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'''Anlo-Keta Lagoon''' is a ], also called ] lagoon, which is the largest of the over 90 lagoons<ref name="oceandocs1">{{cite web|url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> that cover the 550&nbsp;km<ref>Environmental Protection Agency (2004), State of Environment Report, Accra Ghana</ref> stretch of the coastline of Ghana. This lagoon is 126.13kilometers in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gh.geoview.info/keta_lagoon,170277388 |title=() |publisher=Gh.geoview.info |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> It is located in the eastern coast of Ghana and separated from the Gulf of Guinea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> by a narrow strip of sandbar. This open salty water is surrounded by flood plains and mangrove swamps. Together they form the Keta Lagoon Ramsar site<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> which covers 1200&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>

There are seasonal inflow of sea water during high tide from the ] and regular inflow of rivers. The rivers which drain into the lagoon include the Aka, the Tordzi River <ref>Seeddirect (2013) Between nature and people: restoring to sustain Apes-Borassus habitats in Tordzi-Avu catchments, Accra Ghana</ref> and Belikpa stream<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |title=Belikpa (stream) |publisher=Gh.geoview.info |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> which enter the lagoon from the north. The lagoon is surrounded by many settlements. The towns include ], Woe, Keta and Kedzi to the south, Anyako and ] to the north, Kodzi, Alakple and Tregui to the west and ] and Adina to the east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities and climate change all contributed to reduce the volume of water in the lagoon and appears to be drying up. The lagoon became part of the daily existence of the people of ] land. In 1992 the Keta Lagoon was placed on the list of Wetlands of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and in 1999 work began on measures to limit further erosion and to control flooding of the coastal region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2013-12-07 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref>

==Prominence==
This Lagoon got its name and prominence from the settlement of ]- Ewes <ref>{{cite web|url=http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |title=African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People |publisher=Africa Imports |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> but more especially from the town ]<ref>Akyeampong (2001), Between the Sea and the Lagoon : An Eco social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana. Ohio University Press Athens Ohio.</ref> and the uses to which this water resource is put. The inhabitants of the area surrounding the lagoon are the descendants of the Anlo Ewe <ref>Gbotadua Kumassah (2005) The Migration Saga of the Anlo-Ewes of Ghana</ref> groups who settled in Anlo land. Their ancestors migrated from ] in central ] in the mid –seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dancedrummer.com/history.html |title=African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History |publisher=dancedrummer.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> They settled at ] and then established several small settlements around the shores of the Keta Lagoon. Some of these towns are shown below with their 2010 populations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of Town !! 2010 Population figure
|-
| Keta || 8,101
|-
| Anloga || 29,748
|-
| Anyako || 6,780
|-
| Anlo Afiadenyigba ||9,680
|-
| Tegbi|| 10,056
|-
| Kedzi || 129
|-
| Kodzi|| 185
|-
| Asadame || 1,410
|-
| Woe || 558
|-
| Tregui || 786
|-
| Wuti|| 2,340
|-
| Atiteti || 978
|-
| Dzato || 879
|-
| Yenui || 667
|-
| Alakple || 529
|-
| Savietula || 640
|-
| Dzita || 3531
|-
| Blekusu || 897
|-
| Adina|| 758
|-
| Anyanui || 1,783
|-
| Havedzi || 897
|-
| Vodza || 769
|-
| Dzelukope|| 10,409
|}

===Geography===
The ]of the area is a flat land with extensive lagoons in Togo <ref>{{cite web|url=http://goafrica.about.com/library/bl.mapfacts.togo.htm |title=Togo Map and Basic Facts |publisher=Goafrica.about.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> and ] along the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123144/coastal-lagoon |title=coastal lagoon (landform) - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> This suggests that the ] might have been formed when the sea receded back over the millennia. Hence there is a sandy ] or sandy deposition along the ]. Another ] is that there could be coastal ]s which have dried up leaving behind large ponds. This is evidenced by the remains of ] shells <ref name="ReferenceA">mofa.gov.gh. Districts – Volta Region</ref> that are deposited at various spots in towns to the northern side of the lagoon. A third theory is that during the ice age these spots were the remains of the ice which melted due to rise in temperature leaving behind a fresh lagoon. The infiltration of ] water made it ].<ref>Christopher G. Smith (2006 ) Mixing In The Subterranean Estuary: A Comparison Of Radon-222 Pore Water Models, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge USA</ref>

===Islands===
Seva is an island located in the Keta Lagoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?page_1713 |title=Ministry of Food & Agriculture &#124; Republic of Ghana |publisher=Mofa.gov.gh |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> By 2010, it has a population of 300 people with a terrain elevation of 43 metres above sea level. It has social amenities such as the A.M.E. Zion School and portable water. It is linked to the mainland by a road to Konu. Other islands include Dudu with no human habitation and Netivi Kpota where there are coconut trees.

===Problem of flooding===
There is constant ] of the area after heavy rains and also from the inflow of Kplikpa and Aka rivers into the lagoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad794b/ad794b02.htm |title=Coastal Aquaculture: Development Perspectives In Africa And Case Studies From Other Regions / Aquaculture Cotiere: Perspectives De Developpement En Afrique Et Exemples D'Autres Regions |publisher=Fao.org |date=1976-11-28 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> The colonial ] began to record the high water levels at Keta from 1907 onwards,<ref>Akyeampong (2001) , Between the Sea and the Lagoon : An Eco social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana. Ohio University Press Athens Ohio. pg 7</ref> but for a long time they did not do much because of the opinion that the merchants and inhabitants should also invest in saving their own town and businesses. The foreign ] and people of Keta believed that the colonial government should be responsible in saving the land. This issue has defined the political history of the Anlo - Ewe politicians. In periods of flooding, entire settlements would move out of their homes. To stop the flooding and the coastal erosion attempts were made during the colonial period without success. In 1963, Aryee, an officer in charge of the Public Works Department at the Keta District took the initiative and cut a ] from the lagoon to the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/142701 |title=Chapter 8 : Anlo-Ewe fishermen's negotiations within multiple governance settings |publisher=Dare.uva.nl |accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> This was known as Aryee Canal. He and the ground on which he was standing was swept away by a huge flood and it turned out that his plan had done more harm than good. The problem of flooding has now abated because of increased climate change and reduction in rainfall. The Keta Sea Defence project has created a canal between the lagoon and the sea so that over flooded water can go through the canal into the sea. A road was constructed through the lagoon from Kedzi to Metsrikasa for the transportation of the boulder rocks used for the construction work. Since there is no bridge for the water to flow through, the road created shallow waters to the eastern part of the lagoon.

===Economic role===
The lagoon and its Ramsar site contribute significantly to the economic well being of the people. They provide the livelihood through ] and boat transportation from Keta to Anyako and Afiadenyigba. ] winning is common in years when there is low rainfall. Coconut trees abound close to the coastal areas from which coconut oil is extracted. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts that will provide alternative livelihoods to generate income especially for women.

===Spiritual significance===
The natives of Anlo have a strong spiritual attachment to the lagoon. It is believed that the lagoon has ] who must be worshiped if the people wish to get abundant catch. One of the gods is called ‘Gbele’ where the people of Anlo Afiadenyigba once every year perform some rituals for the lagoon. At times a live cow is deposited in the lagoon so that there could be a bumper harvest.

On many occasions children get drowned while swimming and people got missing during fishing expeditions and most of these accidents are attributed to spiritual forces.

In 1983, the leader of the Apostolic Revelation Society<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apostlesrevelationsociety.org |title=Ars Canada |publisher=Apostlesrevelationsociety.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> the late Apostle C.N.K Wovenu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arslondon.co.uk/founder-of-ars-a-biography |title=Prophet C.K.N Wovenu'S Biography - Apostles Revelation Society London Branch |publisher=Arslondon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> was invited to pray for increase in the waters of the lagoon since the lagoon was almost dried up because of the dry weather that year. After the prayers, fishermen were instructed not to fish on Sundays in the lagoon.

Gradually there is a reduction in the importance of spiritual significance of the lagoon . The diminished importance in the spiritual significance of the lagoon and other water bodies in ] which Green (2002) described could be explained by the decline in fish stocks caught from the lagoon.<ref>Sandra E. Greene ( 2002 ) Notsie Narratives: History, Memory and Meaning in West Africa. From: The South Atlantic Quarterly Volume 101, Number 4, Fall 2002 pp. 1015-1041</ref>

Although some fishermen attribute declining catches to social-spiritual causes such as conflict in the community or as punishment from the gods, more fishermen are aware of the increased fishing effort as a cause for declining catches. Some of these fishermen are migrating to other parts of the country and outside Ghana to continue with fishing.

===Biodiversity conservation===
The lagoon is important in conserving several species of mangroves, crabs, shrimps and raffia plants.

==Types of fish==
This lagoon holds variety of ] from the marine environment and from rivers. It is a ] zone for ] and habitat is conducive for native fishes. With seasonal inflow of sea water, marine fishes migrate to breed in the calmer waters of the lagoon, especially the safe haven provided by the mangrove swamp section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Keta-Lagoon.aspx |title=Keta Lagoon |publisher=Content.ghananation.com |date=2000-05-30 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref>

===Freshwater fisheries===
Some of the freshwater species encountered were Oreochromis niloticus, ] zillii, Hemichromis Fasciatus and H. bimaculatus.<ref>Eddie K Abban et al (edit, 2000) Biodiversity and the sustainable use of Fish in the Coastal Zone. University of Hamburg</ref>

===Marine fisheries===
The common marine species found in the lagoon were the mojarra <ref name="oceandocs1"/> (Gerres melanopterus), half beak (Hyporhampus picarti) and the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/974 |title=Strongylura marina, Atlantic needlefish : fisheries, gamefish |publisher=Fishbase.org |date=2012-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> (Strongylura senegalens is). Juveniles of the flat ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/k2415e/k2415e04.htm |title=2. FISH RESOURCES |publisher=Fao.org |date=1976-02-13 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> Sardinella mardrensis, ] Mugil curema and Liza falcipinn as well as Caranx hippos were also encountered.<ref>Shenker JM et al (1998), Fisheries of Keta and Songhor lagoons . Environmental Baseline studies final Report. Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management report</ref> The ] fishes in the lagoons is mostly cichlids.<ref>Blay ,J Jr and A Ameyaw (1993). Assessment of the fishery of a stunted population of the cichlid in a closed lagoon in Ghana</ref> S. melanotheron is the dominant fish with l'guineensis, l'zillii and H. fasciatus also found in the catches. In Keta Lagoon, ] leonensis was most abundant.<ref name="oceandocs1"/><ref>Shenker et al. (1998), Fisheries of Keta and Songhor lagoons . Environmental Baseline studies final Report. Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management report</ref> After the Sea Defence Project is finished, the lagoon has regained economic significance. The lagoon was dredged and an open link was created with the ocean to enable ]s to swim into the lagoon. This protected environment allows valuable shrimps increase in size quickly.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Methods of fishing===
Drag nets<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marine-conservation.org |title=Home » Marine Conservation Institute |publisher=Marine-conservation.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> are commonly used in the lagoon.<ref>Ntiamoa Baidu Y (1991), Conservation of coastal lagoons in Ghana: The traditional Approach land Urban plan</ref> Other fishing gears used are ] also called 'atukpaxe' which are mostly used by women,<ref>Women in Fishing: A Study of the Significance of Women's Roles in the Fishing Industry at Anlo-Afiadenyigba</ref> hook and line, acadja and ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x2590e/x2590e02.htm |title=Figure 1 |publisher=Fao.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> Although acadjas act as fish aggregating devices that provide shelter for fish thereby enhancing fish breeding in the lagoon, the use of mangroves and twigs, which are cut from neighboring vegetation, makes this method of fishing environmentally unfriendly.<ref>James M. Kapetsky (1985 ) Some Considerations for the Management of Coastal Lagoon and estuarine fisheries, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper Issue 218</ref> When the lagoon waters are low fish are caught using the hand.

==Bird life==
The Keta lagoon is the most important wetland on the Ghana coast for waterbirds <ref>{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> and together with Songor Lagoon constitutes the fourth most important waterbirds site on the Gulf of Guinea coast. The site supports 76 waterbird species with an estimated total population of well over 100,000, including globally significant numbers of 21 species. The site is particularly important for waders, supporting almost one third of the estimated East Atlantic Flyway population of Tringa erythropus. Other species which occur in large numbers at the site include Calidris ferruginea, C. minuta, Himantopus himantopus, Dendrocygna viduata, as well as several heron and egret species. The most important parts of the lagoon for waterbirds are the Fiahor, Woe, Tegbi, Adina and Afiadenyigba sections.<ref>West African Journal of Applied Ecology Vol 11, 2007</ref>

This Lagoon is the most important water bird site along the entire Ghana coast with a record of 72 species of resident and migratory birds. The Keta Lagoon and its surrounding wetlands qualifies as an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar criteria by virtue of its total bird population of around 110,000 and the fact that it supports internationally important eight species of migratory waders.<ref>Yaa Ntiamoh Baidoo et al (1989) Water depth selection, daily feeding routines and diets of waterbirds in coastal lagoons in Ghana. Zoology Department University of Ghana.</ref>

==Salt production==
There is large salt production in some parts of the lagoon at specific times.<ref>http://www.panoramaacuicola.com › Noticias del día</ref> Producing salt from the saline waters of the Keta Lagoon were unknown until 1702 because the people did not have the technology to do it.<ref>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 58, No. 1 (1988), pp. 70-86. Sandra E. Greene Social Change in Eighteenth-Century Anlo: The Role of Technology, Markets and Military Conflict Cambridge University Press</ref> Salt production has gradually developed among the people. During the harmartan season of November to February, the shallower parts of the lagoon close to Adina, Afiadenyigba and Anyako get evaporated especially during years when the rainfall is low. Salt crystal form from the sodium chloride which is available naturally in the area. The men make enclosures around the salty water to stop any fresh water from flowing into it. These crystals grow larger and are then mined or collected mostly by the women. Investors buy the salt and store it for sale when the prices are increased. This natural resource brings a lot of revenue to the people.

==Ecotourism==
The Anlo- Keta area also abounds in native culture <ref>Caroline Walker Mills (1998),Spiritual Check up The Art of Healing in Anlo Afiadenyigba Volta Region</ref> and tradition <ref>Sandra Greene (2002 ) Sacred sites and the colonial encounter: A history of meaning and memory in Ghana. Indiana University Press</ref> that could attract ecotourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanatourism.gov.gh/ecotourism/index.asp |title=Eco - Tourism, Adventure - Ghana Tourism Homepage |publisher=Ghanatourism.gov.gh |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> Projects involving private and public partnership could help develop play grounds and picnic areas, lagoon swimming facilities, sailing and fishing, cycling, beach volleyball and jogging as sports to attract local recreational tourism. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts<ref>http://www.ghanacommunity.com. The Biz</ref> that will provide alternative livelihoods to generate income especially for women. There are native dances such as gahu, atsiagbekor, babasiko and misago. Salt mining is also a special skill of tourist attraction.

==Conflicts of use==
There are many ] arising from the ] <ref>Paul Lovejoy ( Edited, 2009)Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. The Harriet Tubman Series in the African Diaspora</ref> and use of the ] of the lagoon. On occasions ] from Afiadenyigba used drag nets in fishing the deeper waters near Woe and they were accused of stealing fish from the seine net used by Woe fishermen and this resulted in ]s which were arbitrated at the chief's court. On many occasions cutting of ] trees<ref>Nature and Faune Vol. 24 Issues 1. Ayaa Kojo Armah ( 2003)The role and work of African Mangrove Network (AMN) in conservation and sustainable use of mangroves in Africa. FAO Regional Office for Africa FAO Regional Office For Africa</ref> for smoking of fish resulted in arguments of ownership.

In 2013 the people of Agbozume demonstrated against the siting of ] factories on parts of the lagoon rented out to Chinese ].<ref> {{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> The chiefs of Adina indicated that the lagoon does not belong to Agbozume people and have no locus to demonstrate.<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>

==Environmental degradation==
These fisheries are affected by ],<ref>Pak Sum Low ( 2001) Climate Change and Africa: Sea level rise and coastal biodiversity in Ghana pg 212</ref> pollution by ] and poverty of the fisher folks. ] causes changes in the size and structure of the fishes as well as species composition of the catches.

Most of the red and white ]<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> around the lagoons have been cut down <ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak995e/ak995e02.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Nature & Faune - Revised - 15 December 2009 -.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> for ] or to create ]s. Thus the ], breeding and feeding sites of fishes are being destroyed.<ref>Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. pg 26</ref>

Fisher folks also tend to use smaller mesh nets in fishing as a means to increase their catch. To arrest overfishing, fishing is not permitted on Tuesdays and in other towns fishing is banned on Sundays and before certain festival times. These are all means to reduce overfishing and over exploitation of the fish.

Ex-President Flight Lieutenant ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jjrawlings.info/ |title=Website of Former President of The Republic of Ghana, Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings |publisher=Jjrawlings.info |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> has called for the protection of the Keta Lagoon from harmful human activities. He mentioned activities such as disposing of ] into the lagoon, using dangerous ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keta.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=121&sa=3950 |title=Ghana » Volta Region » Keta District |publisher=Keta.ghanadistricts.gov.gh |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> for fishing and over fishing as very harmful. Flt. Lt. Rawlings was addressing the 2010 Tagbaza (Lagoon Festival)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.ghanaweb.com/wap/gallery.php?ID=194992 |title=Tagbaza festival of the people of Anlo-Afiadenyiba Photo 1 |publisher=Mobile.ghanaweb.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> organized by the chiefs and people of Anlo Afiadenyigba . He said if those activities continued, the ability of the Lagoon to sustain the people in the area economically would reduce considerably.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

]
]

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Template:Unreviewed Anlo-Keta Lagoon is a lagoon, also called Keta lagoon, which is the largest of the over 90 lagoons that cover the 550 km stretch of the coastline of Ghana. This lagoon is 126.13kilometers in length. It is located in the eastern coast of Ghana and separated from the Gulf of Guinea by a narrow strip of sandbar. This open salty water is surrounded by flood plains and mangrove swamps. Together they form the Keta Lagoon Ramsar site which covers 1200 km

There are seasonal inflow of sea water during high tide from the Gulf of Guinea and regular inflow of rivers. The rivers which drain into the lagoon include the Aka, the Tordzi River and Belikpa stream which enter the lagoon from the north. The lagoon is surrounded by many settlements. The towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta and Kedzi to the south, Anyako and Anlo Afiadenyigba to the north, Kodzi, Alakple and Tregui to the west and Denu and Adina to the east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities and climate change all contributed to reduce the volume of water in the lagoon and appears to be drying up. The lagoon became part of the daily existence of the people of Anlo land. In 1992 the Keta Lagoon was placed on the list of Wetlands of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and in 1999 work began on measures to limit further erosion and to control flooding of the coastal region.

Prominence

This Lagoon got its name and prominence from the settlement of Anlo- Ewes but more especially from the town Keta and the uses to which this water resource is put. The inhabitants of the area surrounding the lagoon are the descendants of the Anlo Ewe groups who settled in Anlo land. Their ancestors migrated from Notsie in central Togo in the mid –seventeenth century. They settled at Anloga and then established several small settlements around the shores of the Keta Lagoon. Some of these towns are shown below with their 2010 populations.

Name of Town 2010 Population figure
Keta 8,101
Anloga 29,748
Anyako 6,780
Anlo Afiadenyigba 9,680
Tegbi 10,056
Kedzi 129
Kodzi 185
Asadame 1,410
Woe 558
Tregui 786
Wuti 2,340
Atiteti 978
Dzato 879
Yenui 667
Alakple 529
Savietula 640
Dzita 3531
Blekusu 897
Adina 758
Anyanui 1,783
Havedzi 897
Vodza 769
Dzelukope 10,409

Geography

The topographyof the area is a flat land with extensive lagoons in Togo and Benin along the coast. This suggests that the lagoon might have been formed when the sea receded back over the millennia. Hence there is a sandy coastline or sandy deposition along the littoral. Another theory is that there could be coastal rivers which have dried up leaving behind large ponds. This is evidenced by the remains of oyster shells that are deposited at various spots in towns to the northern side of the lagoon. A third theory is that during the ice age these spots were the remains of the ice which melted due to rise in temperature leaving behind a fresh lagoon. The infiltration of sea water made it saline.

Islands

Seva is an island located in the Keta Lagoon. By 2010, it has a population of 300 people with a terrain elevation of 43 metres above sea level. It has social amenities such as the A.M.E. Zion School and portable water. It is linked to the mainland by a road to Konu. Other islands include Dudu with no human habitation and Netivi Kpota where there are coconut trees.

Problem of flooding

There is constant flooding of the area after heavy rains and also from the inflow of Kplikpa and Aka rivers into the lagoon. The colonial government began to record the high water levels at Keta from 1907 onwards, but for a long time they did not do much because of the opinion that the merchants and inhabitants should also invest in saving their own town and businesses. The foreign merchants and people of Keta believed that the colonial government should be responsible in saving the land. This issue has defined the political history of the Anlo - Ewe politicians. In periods of flooding, entire settlements would move out of their homes. To stop the flooding and the coastal erosion attempts were made during the colonial period without success. In 1963, Aryee, an officer in charge of the Public Works Department at the Keta District took the initiative and cut a canal from the lagoon to the sea. This was known as Aryee Canal. He and the ground on which he was standing was swept away by a huge flood and it turned out that his plan had done more harm than good. The problem of flooding has now abated because of increased climate change and reduction in rainfall. The Keta Sea Defence project has created a canal between the lagoon and the sea so that over flooded water can go through the canal into the sea. A road was constructed through the lagoon from Kedzi to Metsrikasa for the transportation of the boulder rocks used for the construction work. Since there is no bridge for the water to flow through, the road created shallow waters to the eastern part of the lagoon.

Economic role

The lagoon and its Ramsar site contribute significantly to the economic well being of the people. They provide the livelihood through fishing and boat transportation from Keta to Anyako and Afiadenyigba. Salt winning is common in years when there is low rainfall. Coconut trees abound close to the coastal areas from which coconut oil is extracted. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts that will provide alternative livelihoods to generate income especially for women.

Spiritual significance

The natives of Anlo have a strong spiritual attachment to the lagoon. It is believed that the lagoon has gods who must be worshiped if the people wish to get abundant catch. One of the gods is called ‘Gbele’ where the people of Anlo Afiadenyigba once every year perform some rituals for the lagoon. At times a live cow is deposited in the lagoon so that there could be a bumper harvest.

On many occasions children get drowned while swimming and people got missing during fishing expeditions and most of these accidents are attributed to spiritual forces.

In 1983, the leader of the Apostolic Revelation Society the late Apostle C.N.K Wovenu was invited to pray for increase in the waters of the lagoon since the lagoon was almost dried up because of the dry weather that year. After the prayers, fishermen were instructed not to fish on Sundays in the lagoon.

Gradually there is a reduction in the importance of spiritual significance of the lagoon . The diminished importance in the spiritual significance of the lagoon and other water bodies in Anlo which Green (2002) described could be explained by the decline in fish stocks caught from the lagoon.

Although some fishermen attribute declining catches to social-spiritual causes such as conflict in the community or as punishment from the gods, more fishermen are aware of the increased fishing effort as a cause for declining catches. Some of these fishermen are migrating to other parts of the country and outside Ghana to continue with fishing.

Biodiversity conservation

The lagoon is important in conserving several species of mangroves, crabs, shrimps and raffia plants.

Types of fish

This lagoon holds variety of fishes from the marine environment and from rivers. It is a spawning zone for fingerlings and habitat is conducive for native fishes. With seasonal inflow of sea water, marine fishes migrate to breed in the calmer waters of the lagoon, especially the safe haven provided by the mangrove swamp section.

Freshwater fisheries

Some of the freshwater species encountered were Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii, Hemichromis Fasciatus and H. bimaculatus.

Marine fisheries

The common marine species found in the lagoon were the mojarra (Gerres melanopterus), half beak (Hyporhampus picarti) and the needle fish (Strongylura senegalens is). Juveniles of the flat sardine Sardinella mardrensis, mullets Mugil curema and Liza falcipinn as well as Caranx hippos were also encountered. The endemic fishes in the lagoons is mostly cichlids. S. melanotheron is the dominant fish with l'guineensis, l'zillii and H. fasciatus also found in the catches. In Keta Lagoon, Pellonula leonensis was most abundant. After the Sea Defence Project is finished, the lagoon has regained economic significance. The lagoon was dredged and an open link was created with the ocean to enable shrimps to swim into the lagoon. This protected environment allows valuable shrimps increase in size quickly.

Methods of fishing

Drag nets are commonly used in the lagoon. Other fishing gears used are bottles also called 'atukpaxe' which are mostly used by women, hook and line, acadja and traps. Although acadjas act as fish aggregating devices that provide shelter for fish thereby enhancing fish breeding in the lagoon, the use of mangroves and twigs, which are cut from neighboring vegetation, makes this method of fishing environmentally unfriendly. When the lagoon waters are low fish are caught using the hand.

Bird life

The Keta lagoon is the most important wetland on the Ghana coast for waterbirds and together with Songor Lagoon constitutes the fourth most important waterbirds site on the Gulf of Guinea coast. The site supports 76 waterbird species with an estimated total population of well over 100,000, including globally significant numbers of 21 species. The site is particularly important for waders, supporting almost one third of the estimated East Atlantic Flyway population of Tringa erythropus. Other species which occur in large numbers at the site include Calidris ferruginea, C. minuta, Himantopus himantopus, Dendrocygna viduata, as well as several heron and egret species. The most important parts of the lagoon for waterbirds are the Fiahor, Woe, Tegbi, Adina and Afiadenyigba sections.

This Lagoon is the most important water bird site along the entire Ghana coast with a record of 72 species of resident and migratory birds. The Keta Lagoon and its surrounding wetlands qualifies as an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar criteria by virtue of its total bird population of around 110,000 and the fact that it supports internationally important eight species of migratory waders.

Salt production

There is large salt production in some parts of the lagoon at specific times. Producing salt from the saline waters of the Keta Lagoon were unknown until 1702 because the people did not have the technology to do it. Salt production has gradually developed among the people. During the harmartan season of November to February, the shallower parts of the lagoon close to Adina, Afiadenyigba and Anyako get evaporated especially during years when the rainfall is low. Salt crystal form from the sodium chloride which is available naturally in the area. The men make enclosures around the salty water to stop any fresh water from flowing into it. These crystals grow larger and are then mined or collected mostly by the women. Investors buy the salt and store it for sale when the prices are increased. This natural resource brings a lot of revenue to the people.

Ecotourism

The Anlo- Keta area also abounds in native culture and tradition that could attract ecotourists. Projects involving private and public partnership could help develop play grounds and picnic areas, lagoon swimming facilities, sailing and fishing, cycling, beach volleyball and jogging as sports to attract local recreational tourism. An opportunity also exists for turning aquatic reeds harvested by women into bags, mats and other handicrafts that will provide alternative livelihoods to generate income especially for women. There are native dances such as gahu, atsiagbekor, babasiko and misago. Salt mining is also a special skill of tourist attraction.

Conflicts of use

There are many conflicts arising from the ownership and use of the natural resources of the lagoon. On occasions fishermen from Afiadenyigba used drag nets in fishing the deeper waters near Woe and they were accused of stealing fish from the seine net used by Woe fishermen and this resulted in fights which were arbitrated at the chief's court. On many occasions cutting of mangrove trees for smoking of fish resulted in arguments of ownership.

In 2013 the people of Agbozume demonstrated against the siting of salt factories on parts of the lagoon rented out to Chinese investors. The chiefs of Adina indicated that the lagoon does not belong to Agbozume people and have no locus to demonstrate.

Environmental degradation

These fisheries are affected by habitat degradation, pollution by domestic waste and poverty of the fisher folks. Overfishing causes changes in the size and structure of the fishes as well as species composition of the catches.

Most of the red and white mangroves around the lagoons have been cut down for fuelwood or to create salt pans. Thus the spawning, breeding and feeding sites of fishes are being destroyed.

Fisher folks also tend to use smaller mesh nets in fishing as a means to increase their catch. To arrest overfishing, fishing is not permitted on Tuesdays and in other towns fishing is banned on Sundays and before certain festival times. These are all means to reduce overfishing and over exploitation of the fish.

Ex-President Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings has called for the protection of the Keta Lagoon from harmful human activities. He mentioned activities such as disposing of garbage into the lagoon, using dangerous chemicals for fishing and over fishing as very harmful. Flt. Lt. Rawlings was addressing the 2010 Tagbaza (Lagoon Festival) organized by the chiefs and people of Anlo Afiadenyigba . He said if those activities continued, the ability of the Lagoon to sustain the people in the area economically would reduce considerably.

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