Misplaced Pages

Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 14:59, 15 June 2014 editDarkness Shines (talk | contribs)31,762 edits Reverted 1 edit by Wangchuk2014 (talk): Rv, Russavia. (TW)← Previous edit Revision as of 15:05, 15 June 2014 edit undoNick (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators22,291 editsm Reverted edits by Darkness Shines (talk) to last version by Wangchuk2014Next edit →
Line 32: Line 32:


== International and domestic reactions == == International and domestic reactions ==
], the UN Special Envoy for the ] visiting a hospital in ] where she was guided through the ''Heal Africa'' section which assists victims of sexual violence.]]

The ] has stated that the DRC is the centre for the use of rape as a weapon of war, with one study finding that 48 women are raped every hour.{{sfn|Adetunji|2011}} In 2009 ] travelled to the DRC, and having spoken to survivors of their need for a place to heal proposed the, ]. In 2011, ], in association with Fondation Panzi (DRC), opened the City of Joy. The centre is located in Bukavu, and treats 180 survivors of gender related violence per year.{{sfn|Kreinin|2012|p=120}}{{sfn|Viner|2011}} The ] has stated that the DRC is the centre for the use of rape as a weapon of war, with one study finding that 48 women are raped every hour.{{sfn|Adetunji|2011}} In 2009 ] travelled to the DRC, and having spoken to survivors of their need for a place to heal proposed the, ]. In 2011, ], in association with Fondation Panzi (DRC), opened the City of Joy. The centre is located in Bukavu, and treats 180 survivors of gender related violence per year.{{sfn|Kreinin|2012|p=120}}{{sfn|Viner|2011}}


Revision as of 15:05, 15 June 2014

Part of a series on
Violence against women
Murder
Sexual assault and rape
Disfigurement
Other issues
International legal framework
Related topics

During the first and second conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), all armed parties to the conflict carried out a policy of genocidal rape, with the primary purpose being, the total destruction of communities and families.. Such was the violence directed at, and carried out towards women that Human Rights Watch (HRW) described it as, "a war within a war". And HRW has reported that as of March 2013, civil conflict had reignited when the militia, March 23 Movement (M23), resumed hostilities following a ceasefire.

Girls from the age of five, to women aged eighty have been assaulted and sexually mutilated, others were raped and their families forced to watch. And by 2008 the United Nations (UN) had estimated that up to 200,000 females had suffered from some form of sexual violence. The brutality of the rapes have caused long term health, social, familial, and psychological problems. There have been reports of babies aged one being raped, as well as women in their nineties. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) reported that over 50 per cent of survivors believed that the use of rape was a deliberate tactic used for the extermination of the Congolese people.

While females have been the primary victims of sexual violence, men and boys are also sexually assaulted, HRW, Amnesty International and other non-governmental organization`s (NGO) have reported in 2009, that the rape of males in the DRC is systematic, and was on the increase. The majority of the rapes have been carried out by militias, such as the Lord's Resistance Army, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, the Mai-Mai and the Congrès national pour la défense du peuple. Since 2009 rapes, killings and human rights violations carried out by the armed forces (FARDC) of the DRC have increased.

Rape as Genocide

"Photo: USAID/Leah Werchick; Rape victims who have been successfully reintegrated into their communities assemble in a “peace hut” near Walungu, South Kivu in DRC."

According to Amnesty International, the use of rape during times of war are not a by-product of conflicts, but are a pre-planned and deliberate military strategy. In the last quarter of a century, the majority of conflicts have shifted from wars between nation states to communal and intra-state civil wars. During these conflicts the use of rape as a weapon against the civilian population by state and non-state actors have become more frequent. Journalists and human rights organizations have documented campaigns of genocidal rape during the conflicts in, the Balkans, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Uganda, and the DRC. The strategic aim of these mass rapes are twofold, the first is to instill terror in the civilian population, with the intent to forcibly dislocate them from their property. The second, to degrade the chance of possible return and reconstitution by having inflicted humiliation and shame on the targeted population. These effects are strategically important for non-state actors, as it is necessary for them to remove the targeted population from the land. Rape as genocide is well suited for campaigns which involve ethnic cleansing and genocide, as the objective is to destroy, or forcefully remove the target population, and ensure they do not return.

In the DRC the genocidal rape was focused on the destruction of family and communities. An interview with a survivor gave an account of gang rape, forced cannibalism of a fetus taken from an eviscerated woman and child murder.

Estimates of victims

In 2006 Jean-Marie Guéhenno reported to the UN that in the preceding six months 12,000 women and girls had been raped. In 2009 it was estimated that there were 1100 rapes per month, with 72 per cent of survivors stating they had been tortured during their assaults. In 2011 alone it was estimated that there were up to 400,000 rapes, In 2013 HRW reported that M23, had killed 44 civilians and had raped at least 61 women and girls near the city of Goma. and an article in the American Journal of Public Health gave an estimate of two million victims of rape by 2011. Shelly Whitman, during a visit to Panzi Hospital in Bukavu in 2010 was shown statistics of rape victims, between January and July 2010 66 girls under the age of Three and 50 women over the age of 65 had been admitted to the hospital for treatment due to sexual violence.

Aftermath

HRW reported that girls aged five to women aged eighty were assaulted with exceptional brutality, with knives and razor blades being used to mutilate the vagina. Families were forced to watch women being sexually assaulted. Survivors of the attacks have reported major health issues as a result of the rapes. 87 percent reported vaginal discharge and 79 percent have reported lower abdominal pains. Fistulas were commonplace among survivors, 41 percent reported the discharge of fecal and urinary matter from the vagina. Psychological trauma includes nightmares and insomnia, with 77 percent reporting that they suffered from these. 91 percent of survivors reported that they lived in fear and felt ashamed over the assaults. At the Saint Paul Health Center in Uvira, in a review of medical records from 658 survivors nine percent returned positive for HIV. Other sexual infections were syphilis, with thirteen percent infected, and a further 31 percent were infected with gonorrhea. Few victims seek medical attention, due to the costs associated with health care, and also due to the fact that should it become publicly known that they were raped, these survivors would then be socially stigmatized.

In a report from MSF over 50 per cent of survivors indicated they had been assaulted while at work in the fields. These assaults were usually carried out by groups of men who were armed, women were beaten then raped and left lying on the ground. Others stated they had been assaulted during raids on their villages and a large amount of women stated they had been raped in the undergrowth where they had gone to hide when they fled their homes. When surveyed on their opinions as to the motivation behind the sexual violence, 83 per cent believed that poor organization, training and a lack of discipline played a contributing role. 57 per cent believed that the sexual violence was used as a tactic for the deliberate extermination of the Congolese people, from the witness statements MSF came to the conclusion that the "Sexual violence has been so clearly linked to the military strategy of warring parties and has occurred in such a systematic way that it is wrong to think of it as a side effect of war"

War crimes trials

In 2013 a mass trial of 39 FARDC soldiers began. The men were accused of raping 102 women and 33 girls in the township of Minova following their retreat from Goma after an attack by M23 forces. In 2014 the trial concluded with two convictions for rape and the remaining cleared. Maud Jullien, who works for the BBC has said the result is a "great disappointment", and lawyers for the survivors believe the ruling will result in discouraging other survivors from coming forward.

International and domestic reactions

Mary Robinson, the UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region visiting a hospital in Goma where she was guided through the Heal Africa section which assists victims of sexual violence.

The United Nations has stated that the DRC is the centre for the use of rape as a weapon of war, with one study finding that 48 women are raped every hour. In 2009 Eve Ensler travelled to the DRC, and having spoken to survivors of their need for a place to heal proposed the, City of Joy. In 2011, V-Day, in association with Fondation Panzi (DRC), opened the City of Joy. The centre is located in Bukavu, and treats 180 survivors of gender related violence per year.

Leah Chishugi, a survivor of the Rwandan genocide, traveled to the DRC. Upon discovering the mass rapes which were ongoing she began to document testimony from survivors. In a two month period she interviewed up to 500 survivors of sexual assaults. The youngest victim was just one year old, and the eldest was 90 and one victim, aged 14, had already given birth twice, having been forcibly impregnated. Chishugi founded the charity Everything is a Benefit which campaigns on behalf of the survivors of the victims of rape and other human rights abuses during civil conflicts.

In 1997, doctor Rachel Kembe, with five other professional women founded the Association nationale des mamans pour l’aide aux déshérités (ANAMAD, National Mothers’ Association to Aid the Dispossessed). By 2007 the centre was treating 2500 survivors of rape, but Kembe has said "the number keeps growing". ANAMAD has constructed housing for up to 30 IDPs and their families, but says they require more funding as their resources are inadequate.

Denis Mukwege and his co-workers have treated an estimated 30,000 survivors of rape since the start of the conflicts. He has reported that women have been shot in the genitals following an assault, and others have had chemicals poured over their genitals following rapes. He believes the use of rape is an "effective strategy" as people are forced to flee their homes and land.

Documentary maker, Fiona Lloyd-Davies, released Seeds of Hope at the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict.

Footnotes

  1. "It is also rape unto death, rape as massacre, rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead. It is rape as an instrument of forced exile, rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back. It is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others: rape as spectacle. It is rape to drive a wedge through a community, to shatter a society, to destroy a people. It is rape as genocide"
  2. "Human Rights Watch described the extraordinary brutality of the DRC rapes – girls as young as five and women as old as eighty were reportedly shot in the vagina or mutilated with knives and razor blades"

References

  1. Sharlach 2000, pp. 92–93.
  2. ^ Von Joeden-Forgey 2010, p. 74.
  3. Akurang-Parry 2004, p. 8.
  4. Csete 2002, p. 23.
  5. ^ Leaning 2009, p. 188.
  6. Drumond 2011, p. 98.
  7. Drumond 2011, pp. 99–100.
  8. Drumond 2011, p. 96.
  9. Smith-Spark 2012.
  10. Leaning 2009, p. 174.
  11. Corrêa 2008, p. 196.
  12. Guéhenno 2006.
  13. Mukengere Mukwege 2009.
  14. Poloni-Staudinger 2012, p. 21.
  15. Bekele 2013.
  16. Peterman 2011, pp. 1060–1067.
  17. Whitman 2012, p. 149.
  18. BBC 2014.
  19. Adetunji 2011.
  20. Kreinin 2012, p. 120.
  21. Viner 2011.
  22. Taylor 2008.
  23. Sackur 2008.
  24. Kimani 2007.
  25. Mukwege 2013.
  26. Lloyd-Davies.
  27. Sauer & 2013>.

Bibliography

Categories: