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| The '''al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah ''' ({{lang-ar|الرسالة الذهبیة}} , {{IPA-ar|'rɪsælætæ 'ðæhæ'biæ}}; "Golden Treatise") is a medical ] on health and remedies attributed to ] (765-818), the eighth ] of ]. He wrote this dissertation in accordance with the demand of ], the ] of the time.<ref name="al islam">{{cite book |last= Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah |first= |date= |title= Imam ar-Ridha’, A Historical and Biographical Research |url=http://www.al-islam.org/imam-ar-ridha-a-historical-and-biographical-research-muhammad-jawad-fadlallah|others=Yasin T. Al-Jibouri|location= |website=Al-islam.org|publisher= |page= |isbn= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name= "madelung">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-reza|title=ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. |author=]|date= 1 August 2011 |website=Iranicaonline.org |publisher= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref> It is revered as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled as “the golden treatise" due to the order of Ma'mun for writing it by gold ink.<ref name= "madelung"/> The chain of narrators are said to reach ] or ] who is described as "highly esteemed and trustworthy" by al-Najjashi.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Derakhshan |first=Mahdi |last2= |first2= |date= |title=al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (in medicine) attributed to Hazrat Reza (a.s) |url=http://www.noormags.com/view/fa/articlepage/515571 |journal=Literature and human science department of Tehran university |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref> | The '''al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah ''' ({{lang-ar|الرسالة الذهبیة}} , {{IPA-ar|'rɪsælætæ 'ðæhæ'biæ}}; "Golden Treatise") is a medical ] on health and remedies attributed to ] (765-818), the eighth ] of ]. He wrote this dissertation in accordance with the demand of ], the ] of the time.<ref name="al islam">{{cite book |last= Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah |first= |date= |title= Imam ar-Ridha’, A Historical and Biographical Research |url=http://www.al-islam.org/imam-ar-ridha-a-historical-and-biographical-research-muhammad-jawad-fadlallah|others=Yasin T. Al-Jibouri|location= |website=Al-islam.org|publisher= |page= |isbn= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name= "madelung">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-reza|title=ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites. |author=]|date= 1 August 2011 |website=Iranicaonline.org |publisher= |accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref> It is revered as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled as “the golden treatise" due to the order of Ma'mun for writing it by gold ink.<ref name= "madelung"/> The chain of narrators are said to reach ] or ] who is described as "highly esteemed and trustworthy" by al-Najjashi.<ref name="derakhshan">{{cite journal |last= Derakhshan |first=Mahdi |last2= |first2= |date= |title=al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (in medicine) attributed to Hazrat Reza (a.s) |url=http://www.noormags.com/view/fa/articlepage/515571 |journal=Literature and human science department of Tehran university |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref> | ||
| According to the treatise, one's health is determined by four humors of ], ], ] and ], the suitable proportion of which maintains the health. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida describes the body as a kingdom whose king is the heart and the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are the labors. <ref name="ghaemiyeh">{{cite book |author=Staff writers|title= Tebbol Reza, Medicine and hygiene from Imam Ali ibn Mousa al-Ridha|url= http://www.ghaemiyeh.com/downloads/9332-FA-teb%20alreza-teb%20va%20behdasht%20az%20imam%20reza%20alayhem%20alsalam.pdf |location= Isfahan |publisher= Ghaemieh Isfahan research center |page= |date= |isbn= |accessdate= }}</ref> | According to the treatise, one's health is determined by four humors of ], ], ] and ], the suitable proportion of which maintains the health. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida describes the body as a kingdom whose king is the heart and the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are the labors. <ref name="ghaemiyeh">{{cite book |author=Staff writers|title= Tebbol Reza, Medicine and hygiene from Imam Ali ibn Mousa al-Ridha|url= http://www.ghaemiyeh.com/downloads/9332-FA-teb%20alreza-teb%20va%20behdasht%20az%20imam%20reza%20alayhem%20alsalam.pdf |location= Isfahan |publisher= Ghaemieh Isfahan research center |page= |date= |isbn= |accessdate= }}</ref> | ||
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| ==Golden treatise in brief== | ==Golden treatise in brief== | ||
| The dissertation of Ali ibn Musa al-Rida begins as follows:{{quote|In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Know |
The dissertation of Ali ibn Musa al-Rida begins as follows:{{quote|In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Know, when Allah tries a servant with a disease, he appoints for him a medicine in order to cure himself with it, and for every kind of disease there is a kind of medicine, conduct, and prescription.<ref name="ghaemiyeh"/> | ||
| Ali ibn Musa al-Rida writes in his treatise that one's health is in accordance to four humors of phlegm, yellow bile, blood and black bile, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health and an individual becomes sick when this proportion is unbalanced. proper food besides traditional medicine may be used to cure those humors. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Imam has some prescriptions for cleansing the phlegm, making the breath sweet-scented, strengthening the teeth, curing the jaundice, and strengthening the eyesight.<ref name="ghaemiyeh"/> | Ali ibn Musa al-Rida writes in his treatise that one's health is in accordance to four humors of phlegm, yellow bile, blood and black bile, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health and an individual becomes sick when this proportion is unbalanced. proper food besides traditional medicine may be used to cure those humors. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Imam has some prescriptions for cleansing the phlegm, making the breath sweet-scented, strengthening the teeth, curing the jaundice, and strengthening the eyesight.<ref name="ghaemiyeh"/> | ||
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| And discusses their characteristics and functions in detail. | And discusses their characteristics and functions in detail. | ||
| In another part of the treatise, He discuses what kind of foods are suitable according to season, time of the day and the age of an individual. He says:{{quote|O Commander of the faithful, eat cold (foods) in summer, hot (foods) in winter, and moderate (foods) in the two seasons according to your strength and appetite; and start with the lightest food on which your body feed according to your material, your ability, your activity, and your time in which you must have food every eight hours or three meals every two days... .}} | In another part of the treatise, He discuses what kind of foods are suitable according to season, time of the day and the age of an individual. He says:{{quote|O Commander of the faithful, eat cold (foods) in summer, hot (foods) in winter, and moderate (foods) in the two seasons according to your strength and appetite; and start with the lightest food on which your body feed according to your material, your ability, your activity, and your time in which you must have food every eight hours or three meals every two days... .}} | ||
| In other parts, He discuses body disease, months and seasons of the year.<ref name=" |
In other parts, He discuses body disease, months and seasons of the year.<ref name="derakhshan"/> | ||
| ==Ma'mun praised the dissertation== | ==Ma'mun praised the dissertation== | ||
Revision as of 12:24, 27 June 2014
| Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah | |
| Arabic | الرسالة الذهبیة |
|---|---|
| Romanization | Risalata Zahabia |
| Literal meaning | Golden Treatise |
| Part of a series on Shia Islam |
|---|
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The al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (Template:Lang-ar , Arabic pronunciation: ['rɪsælætæ 'ðæhæ'biæ]; "Golden Treatise") is a medical dissertation on health and remedies attributed to Ali al-Ridha (765-818), the eighth Imam of Shia. He wrote this dissertation in accordance with the demand of Ma'mun, the caliph of the time. It is revered as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled as “the golden treatise" due to the order of Ma'mun for writing it by gold ink. The chain of narrators are said to reach Muhammad ibn Jumhoor or al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-Nawfali who is described as "highly esteemed and trustworthy" by al-Najjashi.
According to the treatise, one's health is determined by four humors of blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida describes the body as a kingdom whose king is the heart and the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are the labors.
Why Ali ibn Musa al-Rida wrote the treatise
The Ma'mun's palace was a center for philosophical and scientific researches in which many scientific seminars were held. One of the mentioned seminars was on man's body which included the greatest scholars and leaders. Some of the participants of that medical seminar are as follows:
- Ali ibn Musa al-Rida
- Ma'mun
- Gabriel b. Bakhtishu, the physician
- Masawaiyh, the physician
- Salih ibn Salhama, the Indian philosopher
The participants were involved in a lengthy discussion about the body makeup and various types of foods, while Ali ibn Musa al-Rida kept silent. Ma'mun asked him to demonstrate his knowledge on physiology and nutrition. Imam replied:
I have of it knowledge of what I have personally tested and came to know about its accuracy by experience and by the passage of time in addition to what I was told by my ancestors of what no body afford to be ignorant of, nor excused for leaving it. I shall compile it with an equal portion of what everyone should know.
Hence Imam authored the "Golden Treatise" at the request of Ma'mun.
Golden treatise in brief
The dissertation of Ali ibn Musa al-Rida begins as follows:{{quote|In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Know, when Allah tries a servant with a disease, he appoints for him a medicine in order to cure himself with it, and for every kind of disease there is a kind of medicine, conduct, and prescription. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida writes in his treatise that one's health is in accordance to four humors of phlegm, yellow bile, blood and black bile, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health and an individual becomes sick when this proportion is unbalanced. proper food besides traditional medicine may be used to cure those humors. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in body. Imam has some prescriptions for cleansing the phlegm, making the breath sweet-scented, strengthening the teeth, curing the jaundice, and strengthening the eyesight.
Ali ibn Musa al-Rida describes the body as a Kingdom whose king is the heart and the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are workers. He then continues as such:
...The house of the king is his heart; his land is the body; the helpers are his hands, his legs, his eyes, his lips, his tongues, and his ears; his storekeepers are his stomach and his abdomen; and his chamberlain is his chest. Therefore, the hands are two helpers which bring (things) near, take (them) away, and work as the king reveals to them. The legs carry the kings wherever he likes. The eyes lead him to that which disappears from him, for the king is behind a curtain and does not reach it except through them... .
Imam al-Rida names the main organs of the human body as:
- The heart
Al-Rida describes the heart as the Allah's marvelous signs in human body. Explaining the functions of the heart, he mentions:
...We must think of this marvelous sign in the body, which is the organization of heat. There is something like thermometer in the body. When sensory news comes from the skin and tells about the external surroundings and degree of their heat, this area which is in the brain stem and what is on it hurries to the circulatory system and urges it to protect the external boundaries and orders it to play the role of the sincere worker during this crisis, and the flexible circulatory system responds to it, and quickly the contraction of the blood vessels occur, and the heart pumps adequate supply of blood to the skin. If the skin is cold, the flow of blood which conveys heat increases in order to remove the coldness and vice versa.
- The nerves
- The brain
- The hands and the Legs
- The ear
- The eye
And discusses their characteristics and functions in detail.
In another part of the treatise, He discuses what kind of foods are suitable according to season, time of the day and the age of an individual. He says:
O Commander of the faithful, eat cold (foods) in summer, hot (foods) in winter, and moderate (foods) in the two seasons according to your strength and appetite; and start with the lightest food on which your body feed according to your material, your ability, your activity, and your time in which you must have food every eight hours or three meals every two days... .
In other parts, He discuses body disease, months and seasons of the year.
Ma'mun praised the dissertation
Ali ibn Musa al-Rida sent his dissertation to Ma'mun and he was very pleased to receive that and exhibited his interest by ordering to write it down using gold ink, hence its name "Gold Treatise". Ma'mun praised it and said:
I have reviewed the dissertation of my learned cousin, the loved and virtuous one, the logical physician, which deals with the betterment of the body, the conduct of bathing, the balance of nutrition, and I found it very well organized and one of the best blessings. I carefully studied it, reviewed and contemplated upon it, till its wisdom manifested itself to me, and its benefits became obvious, and it found its place in my heart, so I learned it by heart and I understood it by my mind, for I found it to be a most precious item to post, a great treasure, and a most useful item, so I ordered it to be written in gold due to its being precious, and I deposited it at the depository of wisdom after I had it copied down by the descendants of Hashim, the youths of the nation. Bodies become healthy by balanced diets, and life becomes possible by overcoming disease, and through life wisdom is achieved, and through wisdom Paradise is won, and it is worthy of being safeguarded and treasured, and an object of value and esteem and a reliable physician and a counselor to refer to and a substance of knowledge in its injunctions and prohibitions. Because it came out of the house of those who derive their knowledge from the knowledge of the Chosen One (S), the missive of the prophets, the proofs of successors to the prophets, the manners of scholars, the cure to the hearts and the sick from among the people of ignorance and blindness..., may God be pleased with them, bless and be merciful to them, the first of them and the last, the young and the old, I showed it to the elite among my closest train who are known for their wisdom, knowledge of medicine, authors of books, those who are counted among the people of knowledge and described with wisdom, and each one of them lauded it and thought highly of it, elevated it with esteem and appreciated it in order to be fair to its author, submitting to him, believing in the wisdom he included therein.
Commentaries on the treatise
Some efforts have been done to write commentaries on this dissertation some of which are listed here quoted from :
- Tarjamat al-Alawi lil Tibb al-Radawi by Sayyid Diaud-Din Abul-Rida Fadlallah ibn Ali al-Rawandi (548 AH)
- Tarjamat al-Dhahabiyya by mawla Faydallah 'Usarah al-Shushtari
- Tarjamat al-Dhahabiyya by Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi. (Available at the private library of the late Sayyid Hassan al-Sadr, Kazimiyya, Iraq)
- Afiyat al-Bariyya fi Sharh al-Dhahabiyya by Mirza Muhammad Hadi son of Mirza Muhammad Salih al-Shirazi
- Sharh Tibb al-Rida by mawla Muhammad Sharif al-Khatoonabadi. (around 1120 AH)
- Tarjamat al-Dhahabiyya by Sayyid Shamsud-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Badi' al-Radawi al-Mashhadi.
- Sharh Tibb al-Rida by mawla Nawrooz Ali al-Bastami.
See also
References
- ^ Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah. Imam ar-Ridha’, A Historical and Biographical Research. Yasin T. Al-Jibouri. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ W. Madelung (1 August 2011). "ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ Derakhshan, Mahdi. "al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (in medicine) attributed to Hazrat Reza (a.s)". Literature and human science department of Tehran university. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Staff writers. Tebbol Reza, Medicine and hygiene from Imam Ali ibn Mousa al-Ridha (PDF). Isfahan: Ghaemieh Isfahan research center.
- A'yan al-Shi'a. Vol. 4. pp. 2, 143 and 144.
External links
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafi. "Al-Risala al-Dahabiyya, known as Tibb al-Imam Rida (a.s)". Rafed.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 June 2014.