate crimes". ''The Jewish Press''. Nov. 14, 2013". Jewishpress.com. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- COLlive reporter. "A Jewish Response to Knockout." COLlive.com. January 29, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2014.
- New York Community Media Alliance, May 9, 2007: "Desperately seeking an apartment: Haitians continue to double up as rents soar". (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
- New York Times – City Room, November 16, 2007: Chan, Sewell (November 16, 2007). "Landlord Eviction Trick Backfired, Investigators Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2010. (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
- INPRINT, August 10, 2004: "The Uncertain Fate of an Old Brooklyn Nook". (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
- "Compstat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2007.
- Rule, Sheila (April 15, 1994). "The Voices and Faces of Crown Heights". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
- "West Indian-American Day Carnival Association".
- "Council Member- District: 35". Archived from the original on April 22, 2007.
- "Council Member- District: 36". Archived from the original on May 1, 2007.
- "19th Senate District" (official page).
- "20th Senate District" (official page).
- "State Assembly District 43" (official page).
- "State Assembly District 573" (official page).
- "Empower Charter School"
- Duffy, Thom. "'Celebrate Brooklyn' Readies Summer Lineup", Billboard (magazine), May 7, 2004. Accessed October 27, 2007. "My life totally revolved around Brooklyn, says Davis, recalling his boyhood in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of Crown Heights, watching the Brooklyn Dodgers play at Ebbet's Field and listening to Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom on WNEW."
- Telpha, Carol. "Neighborhoods: Close-Up on Crown Heights", The Village Voice, December 12, 2002. Accessed October 18, 2007. "Actress and singer Stephanie Mills and rapper Skoob of Das EFX are Crown Heights natives."
- Martin, Douglas. "William Taylor, Vigorous Rights Defender, Dies at 78", The New York Times, June 29, 2010. Accessed June 30, 2010.
- Sharp, Sonja. Crown Heights Documentary Claims to be First Ever Shot With Google Glass. DNAInfo.com. Oct 7, 2013.
- Brooklyn Film & Arts Festival Screening: "Brooklyn Realities – Documented". Columbia.edu.
- Crown Heights (2004). IMDB.com.
- Crown Heights. Movies. New York Times.
Further reading
External links
- "Strolls Upon Old Lines: Crow Hill and Some of Its Suggestions" from the Brooklyn Eagle December 9, 1888
- Crown Heights History
- A Walk Through Crown Heights
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden
- West Indian-American Day Carnival Association
- Medgar Evers College
- Brooklynian Message Boards: Crown Heights and Prospect Lefferts Gardens
- The Crow Hill Community Association
- Crown Heights North Association
- Landmarking of Crown Heights North as a NYC historic district (pdf)
- "Crown Heights News/Chabad News" for & about Crown Height's Hasidic Jewish Community and Chabad around the world
- Crown Heights Blog (Dormant)
