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Targ was introduced to the ] by his father, whose Chicago bookstore, which he founded at the age of 22, carried a variety of paranormal works, and whose published bestsellers at Putnam later included a biography of ], founder of the ], and ]'s '']''.<ref name= "Gardner SI 2001">{{cite news |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/notes_of_a_fringe-watcher_distant_healing_and_elisabeth_targ |title= Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |magazine= ] |date=March–April 2001 |volume= 25.2 |accessdate= 2011-01-07 }}</ref> Targ was introduced to the ] by his father, whose Chicago bookstore, which he founded at the age of 22, carried a variety of paranormal works, and whose published bestsellers at Putnam later included a biography of ], founder of the ], and ]'s '']''.<ref name= "Gardner SI 2001">{{cite news |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/notes_of_a_fringe-watcher_distant_healing_and_elisabeth_targ |title= Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |magazine= ] |date=March–April 2001 |volume= 25.2 |accessdate= 2011-01-07 }}</ref>


Targ received a ] in ] from ] in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at ].<ref name="Gale"/> In 1982, Targ with Keith Harary and Anthony White formed a company to investigate ] claims known as Delphi Associates.<ref name= "Anderson 1984">{{cite news |last= Anderson |first= Ian |title= Strange case of the psychic spy |magazine= ] |date= 22 November 1984 |pages= |volume= 104 |issue= 1431 |via= ]}}</ref> From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in ] as a senior staff scientist at the ].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kammann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= ] |publisher= ] |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= 67 |ref= {{SfnRef|Marks & Kammann|1980}}}}</ref> Targ received a ] in ] from ] in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at ].<ref name="Gale"/> In 1982, Targ with Keith Harary and Anthony White formed a company to investigate ] claims known as Delphi Associates.<ref name= "Anderson 1984">{{cite news |last= Anderson |first= Ian |title= Strange case of the psychic spy |magazine= ] |date= 22 November 1984 |pages= |volume= 104 |issue= 1431 |via= ]}}</ref> From 1985 to 1998 Targ worked in ] as a senior staff scientist at the ].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kammann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= ] |publisher= ] |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= 67 |ref= {{SfnRef|Marks & Kammann|1980}}}}</ref>


==Laser research== ==Laser research==
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==Parapsychology== ==Parapsychology==
In 1972 Targ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI--now ]) as a senior research physicist in a program founded by ]. The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including the ], ] and ].<ref name= "Gale"/><ref name= "Kripal p176">{{cite book |last= Kripal |first= Jeffrey J. |title= Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred |page= |publisher= ] |year= 2010 |isbn= 9780226453866 |ref= {{SfnRef|Kripal|2010}}}}</ref> Targ worked at SRI until 1982.<ref name= "Anderson 1984"/> In 1972 Targ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI--now ]) as a senior research physicist in a program founded by ]. The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including NASA, the ], ] and ].<ref name= "Gale"/><ref name= "Kripal p176">{{cite book |last= Kripal |first= Jeffrey J. |title= Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred |page= |publisher= ] |year= 2010 |isbn= 9780226453866 |ref= {{SfnRef|Kripal|2010}}}}</ref> Targ worked at SRI until 1982.<ref name= "Anderson 1984"/>


=== Remote viewing === === Remote viewing ===
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{{quote|Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= }}}} {{quote|Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= }}}}


It was revealed that subjects were able to match the transcripts to the correct locations using only the cues provided. When these cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level.{{sfn|Marks & Kamann|1980||loc= Ch. 3: The Targ-Puthoff Effect Explained}}{{sfn|Alcock|1988|p= }} Marks was able to achieve 100 percent accuracy without visiting any of the sites himself but by using cues.{{refn|group=n|Martin Bridgstock wrote in ''Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal'', "The explanation used by Marks and Kammann clearly involves the use of Occam's razor. Marks and Kammann argued that the 'cues' - clues to the order in which sites had been visited - provided sufficient information for the results, without any recourse to extrasensory perception. Indeed Marks himself was able to achieve 100 per cent accuracy in allocating some transcripts to sites without visiting any of the sites himself, purely on the ground basis of the cues. From Occam's razor, it follows that if a straightforward natural explanation exists, there is no need for the spectacular paranormal explanation: Targ and Puthoff's claims are not justified."<ref>{{cite book |first= Martin |last= Bridgstock |year= 2009 |title= Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal |publisher= ] |page= |isbn= 9781139482547}}</ref>}} ] has written controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts.<ref>{{cite book |first= James |last= Randi |authorlink= James Randi |origyear= 1995 |year= 2007 |chapterurl= http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/remote%20viewing.html |chapter= Remote viewing |title= ] |edition= online |publisher= ] <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref> It was revealed that JUDGES were able to match the transcripts to the correct locations using only the cues provided. When these cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level.{{sfn|Marks & Kamann|1980||loc= Ch. 3: The Targ-Puthoff Effect Explained}}{{sfn|Alcock|1988|p= }} Marks was able to achieve 100 percent accuracy without visiting any of the sites himself but by using cues.{{refn|group=n|Martin Bridgstock wrote in ''Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal'', "The explanation used by Marks and Kammann clearly involves the use of Occam's razor. Marks and Kammann argued that the 'cues' - clues to the order in which sites had been visited - provided sufficient information for the results, without any recourse to extrasensory perception. Indeed Marks himself was able to achieve 100 per cent accuracy in allocating some transcripts to sites without visiting any of the sites himself, purely on the ground basis of the cues. From Occam's razor, it follows that if a straightforward natural explanation exists, there is no need for the spectacular paranormal explanation: Targ and Puthoff's claims are not justified."<ref>{{cite book |first= Martin |last= Bridgstock |year= 2009 |title= Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal |publisher= ] |page= |isbn= 9781139482547}}</ref>}} ] has written controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts.<ref>{{cite book |first= James |last= Randi |authorlink= James Randi |origyear= 1995 |year= 2007 |chapterurl= http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/remote%20viewing.html |chapter= Remote viewing |title= ] |edition= online |publisher= ] <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref>


Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."<ref>{{cite book |first= Charles Edward Mark |last= Hansel |authorlink= C. E. M. Hansel |year= 1980 |title= ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation |publisher= ] |page= 293 |isbn= 9780879751197 |series= Science and the Paranormal}}</ref> In 1980, ] claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff’s experiments revealed an above-chance result.{{sfn|Tart, Puthoff & Targ|1980}} Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained ]s.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= }}{{sfn|Alcock|1988|p= }} Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote "considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart’s failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues."<ref name= "MarksScott1986">{{cite journal |last1= Marks |first1= D. |last2= Scott |first2= C. |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |date= 6 February 1986 |title= Remote viewing exposed |journal= ] |volume= 319 |issue= 6053 |page= 444 |department= Correspondence |doi= 10.1038/319444a0 |pmid= 3945330}}</ref> Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."<ref>{{cite book |first= Charles Edward Mark |last= Hansel |authorlink= C. E. M. Hansel |year= 1980 |title= ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation |publisher= ] |page= 293 |isbn= 9780879751197 |series= Science and the Paranormal}}</ref> In 1980, ] claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff’s experiments revealed an above-chance result.{{sfn|Tart, Puthoff & Targ|1980}} Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained ]s.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= }}{{sfn|Alcock|1988|p= }} Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote "considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart’s failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues."<ref name= "MarksScott1986">{{cite journal |last1= Marks |first1= D. |last2= Scott |first2= C. |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |date= 6 February 1986 |title= Remote viewing exposed |journal= ] |volume= 319 |issue= 6053 |page= 444 |department= Correspondence |doi= 10.1038/319444a0 |pmid= 3945330}}</ref>
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=== Precognition === === Precognition ===
In his book ''Mind Race'', Targ claimed that he had ] prices on the silver market. According to ] "As with most psychic claims, there is little documentation to back them up".<ref>](1988). ''Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs''. Macmillan of Canada. p. 147. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5</ref> In his book ''Mind Race'', Targ claimed that he had ] prices on the silver market. According to ] "As with most psychic claims, there is little documentation to back them up".<ref>](1988). ''Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs''. Macmillan of Canada. p. 147. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5</ref> A lengthy description of the silver experiment and Delphi Assocs. appears in, Erik Larson, "Did Psychic Powers Give Firm A Killing In The Silver Market?" Wall Street Journal, October 22, 1984.


== Personal life == == Personal life ==

Revision as of 21:05, 19 May 2014

Russell Targ
Russell Targ
Born (1934-04-11) April 11, 1934 (age 90)
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)physicist, parapsychologist and author
Known forRemote viewing

Russell Targ (born April 11, 1934) is an American physicist, parapsychologist and author who is best known for his work on remote viewing.

Targ originally became known for early work in lasers and laser applications. He joined Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in 1972 where he and Harold Puthoff coined the term "remote viewing" for the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using parapsychological means. Targ's work on remote viewing has been characterized as pseudoscience. His work has also been criticized for lack of rigor.

Biography

Targ was born in Chicago. He is the son of publisher William Targ, editor in chief of G. P. Putnam's Sons.

Targ was introduced to the paranormal by his father, whose Chicago bookstore, which he founded at the age of 22, carried a variety of paranormal works, and whose published bestsellers at Putnam later included a biography of Helena Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society, and Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods.

Targ received a Bachelor of Science in physics from Queens College in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at Columbia University. In 1982, Targ with Keith Harary and Anthony White formed a company to investigate psychic claims known as Delphi Associates. From 1985 to 1998 Targ worked in electro-optics as a senior staff scientist at the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company.

Laser research

Russell Targ originally became known in the laser research community. He co-authored the first paper describing the use of coherent detection with lasers (1962). He contributed to the development of frequency modulation mode-locking laser (FM laser) and coined the term "super-mode" used to describe FM laser operation. The paper he co-authored "Kilowatt CO2 gas‐transport laser" was the first to describe the operation of a 1000 watt continuous wave laser (CW laser). Targ continued to work in laser research into the 1990s developing windshear sensing lidar for use in aviation.

Parapsychology

In 1972 Targ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI--now SRI International) as a senior research physicist in a program founded by Harold E. Puthoff. The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including NASA, the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency and Army Intelligence. Targ worked at SRI until 1982.

Remote viewing

Main article: Remote viewing

Remote viewing (or RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind".

Targ and Puthoff published studies on the description of unseen locations (remote viewing) in Nature and the Proceedings of the IEEE.

The psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff’s remote viewing experiments. In a series of thirty-five studies, they were unable to replicate the results so they investigated the procedure of the original experiments. Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Targ and Puthoff's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out, such as referring to yesterday's two targets, or they had the date of the session written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates. Terence Hines has written:

Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.

It was revealed that JUDGES were able to match the transcripts to the correct locations using only the cues provided. When these cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level. Marks was able to achieve 100 percent accuracy without visiting any of the sites himself but by using cues. James Randi has written controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts.

Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis." In 1980, Charles Tart claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff’s experiments revealed an above-chance result. Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained sensory cues. Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote "considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart’s failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues."

Simon Hoggart and Mike Hutchinson described Targ as willing to believe and his research "for the most part, a sorry study in the range of human credulity." A 1988 report by the United States National Research Council (NRC) concluded, "there should remain little doubt that the Targ-Puthoff studies are fatally flawed".

In 1995 the Central Intelligence Agency hired the American Institutes for Research to study the effectiveness of the Star Gate program after Congress ordered the agency to take over control of the program from the Defense Intelligence Agency. The AIR report arranged a "blue ribbon panel" of statistics professor Jessica Utts and psychology professor Raymond Hyman, representing views favorable and unfavorable to the study respectively, to evaluate the results. The report concluded that "A statistically significant laboratory effort has been demonstrated in the sense that hits occur more often than chance" but that "It is unclear whether the observed effects can unambiguously be attributed to the paranormal ability of the remote viewers as opposed to characteristics of the judges or of the target or some other characteristic of the methods used. Use of the same remote viewers, the same judge, and the same target photographs makes it impossible to identify their independent effects." Without clear evidence of paranormal phenomena, and in light of the operational reality that "In no case had the information provided ever been used to guide intelligence operations," the program was declassified and abandoned in 1995. David Marks concluded, "evidence for the operational value of remote viewing does not exist, even after more than two decades of research." There is no credible scientific evidence that remote viewing works, and the continued study of remote viewing is regarded as pseudoscience.

Notable psychics

The SRI remote viewing project also encompassed the work of such consulting "consciousness researchers" as the artist/writer Ingo Swann and Military Intelligence Corps chief warrant officer Joseph McMoneagle.

Targ and Puthoff both expressed the belief that Uri Geller, retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist Ingo Swann all had genuine psychic abilities, though flaws were found with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using sleight of hand on many other occasions. According to Terence Hines:

Geller turned out to be nothing more than a magician using sleight of hand and considerable personal charm to fool his admirers. The tests at SRI turned out to have been run under conditions that can best be described as chaotic. Few limits were placed on Geller’s behavior, and he was more or less in control of the procedures used to test him. Further, the results of the tests were incorrectly reported in Targ and Puthoff’s Nature paper.

Precognition

In his book Mind Race, Targ claimed that he had predicted prices on the silver market. According to Henry Gordon "As with most psychic claims, there is little documentation to back them up". A lengthy description of the silver experiment and Delphi Assocs. appears in, Erik Larson, "Did Psychic Powers Give Firm A Killing In The Silver Market?" Wall Street Journal, October 22, 1984.

Personal life

Russell was married to Joan Fischer Targ, who died in 1998. Russell and Joan had a daughter, Elisabeth Targ, who was a psychiatrist and parapsychologist, and two sons Alexander, a physician, and Nicholas, an attorney. In 2003, Targ married artist Patricia Kathleen Phillips.

Joan Fischer Targ was the sister of chess champion Bobby Fischer. In 2004 Targ assisted Fischer, who had been a fugitive in the United States since violating a trade embargo with his 1992 victory over Boris Spassky. Russell Targ came up with the idea that Fischer, whose passport had been revoked by U.S. authorities and was facing immediate deportation to the U.S., could claim German citizenship through his father Hans Gerhardt Fischer. Though he had been estranged from Fischer after a separation from his wife in 1992, Targ acquired five different documents from Hans Fischer's relatives and hospitals in Germany. He told the Los Angeles Times "Bobby has said a number of really disgraceful anti-Semitic, un-American things ... But nobody else involved in that chess match has been punished. As a lifetime member of the American Civil Liberties Union, I don't think he should be in prison for playing chess."

Targ who is legally blind is an avid motorcyclist and has published a memoir on his experiences as a "blind biker".

Works

Books authored

  • Targ, Russell (2004). Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Consciousness. San Francisco: New World Library. ISBN 9781577314134. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Targ, Russell (2010). Do You See What I See: Memoirs of a Blind Biker. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads. ISBN 9781571746306. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Targ, Russell (2012). The Reality of ESP: A Physicist's Proof of Psychic Abilities. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 9780835608848. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)

Books co-authored

Journal articles

On lasers

On remote viewing

On precognition

Notes

  1. Terence Hines wrote in Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003) p. 136: "The remote-viewing controversy lasted more than a decade. It is a sobering example of how sloppy experiments and the conclusions based on them can be accepted as evidence of parapsychology. It further demonstrates the great amount of hard work it takes to put such erroneous conclusion to rest."
  2. Martin Bridgstock wrote in Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal, "The explanation used by Marks and Kammann clearly involves the use of Occam's razor. Marks and Kammann argued that the 'cues' - clues to the order in which sites had been visited - provided sufficient information for the results, without any recourse to extrasensory perception. Indeed Marks himself was able to achieve 100 per cent accuracy in allocating some transcripts to sites without visiting any of the sites himself, purely on the ground basis of the cues. From Occam's razor, it follows that if a straightforward natural explanation exists, there is no need for the spectacular paranormal explanation: Targ and Puthoff's claims are not justified."

References

  1. ^ "Russell Targ". Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 133–136. ISBN 9781615920853.
  3. Gardner, Martin (2001). Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 60–67. ISBN 0393322386.
  4. ^ Hines 2003, pp. 135-6. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHines2003 (help)
  5. Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press. pp. 166-173. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4
  6. ^ Gardner, Martin (March–April 2001). "Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 25.2. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  7. ^ Anderson, Ian (22 November 1984). "Strange case of the psychic spy". New Scientist. Vol. 104, no. 1431. pp. 3-4 – via Google Books.
  8. Marks, David; Kammann, Richard (1980). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd ed.). Prometheus. p. 67. ISBN 9781573927987.
  9. Laser Focus. 1978. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. Electronics. 20 September 1965. p. 101. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. Laser Focus with Fiberoptic Communications. Vol. 1. 1965. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. Harris & Targ 1964.
  13. Tiffany, Targ & Foster 1969.
  14. Targ, R.; Kavaya, M.J.; Huffaker, R.M.; Bowles, R.L. (1991). "Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation". Applied Optics. 30 (15): 2013–26. doi:10.1364/AO.30.002013.
  15. Targ, R.; Steakley, B.C.; Hawley, J.G.; Ames, L.L.; Forney, P.; Swanson, D.; Stone, R.; Otto, R.G.; Zarifis, V.; Brockman, P.; Calloway, R.S.; Klein, S.H.; Robinson, P.A. (1996). "Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm". Applied Optics. 35 (36): 7117–27. doi:10.1364/AO.35.007117. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  16. Kripal, Jeffrey J. (2010). Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred. University of Chicago Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780226453866.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  17. Targ & Puthoff 1974.
  18. Puthoff & Targ 1976.
  19. Marks, D.; Kammann, R. (17 August 1978). "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments". Letters to Nature. Nature. 274: 680–1. doi:10.1038/274680a0.
  20. Marks, D. (9 July 1981). "Sensory cues invalidate remote viewing experiments". Matters Arising. Nature. 292: 177. doi:10.1038/292177a0.
  21. Marks & Kamann 1980, Ch. 3: The Targ-Puthoff Effect Explained. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarks_&_Kamann1980 (help)
  22. Alcock 1988, p. 50 .
  23. Bridgstock, Martin (2009). Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781139482547.
  24. Randi, James (2007) . "Remote viewing". An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (online ed.). James Randi Educational Foundation . {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  25. Hansel, Charles Edward Mark (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation. Science and the Paranormal. Prometheus. p. 293. ISBN 9780879751197.
  26. Tart, Puthoff & Targ 1980.
  27. Alcock 1988, p. 52 .
  28. ^ Marks, D.; Scott, C. (6 February 1986). "Remote viewing exposed". Correspondence. Nature. 319 (6053): 444. doi:10.1038/319444a0. PMID 3945330.
  29. Hoggart, Simon; Hutchinson, Mike (1995). Bizarre Beliefs. Richard Cohen Books. p. 151. ISBN 9781573921565.
  30. Alcock, James E.; Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education: National Research Council (NRC) (1988). "Part VI. Parapsychological Techniques". Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques, Background Papers (Complete Set). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 57 .
  31. ^ Waller, Douglas (11 December 1995). "The vision thing: Ten years and $20 million later, The Pentagon discovers that psychics are unreliable spies". Time. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  32. Mumford, Michael D.; Rose, Andrew M.; Goslin, David A. (29 September 1995). An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications (PDF). American Institutes for Research.
  33. Marks & Kammann 1980, p. 78.
  34. Marks & Kammann 1980, p. 59 (2000 ed.) ISBN 1573927988.
  35. Wiseman, R.; Milton, J. (1999). "Experiment one of the SAIC remote viewing program: A critical reevaluation" (PDF). Journal of Parapsychology. 62 (4): 297–308. Retrieved 2008-06-26 – via richardwiseman.com.
  36. Shermer, Michael (2001). The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense. Oxford University Press. pp. 8-10. ISBN 9780198032724.
  37. Scott, C. (29 July 1982). "No 'remote viewing'". Correspondence. Nature. 298 (5873): 414. doi:10.1038/298414c0.
  38. Targ & Puthoff 1977.
  39. Randi, James (1982). The Truth About Uri Geller. Prometheus. ISBN 9780879751999.
  40. Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus. p. 126. ISBN 9781615920853.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  41. Gordon, Henry(1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. p. 147. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5
  42. ^ "Joan Fischer Targ, computer literacy activist". Palo Alto Weekly. 17 June 1998.
  43. Katra, Jane (1 December 2002). "Elisabeth F. Targ: 1961-2002". Journal of Parapsychology – via HighBeam Research. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  44. Sands, David R. (31 August 2004). "Kin boosts Fischer's bid to gain German passport". The Washington Times – via HighBeam Research. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Wallace, Bruce (30 July 2004). "Fischer tries citizenship maneuver". Los Angeles Times.
  46. Targ 2010.
  47. "Do You See What I See?". Internet Bookwatch. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-03 – via HighBeam Research. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

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