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| '''Goce Delchev''' (Гоце Делчев, also transliterated Goce Delčev, Gotze Delchev and Gotse Delchev; 1872-1903) was a 19th century |
'''Goce Delchev''' (Гоце Делчев, also transliterated Goce Delčev, Gotze Delchev and Gotse Delchev; 1872-1903) was a 19th century revolutionary. He was the leader of the ] (BMARC, SMARO from 1902, IMRO since 1920) that was active in Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. He is considered an ethnic ] in the Republic of ], and an ethnic ] in the ]. | ||
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Born on ], ] in ] (Кукуш; Kukush), present day ], Delcev finished the local ] and the Bulgarian high school "St Cyril and Methodius" in ]. He entered the Military academy in ] in ], but was expelled because he was a member of a ] circle. Delchev became a ] teacher in a Bulgarian school in ] in ] <ref> </ref>, where he met ], the leader of the local committee of BMARC. As a result of the close friendship between the two, Delchev joined the organization in 1895 becoming before long its leader. Goce Delchev's involvement in BMARC was an important moment for the history of the ]n liberation movement. The years between ] and ] represented the final and most effective revolutionary phase of his short life. | Born on ], ] in ] (Кукуш; Kukush), present day ], Delcev finished the local ] and the Bulgarian high school "St Cyril and Methodius" in ]. He entered the Military academy in ] in ], but was expelled because he was a member of a ] circle. Delchev became a ] teacher in a Bulgarian school in ] in ] <ref> </ref>, where he met ], the leader of the local committee of BMARC. As a result of the close friendship between the two, Delchev joined the organization in 1895 becoming before long its leader. Goce Delchev's involvement in BMARC was an important moment for the history of the ]n liberation movement. The years between ] and ] represented the final and most effective revolutionary phase of his short life. | ||
| Delchev fought for Macedonian autonomy. As most of the other leaders of BMARC at the time, Delcev had a vision of |
Delchev fought for Macedonian autonomy. As most of the other leaders of BMARC at the time, Delcev had a vision of an independent multiethnic Macedonia. The international, cosmopolitan views of Delchev that elevated him far ahead of his time, could be summarized in his proverbial sentence: "I understand the world solely as a field for cultural competition among nations". | ||
| His correspondence with the other BMARC members covers extensive data on supplies, transport and storage of weapons and ammunition in Macedonia. Delchev envisioned independent production of weapons, which resulted in the establishment of a bomb manufacturing plant in the village of Sabler near ] in Bulgaria. The bombs were later smuggled across the Ottoman border into Macedonia. | His correspondence with the other BMARC members covers extensive data on supplies, transport and storage of weapons and ammunition in Macedonia. Delchev envisioned independent production of weapons, which resulted in the establishment of a bomb manufacturing plant in the village of Sabler near ] in Bulgaria. The bombs were later smuggled across the Ottoman border into Macedonia. | ||
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| * "I understand the world solely as a field for cultural competition among nations" | * "I understand the world solely as a field for cultural competition among nations" | ||
| * "If tyranny is violence, than revolution is violence against violence" | * "If tyranny is violence, than revolution is violence against violence" | ||
| * "But that's the path to emancipation of the peoples from else's ego. Greeks, Serbians and Bulgarians have followed it. That's the path we, Macedonians, should follow too in order to free ourselves from the Turks" | |||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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- For the town in Bulgaria, see Gotse Delchev (town).
Goce Delchev (Гоце Делчев, also transliterated Goce Delčev, Gotze Delchev and Gotse Delchev; 1872-1903) was a 19th century revolutionary. He was the leader of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC, SMARO from 1902, IMRO since 1920) that was active in Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. He is considered an ethnic Bulgarian in the Republic of Bulgaria, and an ethnic Macedonian in the Republic of Macedonia.
Biography
Born on January 23, 1872 in Kilkis (Кукуш; Kukush), present day Greece, Delcev finished the local junior high school and the Bulgarian high school "St Cyril and Methodius" in Thessaloniki. He entered the Military academy in Sofia in 1891, but was expelled because he was a member of a socialist circle. Delchev became a Bulgarian language teacher in a Bulgarian school in Stip in 1894 , where he met Dame Gruev, the leader of the local committee of BMARC. As a result of the close friendship between the two, Delchev joined the organization in 1895 becoming before long its leader. Goce Delchev's involvement in BMARC was an important moment for the history of the Macedonian liberation movement. The years between 1894 and 1903 represented the final and most effective revolutionary phase of his short life.
Delchev fought for Macedonian autonomy. As most of the other leaders of BMARC at the time, Delcev had a vision of an independent multiethnic Macedonia. The international, cosmopolitan views of Delchev that elevated him far ahead of his time, could be summarized in his proverbial sentence: "I understand the world solely as a field for cultural competition among nations".
His correspondence with the other BMARC members covers extensive data on supplies, transport and storage of weapons and ammunition in Macedonia. Delchev envisioned independent production of weapons, which resulted in the establishment of a bomb manufacturing plant in the village of Sabler near Kyustendil in Bulgaria. The bombs were later smuggled across the Ottoman border into Macedonia.
The inclusion of the rural areas into the organizational districts contributed to the expansion of the organization and the increase in its membership, while providing the essential prerequisites for the formation of the military power of the organization, at the same time having Goce Delchev as its military advisor (inspector). Delchev's work-style defied the discrepancy between words and deeds.
The primary question regarding the timing of the uprising in Macedonia implicated an apparent discordance among the representatives, at the Sofia Conference in 1903 with Delchev opposing the uprising as premature.
Delcev died on May 4, 1903 in a skirmish with the Turkish police near the village of Banitza, located in the Serres region, present day Greece, while preparing the Ilinden uprising in Macedonia. Delchev's remains were transferred to Bulgaria in 1923 where they rested until after the Second World War when they were transferred to the People's Republic of Macedonia , on October 10, 1946. The following day, they were enshrined in a marble sarcophagus which is until present displayed in the yard of the "Sv. Spas" ("Holy Savior") church in Skopje.
Goce Delchev is important for Macedonians as his activities as a leader of BMARC/SMARO provide an ideological basis for the latter development of Macedonian statehood. His revolutionary activities were primarily directed against Ottoman rule, towards which a general resistance was expressed by the majority of the Macedonian peoples. As a result, Delchev raised the collective awareness and spirit of all Macedonians and his cosmopolitan and wordly views have provided an invaluable example for the generations to come. Certain ideologues of Macedonian statehood seek direct inspiration from Delchev's life and work and assert a linkage to the Krushevo Republic (a mostly vlach town at the time) and the Pseudo-Ilinden uprising as a foundational events for the Macedonian state. In this sense, present-day Macedonian politics and the establishment of the state of the Republic of Macedonia may be better understood by taking note of Delchev's revolutionary activities and views.
In Bulgaria Delchev is regarded as the most important revolutionary from the second generation of freedom fighters who continued the struggle for political autonomy or independence in the Bulgarian-populated parts of Macedonia and the Adrianople vilayet after the establishment of the autonomous Bulgarian principaility in 1878. His memory is honoured especially among the descendants of Bulgarian refugees from Aegean Macedonia, as well as in Pirin Macedonia.
Goce Delchev's name appears in the national anthem of the Republic of Macedonia "Denes nad Makedonija". There are two towns named in his honour: Goce Delchev in Bulgaria and Delčevo in the Republic of Macedonia.
Ethnicity of Goce Delchev
As most of the events and developments in late 19th century Macedonia, the national and ethnic affiliations of Goce Delchev are a contentious issue. In some of his correspondence he described himself as a Bulgarian, yet he also embraced the idea of a common Macedonian autonomous state uniting the different ethnicities in the region. The heterogeneous elements in his statements and work have resulted in his treatment as an ethnic Bulgarian by Bulgarian historians and as an ethnic Macedonian by historians from the Republic of Macedonia. The latter argue that the use of the word "Bulgarian" in the 19th century Macedonia does not refer to ethnicity, and that it was synonymous with "Christian" or "Slav". Bulgarian historians argue that the Macedonian autonomy was never meant to have an "ethnic Macedonian" nature and note that no distinction between a "Macedonian" and "Bulgarian" existed at that time pointing to the use of "Adrianopolitan" alongside "Macedonian" in the documents of the BMARC/SMARO. The article on Macedonians provides insight into the some of the ethno-historic complexities of the region.
Perhaps the best way to evaluate his national conscience is by investigating his work. “Gifted with healthy national sense, Goce clearly saw, that in uniting all Macedonians… lies the pledge for freedom of Macedonia as independent political unit” (Eftimov, Dim. P. Deloto na Goce Delchev, Varna 1937, p 19). In the name of the ideal “Macedona to Macedonians” all ethnic groups are with the Organization. In Western Macedonia, Goce is met as a welcomed guest to Grkomani (pro Greek), Bugaromani (pro Bulgarian), Srbomani (pro Serb) and Vlachs (Romanian Macedonians). “Under his convincing advocating in the name of the common Macedonian ideal, disappeared artificially imposed national antagonism.” (Ibid, p 18)
Documents
Letter from Nikola Karev to Goce Delchev
Dear G(otze)
... In Krushevo and Bitola the night blocades appear almost every day, and a lot of affairs throw people in jail. We shouldn't wait anymore, Goce. It is time for us to stand up and fight. We shouldn't wait for freedom from Greeks, neither from Bulgarians, but we Macedonians should fight for our Macedonia, ... As i am concerned, nobody can take away my courage and my patriotism. I am proud to report to you, that all our men are prepared to fight, with guns in their hands.
N(ikola)
Text of a letter of Delcev to Nikola Maleshevski
"Sofia, 01.05.1899,
Kolyo (Nikola),
I have received all letters which were sent by or through you. May the dissents and cleavages not frighten you. It is really a pity, but what can we possibly do when we ourselves are Bulgarians and all suffer from the same disease! If this disease had not existed in our forefathers who passed it on to us, we wouldn't have fallen under the ugly sceptre of the Turkish sultans...
Text of the BMARC statute
Statute of Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees
Chapter I. - Goal Art. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianopole regions Art. 2. To achieve this goal they (the committees) shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas - printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising
Chapter II. - Structure and Organization Art. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender,...
Text of the SMARO statute
Chapter I. - Goal Art. 1. The Secret Macedonian-Adrianople organization has the goal of uniting all the disgruntled elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, regardless of their nationality, to win, through a revolution, a full political autonomy for these two regions. Art. 2. To achieve this goal the organization fights to throw over the chauvinist propagandas and nationalist quarrels that are splintering and discouraging the Macedonian and Adrianople populations in his struggle against the common enemy; acts to bring in a revolutionary spirit and conciousness among the population, and uses all the means and efforts for the forthcoming and timely armament of the population with all that is needed for a general and universal uprising.
Chapter II. - Structure and Organization Art. 3. A member of SMARO can be any Macedonian, or Adrianoplitan...
Famous Quotes
- "I understand the world solely as a field for cultural competition among nations"
- "If tyranny is violence, than revolution is violence against violence"
- "But that's the path to emancipation of the peoples from else's ego. Greeks, Serbians and Bulgarians have followed it. That's the path we, Macedonians, should follow too in order to free ourselves from the Turks"
Notes
- Government Archives of the Republic of Macedonia, page 91
- The People's Republic of Macedonia was one of several federal entities of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia until 1963 when constitutional and name changes were instituted.
External links
- Original Ottoman documents about the murder of Goce Delchev
- Excerpt from the memoirs of Enver Pasha referring to the struggle of the Ottoman government with IMARO
- An illustrated essay
- Speech about Gotse Delchev, from his niece, Katerina Trajkova Nurdzieva