Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 03:37, 25 April 2014

This discussion was listed at Misplaced Pages:Move review on 1 April 2014.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Russian, Crimean, and Sevastopolitan politicians sign a treaty whereby Crimea and Sevastopol are formally declared federal subjects of Russia.
Location	Moscow, Russia
Participants	Russia Republic of Crimea
Outcome	Autonomous Republic of Crimea becomes the Republic of Crimea, one of Russian republics Sevastopol becomes a Russian federal city Ongoing diplomatic dispute over Crimea
Treaty ratified	March 21, 2014 (2014-03-21)
Finalization	January 1, 2015; 10 years ago (2015-01-01)
Status	disputed by Ukraine; not recognized by the United Nations

The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation is a controversial political process, whereby the Crimean Peninsula, at that time part of Ukraine, came under the control of Russia and was incorporated into it as two federal subjects — the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

The process is viewed by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen and several world leaders as illegal annexation that began following Russian intervention in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, administrative divisions of Ukraine, and after unrecognized local authorities declared their independence from Ukraine and held an unrecognized referendum, organized under Russian military occupation.

Russia views the process as accession of the independent nation "Republic of Crimea", proclaimed when the regions joined together and subsequently requested their admission to Russia in accordance with a referendum that, according to Russian position, reflected such desire. Ukraine disputes the treaty, as it does not recognize the independence of the Republic of Crimea or the accession itself as legitimate. So does the United Nations General Assembly, which adopted non-binding Resolution 68/262, affirming "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders".

Background

Russian and Soviet times

From 1783 Crimea was a part of the Russian Empire, initially incorporated into New Russia and separated from it into Taurida Governorate in 1802. Brief short-lived governments (Crimean People's Republic, Crimean Regional Government, Crimean SSR) were established during first stages of the Russian Civil War, but they were followed by White Russian (General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia, later South Russian Government) and, finally, Soviet (Crimean ASSR) incorporations of Crimea into their own states. After World War II and Deportation of the Crimean Tatars Crimean ASSR was stripped of its autonomy (1946) and downgraded to Crimean Oblast, which was transferred from the Russian SFSR into the Ukrainian SSR in 1954, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

The Crimean Tatars were allowed to return to Crimea in the mid-1980s under perestroika.

After Crimean referendum of 1991, which asked whether Crimea should be elevated into a signatory of the New Union Treaty (that is, became a union republic on its own), Ukraine restored Crimea's autonomous status, but confirmed that autonomy restored as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. Crimean Oblast council became Supreme Council of Crimea and, on 4 September 1991, passed Declaration of state sovereignty of Crimea

Foundations of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (1992–1998)

Following dissolution of the Soviet Union, the autonomy renamed itself as the Republic of Crimea. The Ukrainian government initially accepted its name, but not its claims to be a state. According to Ukrainian law "On status of the autonomous Republic of Crimea", passed on 29 April 1992, "Republic of Crimea is an autonomous part of the Ukraine and independently decides on matters, which are delegated to it by the Constitution and laws of the Ukraine" (art. 1). The Regional Supreme Council, on the contrary, insisted that "Republic of Crimea is a legal democratic state", which "has supremacy in respect to natural, material, cultural and spiritual heritage" and "exercises its sovereign rights and full power" on its territory (art. 1 of the May 1992 Constitution), but also a "part of the Ukraine and establishes relations in it on a basis of the treaty and agreements" (art. 9). Both Ukrainian law on autonomy status and the 1992 Constitution of the Crimea were amended later that year, putting Republic's status in between what proposed in initial revision of the 1992 Constitution and what was proposed in April 1992 Ukrainian law on the status of the Republic.

In 1994, after parliamentary and presidential elections in the Republic, Supreme Council and the executive became dominated by the Russian Bloc (which had won 57 seats in the Supreme Council of Crimea and Presidency for its member, Yuri Meshkov), until 2014 it was highest achievement of pro-Russian movement at the peninsula. Following referendum, held in same year, Supreme Council of Crimea reversed 1992 Constitution to its original revision, but a year later this constitution, along with presidency and regional citizenship, was declared null and void by the Ukrainian Parliament, which by that time, had renamed the autonomy from "Republic of Crimea" to Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Another Constitution was passed by Crimean parliament in 1995, but many parts of it were rejected by the Ukrainian parliament, among them were Republic's name (which was to remain "Republic of Crimea") and citizenship. Meanwhile, during drafting of the new Ukrainain Constiution question of autonomy was much debated: some legislators proposed abolishing it altogether (downgrading back to oblast status or to autonomy but not autonomous republic), while other legislators proposed legalising 1992 Constitution of Crimea provisions (original May revision) in the new Ukrainian Constitution. Ultimately, new Constitution of Ukraine distanced from these extremes and reiterated the autonomous status of the republic, while downgrading some of its powers (such as regional Supreme Council's powers to enact legislation in form of laws ("zakoni")). The Republic was declared to be the "Autonomous Republic of Crimea", but also an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". A new Crimean constitution, complying with provisions of the Ukrainian one, was adopted in 1998.

Status of Sevastopol

Before the 1954 transfer of Crimea, Sevastopol was elevated into a "city of republican subordination" of the Russian SFSR (a predecessor of modern status of "city of federal importance"). Nevertheless, in practice it was still governed as a part of Crimean Oblast (for example, inhabitants of Sevastopol elected deputies into Crimean Oblast Council, all its structures, such as local militsiya departments, etc., were subordinated to oblast structures) and therefore was practically transferred too. The Ukrainian Constitution of 1978 listed Sevastopol as one of its "cities of republican subordination" (along with Kyiv), whilst the Russian constitution of the same year didn't list Sevastopol as such. In 1993, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation issued a resolution, which "confirms Russian federal status of Sevastopol" and requested a parliamentary commission to prepare and present to Congress of People's Deputies of Russia corresponding constitutional amendments, but 1993 Russian constitutional crisis prevented that from happening and initial revisions of the Constitution of Russia, adopted on 12 December 1993, did not list Sevastopol as a federal subject. Three years later, the State Duma declared that Russia has a right to exercise sovereignty over Sevastopol, but this resolution went without any actual effect. An agreement was concluded in 1997 by the Russian and Ukrainian governments, allowing the Black Sea Fleet to stay in Sevastopol until 2017 (later extended by another 25 years until 2042, with possible option to extend this period until 2047).

Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution

In autumn 2013 and early 2014, the Supreme Council of Crimea stood in strong opposition to the Euromaidan movement. Regional parliament supported the Azarov Government's decision to suspend negotiations on Ukraine-EU Association Agreement and urged Crimeans to "strengthen friendly ties with Russia". On 4 February 2014, the Presidium of the Supreme Council decided to hold a referendum on the peninsula's status and asked President of Russia and State Duma to ensure its holding. Because of that, the Security Service of Ukraine opened a criminal case on "subversion of territorial integrity of the Ukraine".

On 22 February 2014 Verkhovna Rada voted to remove Viktor Yanukovich from his post on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties although the legislative removal lacked the required votes according to the constitution in effect at the time. This move was regarded as a coup d'état by the Russian authorities.

Course of events

Change of regional government and Russian intervention

Following 2014 Ukrainian revolution, on 27 February, unidentified forces seized the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea (the regional parliament) and the building of the Council of Ministers in Simferopol. After that, the Supreme Council of Crimea dissolved the old Council of Ministers of Crimea and designated a new prime minister (Sergey Aksyonov), this appointment was declared illegal by Ukrainian authorities. On same day unidentified forces, assisted by Crimean Berkut units, established security checkpoints on Isthmus of Perekop and Chongar Peninsula, separating Crimea from rest of Ukraine. Barricades were built around Supreme Council and Council of Ministers buildings

On 1 March 2014 de facto Prime Minister of Crimea Aksyonov proclaimed that all armed structures in the republic shall be subordinated to de facto Crimean authorities and asked Russian president Vladimir Putin for "assistance in ensuring peace and public order" on the republic's soil. On same day Putin requested Federation Council of Russia to authorize use of the Russian Armed Forces in the Ukraine "until normalization of a socio-political environment in the country". Authorization was granted on same day.

On 15 March protests in Moscow were held by both supporters and opposition to the intervention in Ukraine and possible incoporation of Crimea.

Status referendum and seccession

On 27 February, following takeover of it's building, Supreme Council decided to hold a referendum on 25 May, with the initial question as to whether Crimea should upgrade its autonomy within Ukraine into a state of "state autonomy" (Template:Lang-ru). Referendum date was later moved from 25 May to 30 March. On 4 March this referendum was declared illegal by the Ukrainan court.

On 6 March Supreme Council of Crimea has moved referendum to 16 March and changed it's question from initial question on broadening autonomy within Ukraine to new question: whether Crimea should join Russia or remain in the Ukraine and restore the 1992 Constitution. This referendum, unlike one announced earlier, contained no option to maintain status quo (i.e 1998 Constitution of Crimea). Four days later Supreme Council of Crimea and Sevastopol City Council have adopted Declaration of Independence, which stated their intent to declare independence and request admission to Russia in case pro-Russian answer receives most votes.

On 14 March Crimean status referendum was deemed unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Ukraine and day later Verkhovna Rada formally dissolved Crimean parliament. Neverthless, Supreme Council de facto contiuned to work and on 16 March referendum concludes, with official report that 95% of votes cast for unification with Russia of the more than half that had been counted. Results of referendum are questioned.

On 17 March, following official announcement of referendum results, Supreme Council declared independent Republic of Crimea and asked the Russian Federation to admitt it into Russia. On same day de facto Crimean authorities declared the Russian ruble an official currency, alongside hryvnia. Russian President officially recognized Republic of Crimea (via decree) and approved draft Treaty between Russian Federation and Republic of Crimea on admission of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation and establishment of the new subjects of the Russian Federation.

Admission treaty and aftermath

The Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia was signed between representatives of the Republic of Crimea (including Sevastopol, with which the rest of Crimea briefly unified) and the Russian Federation on March 18, 2014 to lay out terms for the immediate admission of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia and part of the Russian Federation. It was ratified by the Federal Assembly by March 21.

On 19 March Putin submitted to the State Duma, the lower house of parliament, a treaty of Crimea’s reunification with Russia and a constitutional amendment on setting up two new constituent territories of the Russian Federation. Russian Constitutional Court found that treaty is in compliance with Constitution of Russia. The court sat in an emergency session following a formal request by President Vladimir Putin to assess the constitutionality of the treaty.

The treaty was ratified by State Duma on 20 March by a 443-1 vote with no abstentions, backdating the admission to March 18, and approves draft federal constitutional law on admission of the Republic of Crimea and establishment of the new federal subjects of the Russian Federation (444-1 vote in first reading, 445-1 vote in final reading, no abstentions in both). A Just Russia's Ilya Ponomarev was the only State Duma member to vote against it. Day later treaty itself and amendment to article 65 of the Russian Constitution were ratified by the Federation Council and signed by President. For Russian legal purposes Republic of Crimea is considered admitted from date of signing of the treaty (i.e. from 18 March).

Ukrainian Parliament condemned treaty in it's Declaration of Struggle for liberation of Ukraine, adopted on 20 March, which stated that Russian actions are "a gross violation of international law" and called on international community to avoid recognition of the "so-called Republic of Crimea" or annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol to Russia as new federal subjects. Day later Ukraine signs EU trade pact while Russia finalizes Crimea dealings. On 24 March Ukraine ordered withdrawal of all Ukrainian armed forces from Crimea. Ministry of Defence announced that 50% of the Ukrainian troops in Crimea have defected to the Russian Federation.

On 27 March, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution, which declared Crimean referendum held on 16 March and subsequent status change invalid, by a vote of 100 to 11, with 58 abstentions and 24 absent.

On 29 March Crimea and Sevastopol switched to Moscow Time at 22:00 (10:00 PM) Eastern European Time.

On 2 April Russia denounced 2010 Kharkiv Pact and Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet. President cited "accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol into Russia" and resulting "practical end of renting relationships" as a reason for denunciation.

On 11 April Constitution of the Republic of Crimea and City Charter of Sevastopol were adopted, on same day they were included in newly-published revision of the Russian Constitution.

Transition

The number of tourists visiting Crimea in the 2014 season is expected to be lower than in the previous years due to worries about the political situation. The Crimean government members however hope that Russian tourists will flow in calling it the Russian season. The Russian government is planning to promote Crimea as a resort and provide subsidized holidays to the peninsula for children and state workers.

The Sofia news agency Novinite claims that according to the German newspaper Die Welt, accession of Crimea is economically disadvantageous for the Russian Federation. Russia will have to spend billions of euros a year to pay salaries and pensions. Moreover, Russia will have to undertake costly projects to connect Crimea to the Russian water supply and power system because Crimea has no land connection to Russia and at present gets water, gas and electricity from mainland Ukraine. This will require building a bridge and a pipeline across the Kerch Strait. Also, Novinite claims that a Ukrainian expert told Die Welt that Crimea "will not be able to attract tourists". One major reason is that Ukraine does not require visas for Europeans and North Americans to visit the country, but Russia does.

The Russian business newspaper Kommersant expresses an opinion that Russia will not acquire anything economically from accessing Crimea, which is not very developed industrially, having just a few big factories, and whose yearly gross product is only $4 billion. The newspaper also says that everything from Russia will have to be delivered by sea, higher costs of transportation will result in higher prices for everything, and in order to avoid a decline in living standards Russia will have to subsidize Crimean people for a few months.

In total, Kommersant estimates the costs of integrating Crimea into Russia in $30 billion over the next decade, i.e. $3 billion per year.

Russian/Chechen businessman Ruslan Baisarov announced he is ready to invest 12 billion rubles into the construction of a modern sea resort in Crimea, which is expected to create about 1,300 jobs. Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of Chechnya, said that other Chechen businessmen are planning to invest into Crimea as well.

The Russian Federal Service for Communications (Roskomnadzor) warned about a transition period as Russian operators have to change the numbering capacity and subscribers. Country code will be replaced from the Ukrainian +380 to Russian +7. Codes in Crimea start with 65, but in the area of "7" the 6 is given to Kazakhstan which shares former Soviet Union +7 with Russia, so city codes have to change. The regulator assigned 869 dialing code to Sevastopol and the rest of the peninsula received a 365 code. At the time of the unification with Russia, telephone operators and Internet service providers in Crimea and Sevastopol are connected to the outside world through the territory of Ukraine. Minister of Communications of Russia, Nikolai Nikiforov announced on his Twitter account that postal codes in Crimea will now have six-figures: to the existing five-digit number the number two will be added at the beginning. For example, the Simferopol postal code 95000 will become 295000.

On May 9, 2014 new "anti-extremist" amendment to the Criminal Code of Russia, passed in December 2013, comes into force. New article 280.1 means that inciting violation of territorial integrity of the Russian Federation (incl. calls for secession of Crimea from the Russia) will be a criminal offence in Russia, punishable by a fine of 300 thousand roubles or imprisonment up to 3 years. If such statements are made in public media or the internet, the punishment could be obligatory works up to 480 hours or imprisonment up to five years.

International recognition

Opposition

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared that the “Annexation of Crimea is illegal” by a vote of 154 to 26, with 14 abstaining, on April 9, 2014.

United Nations Resolutions

Security Council Resolution

On March 15, 2014 a U.S.-sponsored resolution was put forward to vote in the UN Security Council to reaffirm council's commitment to Ukraine's "sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity." A total of 13 council members voted in favour of the resolution, China abstained, while Russia vetoed the U.N. resolution declaring Crimean referendum, 2014, on the future of Crimean Peninsula, as illegal. The Russia's veto to the UN Security Council resolution was followed by a successful referendum was held on March 16, 2014, by the legislature of Crimea as well as by the local government of Sevastopol. After the referendum, the Republic of Crimea declared its independence from Ukraine the next day, started seeking UN recognition, and requested to join the Russian Federation. On the same day, Russia recognized Crimea as a sovereign state.

General Assembly Resolution

On March 27, 2014, The UN General Assembly approved a resolution describing the referendum leading to annexation of Crimea by Russia as illegal. The draft resolution, which was titled 'Territorial integrity of Ukraine' was co-sponsored by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and the US. It affirmed council's commitment to the "sovereignty, political independence, unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders." The resolution tried to underscored that the March 16 referendum held in Crimea and the city of Sevastopol has no validity and cannot form the basis for any alteration of the status of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or of the city of Sevastopol. The resolution got 100 votes in its favor, while 11 nations voted against and 58 countries abstained from the vote. The resolution was non-binding and the vote was largely symbolic.

Mixed

Position of  Belarus is vague: it includes "Ukraine should remain an integral, indivisible, non-aligned state" and "As for Crimea, I do not like it when the integrity and independence of a country are broken", on the one hand, and "Today Crimea is part of the Russian Federation. No matter whether you recognize it or not, the fact remains." and "Whether Crimea will be recognized as a region of the Russian Federation de-jure does not really matter", on the other hand.

Support

Five members of 193 members of the United Nations have recognized the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to be federal subjects of Russia:

Sanctions

Sanctions were imposed to prevent Russian and Crimean officials and politicians to travel to Canada, the United States, and the European Union.

Japan announced milder sanctions than the US and EU. These include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements.

Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė praised the U.S.'s decision to sanction Russia, saying Obama had set an example.

In response to the sanctions introduced by the U.S. and EU, the Russian Duma unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list. Head of the opposition A Just Russia party Sergei Mironov said he was proud of being included on the sanctions list, "It is with pride that I have found myself on the black list, this means they have noticed my stance on Crimea."

Three days after the lists were published, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a reciprocal sanctions list of US citizens, which consisted of 10 names, including House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner, Senator John McCain, and two advisers to President Obama. Several of those sanctioned responded with pride at their inclusion on the list, including John Boehner who, through his spokesperson Michael Steel, said, “The Speaker is proud to be included on a list of those willing to stand against Putin’s aggression."; John McCain who tweeted, "I'm proud to be sanctioned by Putin - I'll never cease my efforts & dedication to freedom & independence of Ukraine, which includes Crimea."; Bob Menendez; Dan Coats; Mary Landrieu and Henry Reid.

According to the Financial Times on Friday, March 21, "As recently as the start of the week, some of Moscow's financial elite were blasé about the prospect of sanctions. But Russia's businessmen were no longer smiling by after expanded US sanctions rippled through financial markets hitting the business interests of some of the country's richest people." The Americans centered on the heart of Moscow's leadership, though the EU initial list shied from targeting Putin's inner circle. As ratings agencies Fitch and Standard & Poor's downgraded Russia's credit outlook, Novatek, Russia's second-largest gas producer, saw $2.5bn in market value wiped out when its shares sank by nearly 10%, rendering Putin's close friend Gennady Timchenko, who has a 23% stake in the company, $575m poorer. "I do hope that there is some serious diplomatic activity going on behind the scenes," said one Russian banker quoted by the newspaper, though others were more sanguine on the question of whether the sanctions would have any enduring effect—"What has been announced so far is really nothing. It's purely cosmetic," said a French banker based in Moscow—and Russians, top and bottom, seemed defiant. The official Russian response was mixed.

See also

• Simferopol Incident controversy
• Munich Agreement

References

1. "Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia". ITAR TASS. March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
2. "NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate". Brookings. March 19, 2014.
3. Oleksandr Turchynov (March 20, 2014). "Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України" (Declaration "Of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine")". Parliament of Ukraine. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Template:Ref-uk
4. "United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly" (PDF). United Nations. 1 Apr 2014 accessdate=24 Apr 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing pipe in: |date= (help)
5. "The Crimean Tatars began repatriating on a massive scale beginning in the late 1980s and continuing into the early 1990s. The population of Crimean Tatars in Crimea rapidly reached 250,000 and leveled off at 270,000 where it remains as of this writing . There are believed to be between 30,000 and 100,000 remaining in places of former exile in Central Asia." Greta Lynn Uehling, The Crimean Tatars (Encyclopedia of the Minorities, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn) iccrimea.org
6. Parliament of Ukraine (November 17, 1994). "Декларация о государственном суверенитете Крыма". Government of Ukraine. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Template:Ru icon
7. Parliament of Ukraine (October 20, 1999). "О Республике Крым как официальном названии демократического государства Крым". Government of Ukraine. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Template:Ru icon
8. Про статус автономної Республіки Крим. Закон від 29.04.1992 № 2299-XII Template:Uk icon
9. Конституция Республики Крым Template:Ru icon
10. Про внесення змін і доповнень до Закону України "Про статус автономної Республіки Крим" Верховна Рада України; Закон від 30.06.1992 № 2523-XII Template:Uk icon
11. О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию Республики Крым. Верховная Рада АРК; Закон от 25.09.1992 № 155-1 Template:Ru icon
12. Полунов, Александр Юрьевич. Общественные организации русского Крыма: политическая деятельность, стратегии взаимоотношений с властью. Государственное управление. Выпуск № 21. Декабрь 2009 года. Template:Ru icon
13. О восстановлении конституционных основ государственности Республики Крым. Верховная Рада АРК; Закон от 20.05.1994 № 32-1 Template:Ru icon
14. Про внесення змін і доповнень до Конституції (Основного Закону) України. Верховна Рада України; Закон від 21.09.1994 № 171/94-ВР Template:Uk icon
15. Конституция Автономной Республики Крым. Верховная Рада АРК; Закон, Конституция от 01.11.1995 № 611k-1 Template:Ru icon
16. Про Конституцію Автономної Республіки Крим. Верховна Рада України; Закон від 04.04.1996 № 117/96-ВР Template:Uk icon
17. ^ Table of amendments to the 11 March 1996 draft Ukrainian Constitution Template:Uk icon
18. Table of amendments to the second-reading draft Ukrainian constitution Template:Uk icon
19. "Constitution of Ukraine, 1996". Retrieved March 12, 2014.
20. Закон РФ от 9 декабря 1992 г. N 4061-I "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Федерации - России" (принят седьмым Съездом народных депутатов РФ): "В статье 71<...>в части второй слова "республиканского подчинения" заменить словами "федерального значения"" Template:Ru icon
21. "Анализ документов: Севастополь — украинский город". Sd.net.ua. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
22. Город республиканского подчинения - Власть - gazeta.zn.ua
23. ""Сверхнаглость" сработает ? Севастополь: псевдоюридические аргументы Ю. М. Лужкова" (in Template:Ru icon). Day.kiev.ua. October 7, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
24. Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Template:Uk icon
25. Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Template:Ru icon
26. "Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от 24 октября 1996 г. N 747-II ГД "Об обращении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "К …". Bazazakonov.ru. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
27. Крымский парламент решил ещё раз поддержать Азарова и заклеймить оппозицию — Европейская правда, 27 ноября 2013
28. "Крымские татары готовы дать отпор попыткам отторжения автономии от Украины — Чубаров. УНИАН, 16.02.2014". Unian.net. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
29. "Archrival Is Freed as Ukraine Leader Flees". The New York Times. February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
30. John Feffer. "Who Are These 'People,' Anyway? | John Feffer". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
31. Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25, Interfax-Ukraine (24 February 2014)
32. Sindelar, Daisy (February 23, 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (Rferl.org). Retrieved February 25, 2014.
33. http://rt.com/news/lavrov-crimea-ukraine-west-181/
34. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html?_r=0
35. "Турчинов издал указ о незаконности избрания нового премьера Крыма" (in Ukrainian). March 1, 2014.
36. ПОСТ "ЧОНГАР" КОНТРОЛИРУЕТ КРЫМСКИЙ "БЕРКУТ" ПОДЧИНЕННЫЙ ЯНУКОВИЧУ видео) - 27 Февраля 2014 - "Новый Визит" Генический информационный портал
37. На Чонгарском перешейке дежурит «Беркут» и некие гражданские лица
38. Под Армянск стянулись силовики из «Беркута»
39. Lenta.ru: Бывший СССР: Украина: СМИ сообщили о блокпостах «Беркута» на въездах в Крым
40. ^ Украинский депутат объявил о бунте крымского «Беркута»
41. "Премьер-министр Крыма попросил Путина о помощи". ITAR-TASS.
42. "Владимир Путин внёс обращение в Совет Федерации". kremlin.ru (in Russian).
43. "Постановление Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации от 1 марта 2014 года № 48-СФ "Об использовании Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации на территории Украины"" (PDF). council.gov.ru (in Russian).
44. Radia, Kirit (March 15, 2014). "Dueling Protests Held in Moscow Ahead of Crimea Referendum". ABC News. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
45. Mills, Laura (March 15, 2014). "Thousands march in Moscow to protest Crimea vote". AP News. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
46. "Постановление ВР АРК "Об организации и проведении республиканского (местного) референдума по вопросам усовершенствования статуса и полномочий Автономной Республики Крым"". Rada.crimea.ua. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
47. "Аксенов: перенос референдума в Крыму связан с тем, что конфликт вышел за пределы разумного". Interfax (in Russian).
48. "Суд признал незаконными назначение Аксенова премьером и проведение референдума в Крыму". Unian.net. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
49. "Референдум в Крыму: ответ "нет" не предусмотрен". Voice of America (in Russian).
50. "КС признал неконституционным постановление о проведении референдума в Крыму - Видео".
51. "Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим" (in Ukrainian).
52. "Crimea referendum Wide condemnation after region votes to split from Ukraine Fox News". Fox News. March 16, 2014.
53. Halimah, Halimah (March 17, 2014). "Crimea's vote: Was it legal?". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
54. "Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine". The Guardian. March 17, 2014.
55. " "Russian ruble announced Crimea's official currency". ITAR-TASS. March 17, 2014.
56. "Executive Order on recognising Republic of Crimea". Kremlin. March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
57. Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17.03.2014 № 63-рп "О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов" at www.pravo.gov.ru Template:Ru icon
58. "Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов". Kremlin.ru. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
59. Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty, BBC, March 18, 2014
60. "Crimea, Sevastopol officially join Russia as Putin signs final decree". RT. March 22, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
61. "Putin submits Treaty on Crimea's accession, new constitutional amendment to State Duma". En.itar-tass.com. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
62. "Treaty on Crimea's accession to Russia corresponds to Russian Constitution". En.itar-tass.com. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
63. "Russian Constitutional Court Backs Crimea Reunification, RIA NOVOSTI". En.ria.ru. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
64. "State Duma ratifies treaty on admission of Crimea into Russia". ITAR TASS. March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
65. "Госдума приняла закон о присоединении Крыма". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
66. "Справка о голосовании по вопросу:О проекте федерального конституционного закона № 475944-6 "О принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов - Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя" (первое чтение)". Vote.duma.gov.ru. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
67. "Справка о голосовании по вопросу: О проекте федерального конституционного закона № 475944-6 "О принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов - Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя" (в целом)". Vote.duma.gov.ru. March 20, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
68. "Russian Federation Council ratifies treaty on Crimea's entry to Russia". ITAR TASS. March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
69. Подписаны законы о принятии Крыма и Севастополя в состав России kremlin.ru Template:Ru icon
70. "Федеральный конституционный закон от 21 марта 2014 г. N 6-ФКЗ "О принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов - Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя"" (in Russian). Article 1.<...>3. Republic of Crimea shall be considered admitted to the Russian Federation since date of signing of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the Formation of New Federal Constituent Entities within the Russian Federation
71. "Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України"". rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian).
72. Smith-Spark, Laura (March 21, 2014). "Ukraine signs EU trade pact as Russia finalizes Crimea annexation". CNN. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
73. "Ukraine orders Crimea troop withdrawal as Russia seizes naval base". CNN. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
74. "Ukranian News - Defense Ministry: 50% Of Ukrainian Troops In Crimea Defect To Russia". Un.ua. March 24, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
75. Jonathan Marcus (March 24, 2014). "BBC News - Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea". Bbc.com. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
76. "United Nations News Centre - Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid". Un.org. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
77. Charbonneau, Louis. "U.N. General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid". Reuters. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
78. "В 22.00 в Крыму и в Севастополе стрелки часов переведут на два часа вперёд – на московское время". March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
79. "Crimea to set clocks to Russia time".
80. Прекращено действие соглашений, касающихся пребывания Черноморского флота на Украине Kremlin.ru Template:Ru icon
81. See Presidential explainatory note to the denunciation bill Template:Ru icon
82. Nikiforov, Vadim (March 12, 2014). "Крым и Севастополь ожидают представления свыше" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
83. Nezamyatnyj, Ivan (April 11, 2014). "Крым прописался в конституции России". mk.ru (in Russian).
84. "Российские туристы поедут в Крым, если ...смогут туда добраться". Komsomolskaya Pravda. July 17, 2013.
85. "Крым готовится к референдуму и ожидает Русских сезонов". РИА Оренбуржье. March 17, 2014.
86. "Снова в "Артек"". Vzglyad. March 17, 2014.
87. "Die Welt: Crimea's Accession Will Cost Russia Billions". Novinite. March 17, 2014.
88. ^ "Расходный полуостров". Kommersant. March 7, 2014.
89. "Оздоровлением курортов Крыма займется Руслан Байсаров". Top.rbc.ru. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
90. "Central Telegraph to set Russian tariffs on telegrams in Crimea Apr 3". Prime. March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 230, 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
91. "Крымчанам придется поменять номера телефонов и SIM-карты". comnews.ru. March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
92. ""Почта России" переводит почтовое сообщение с Крымом на российские тарифы". comnews.ru. March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
93. ^ Федеральный закон от 28.12.2013 N 433-ФЗ "О внесении изменения в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" Template:Ru icon
94. Автор статьи: Мария Макутина. "За призывы вернуть Крым Украине можно будет лишиться свободы сроком до пяти лет - РБК daily". Rbcdaily.ru. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
95. USA TODAY Research and Ashley M. Williams (March 15, 2014). "Russia vetoes U.N. resolution on Crimea's future". www.usatoday.com. usatoday. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
96. Crimean parliament formally applies to join Russia, BBC, March 17, 2014
97. Vasovic, Aleksandar. "U.S., EU set sanctions as Putin recognizes Crimea sovereignty". Reuters. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
98. Putin Recognizes Crimea Secession, Defying the West, New York Times, March 17, 2014
99. "GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS RESOLUTION CALLING UPON STATES NOT TO RECOGNIZE CHANGES IN STATUS OF CRIMEA REGION". www.un.org. UN. March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
100. "Ukraine: UN condemns Crimea vote as IMF and US back loans". www.bbc.com. BBC. March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
101. President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko answers questions of mass media representatives on 23 March 2014. president.gov.by. 23 March 2014.
102. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/asia/breaking-with-the-west-afghan-leader-supports-russias-annexation-of-crimea.html?ref=asia&_r=0
103. "Nicaragua recognizes Crimea as part of Russia". Kyivpost.com. March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
104. "ITAR-TASS: Russia - Russian Federation Council ratifies treaty on Crimea's entry to Russia". En.itar-tass.com. March 16, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
105. "Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence". Fox News. March 18, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
106. ^ "Russia sanctions 9 US officials in response to US sanctions on Russian officials". CNBC. March 20, 2014.
107. ^ "All Russian MPs volunteer to be subject to US, EU sanctions". 2014-03-18. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
108. Sanctions tit-for-tat: Moscow strikes back against US officials RT Retrieved on March 20, 2014
109. ^ Lowery & O'Keefe, Wesley & Ed (March 20, 2014). "Reacting to sanctions, Russians ban Reid, Boehner and four other lawmakers". Washington Post.
110. ^ Isherwood, Darryl (March 20, 2014). "Bob Menendez is banned from Russia". NJ.
111. ^ Weigel, David (March 20, 2014). "Senators Celebrate Being Sanctioned by Russia". Slate.
112. ^ Farchy, Jack; Hume, Neil (March 21, 2014). "Russian share prices drop as sanctions bite". ft.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
113. Buckley, Neil (March 21, 2014). "Putin feels the heat as sanctions target president's inner circle". ft.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
114. Traynor, Ian (March 21, 2014). "European Union prepares for trade war with Russia over Crimea". theguardian.com. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
115. ^ Tanas, Olga (March 21, 2014). "Russia's Credit Outlook Cut as U.S., EU Widen Sanction Lists". bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
116. Farchy, Jack; Hille, Kathrin; Weaver, Courtney (March 21, 2014). "Russian executives quake as US sanctions rattle markets". ft.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
117. Matzen, Eric; Martin, Michelle (March 21, 2014). "Russian sanctions ripple through corporate boardrooms". Reuters. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
118. Hille, Kathrin (March 21, 2014). "Putin boosted by defiant tone at top and among people". ft.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
119. Alpert, Lukas I.; Sonne, Paul (March 21, 2014). "Russia Sends Mixed Signals in Response to U.S. Sanctions". wsj.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014.

External links

• A treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation. Unofficial English translation with commentary

• Pages at move review
• Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2014
• 2014 Crimean crisis
• 2014 in Russia
• 2014 in Ukraine
• Politics of Crimea
• Secession in Ukraine
• Treaties concluded in 2014
• Treaties of Russia
• Treaties entered into force in 2014