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Operation Protective Edge
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2012 map of Gaza utilities and boundaries
Date 8 July 2014 – present (10 years, 6 months and 1 day) Location Gaza Strip  Israel Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Israel	Gaza Strip Hamas PIJ PRC PFLP DFLP al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Abdullah Azzam Brigades
Commanders and leaders
Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister Moshe Ya'alon Defense Minister Benny Gantz Chief of General Staff Amir Eshel Air Force Commander Sami Turgeman Southern Commander Yoram Cohen Chief of Shin Bet	Ismail Haniyeh Mohammed Deif Head of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades Ramadan Shalah Leader of PIJ
Units involved
Israel Defense Forces Israeli Air Force Israeli Navy Shin Bet	Military wing of Hamas
Strength
Military equipment of Israel; Israeli Southern Command and up to 40,000 reservists	Arsenal equaling more than 10,000 rockets and rocket artilleries
Casualties and losses
None killed 22 wounded (20 civilians)	107 killed, (72 civilians) 630 wounded

Operation Protective Edge (Template:Lang-he-n, Mivtza' Tzuk Eitan, literally "Operation Solid Cliff") is an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, launched on 8 July 2014. At least 100 Palestinians, most of them civilians, have been killed and over 700 Palestinians have been injured since the start of the Israeli attacks. On the Israeli side, 22 people were injured, however there have been no deaths reported.

The operation follows a chain of events that arguably began with the abduction and murder of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank in June 2014, for which Israel blamed Hamas. The IDF claim the two men Israel suspects of having kidnapped the teenagers were known members of Hamas. Hamas has since denied involvement in the kidnapping. In the subsequent widespread search for the missing teenagers and suppression of Hamas cells and infrastructure Operation Brother's Keeper Israeli forces killed ten Palestinians and arrested several hundred more in the West Bank. The IDF ended Operation Brother's Keeper at the onset of Operation Protective Edge.

Hours after the funeral of the three murdered Israelis, a 16-year-old Palestinian teenager named Mohammed Abu Khdeir of Beit Hanina was kidnapped and burned alive in a retaliatory attack by Jewish youths. Six Jewish suspects in the murder have been arrested by the Israeli police. The discovery of his body led to protests and rioting in East Jerusalem which spread to Arab villages across the country, and an official apology from Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. At the same time, exchanges of Gaza-based rocket fire into Israel and Israeli airstrikes in the Gaza Strip flared. A potential truce, brokered by Egypt, whereby Hamas agreed to desist from firing rockets in exchange for an Israeli undertaking to stop air raids on Gaza, was reported to be in the works on 4 July. Hamas revealed the truce agreed on would be announced within hours. An Israeli spokesman said the 'ball was in Hamas's court'.

The announcement never came. Israel struck several sites in Gaza and 100 rockets were fired from Gaza at Israeli territory, towards Be'er Sheva, Ashdod, Ofakim, Ashkelon and Netivot by 7 July. Over Monday night Israel hit 50 targets in the Gaza Strip, and by Tuesday 8 July, Palestinian militants in Gaza had fired over 140 rockets in 24 hours into Israel, as far north as Hadera beyond Tel Aviv. Israel's counter-rocket defense system, the Iron Dome, intercepted about 30 of them. Israel also thwarted an infiltration from the sea. Israel commenced the major military response on Tuesday morning.

The IDF spokesman stated in a tweet at the beginning of the operation that "IDF has commenced Operation Protective Edge in Gaza against Hamas, in order to stop the terror Israel's citizens face on a daily basis".

A spokesman for Palestine's presidency said the operation was 'a declaration of war on Palestinians', and, protesting what he described as a massacre of innocents, added that 'Palestinians have the right to defend themselves by all legitimate means'.

Background

During the search for the three missing Israeli teenagers, known as Operation Brother's Keeper, the IDF arrested many of the people who had been released during the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange. Hamas vowed that it would not stop its rocket fire until the release of those rearrested. Hamas, which had been credited by Israel as reining in militant rocket fire from the Gaza Strip since a ceasefire agreement with Israel was drawn up in November 2012, at the conclusion of Operation Pillar of Defense, took direct responsibility for a barrage of rockets fired into Israel on 8 July 2014. Hamas and other Palestinian organizations fired more than 450 rockets at Israel since the beginning of 2014, by the time Operation Protective Edge began.

In recent years, Israel has accused Iran of secretly supplying militant groups in Gaza with weapons. In early 2014, Israeli special forces boarded and seized the Klos C cargo vessel during Operation Full Disclosure, on which the Israeli Defense Forces reportedly found a large quantity of missiles and ammunition. Israel seized the weapons and placed them on public display, although the ships crew was found to be unaware of the hidden cargo and was later released along with the vessel.

Operation timeline

8 July

In preparations for a potential escalation in fighting, the IDF called up 1,500 reserves on Monday (7 July). These reserves were positioned around southern Israel and were working on training in case of escalation. The IDF continued calling up additional reserves on Tuesday stating plans to call up 40,000 or more. Due to the consistent rocket fire from Gaza into Israel, the Israeli government canceled all programs within 40 km (24 miles) of Gaza, and requested all people stay at home or near shelter. All summer camps were closed and universities canceled their final exams. Additionally, all gatherings of 300 or more were banned.

Early morning on Tuesday, Israel struck at least 50 targets in Gaza, injuring 17 people. This was followed by Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu instructing the IDF to "take their gloves off" against Hamas and instructed them to take any means necessary to restore peace to Israeli citizens. As the afternoon progressed, the IDF continued their targeted retaliation, including the home of senior Hamas member Abdul Rahman Juda, who was using his home as a control and command center. Additionally, the IDF targeted and killed Muhammad Sa'aban a commander of Hamas's naval commando unit. IDF also targeted the homes of Hamas members Eiad Sakik, Abdullah Hshash, Samer Abu Daka, and Hassan Abdullah. The Palestinians have confirmed that all homes were called by the IDF prior to bombing, asking residents to please leave.

Late afternoon, Hamas announced that all targets within Israel are now in range. Tel Aviv announced in response they will be opening their public bomb shelters, amid rising fear that Hamas will increase its range of missiles from 40 km to 80 km. Later Rishon Letzion announced that they as well were opening their bomb shelters. A few hours later, Jerusalem announced its public bomb shelters were open as well.

Early evening, the Iron Dome Defense system shot down a rocket over Tel Aviv. Shortly afterward, five armed Palestinians attempted to cross into Israel via the beach at Kibbutz Zikim. Gunfire ensued with the IDF, resulting in the death of all five Palestinians. A short while later, a parachute was found abandoned near Yad Mordechai and a Gaza tunnel exploded near Kerem Shalom.

Hamas, in the evening, held a press conference to express their demands to stop their offense on Israel. Hamas demanded that Israel halt what it termed aggression in Jerusalem; the West Bank; and the Gaza Strip, re-release of the prisoners of the Shalit deal, and the commitment to all the terms of the Operation Pillar of Defense cease-fire. For the first time in recent weeks, Hamas openly claimed responsibility for rocket fire. In addition, the Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for 60 rockets, the Popular Resistance Committees asserted they had fired 17, and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for 3.

Late in the evening, a second rocket was shot down over Tel Aviv. Following this air sirens went off in Binyamina and Hamas claimed a rocket was fired at Haifa. This was all followed by several rockets being fired at Jerusalem and 2 landing just outside of Jerusalem. Just before midnight, a rocket hit Hadera, 28 miles (45 km) north of Tel Aviv, making it the longest range rocket ever shot into Israel. Upon investigation of the shrapnel Israel believes this was a Syrian made M302 Rocket.

By the end of the 8 July, IAF and navy had struck 435 targets in Gaza, resulting in the death of at least 23 Palestinian deaths, including two children under five, and over 122 injuries. Also during the first day 225 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel and 40 of out of 225 were intercepted. Property damage in Israel totaled approximately 10 million NIS, from 35 vehicles, 52 buildings, 12 agriculture-related damages reported.

9 July

Abbas, just after midnight, announced he would convene an emergency meeting of the Palestinian leadership to discuss the escalation, in addition to contacting Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi to attempt to broker a cease fire.

Early Wednesday morning, the US Embassy in Tel Aviv announced that due to rocket fire over Tel Aviv they would be operating at minimal staff until further notice.

The IDF confirmed that over night it hit 160 targets in Gaza, bringing the total to 435 sites that Israel has struck, while from Gaza 235 rockets have been fired. In the morning hours of Wednesday, the IDF confirmed that 2 additional rockets were shot down over Tel Aviv.

In an interview given to the Guardian published in the morning, a spokesperson for Medical Aid for Palestinians claims at least seven children have died as a result of Israeli air strikes so far.

In the afternoon, the Iron Dome shot down a rocket over Zichron Yaakov, 120km (75 miles) from the Gaza border. This was immediately followed by 2 rockets falling just shy of Haifa, landing in the Mount Carmel region. Hamas has taken credit for these rockets. Hamas also announced that Gaza had been hit 500 times in the past 2 days. The IDF announced that they had struck 129 targets in Gaza since the morning, made up of 31 tunnels, 60 rocket launching sites, 27 terror sites, and 11 activity sites.

In the early evening, two rockets landed in an open field in Caesarea that Israel believes was fired at Haifa. Additionally, Israel struck a house in Gaza which resulted in the mother and her 2 children being killed. Palestinians also reported that the Islamic Jihad Communications Commander was killed in IAF strike on his house. Following the recent Israeli attacks on Gaza, the death toll rose to 43, causing Abbas to call the current operation an Israeli genocide. Within the first 36 hours of Operation Protective Edge, Israel surpassed the number of targets they had hit in Gaza than they did in the full 8 days of Operation Pillar of Defense

As night fell Hamas sent multiple rockets toward Dimona, to which they admitted they were attempting to hit the nuclear reactors. Israel additionally continued to strike Gaza with the Palestinian death toll rising to 51 along with 450 injuries Over the same period of time Magen David Adom has reported that there have been no Israeli deaths and 68 injuries; 59 from shock and 9 while running for shelter.

As the second day came to an end, the IDF announced that it had hit over 550 targets in Gaza over the first two days. Hamas shot approximately 180 rockets into Israel during the second day. The Palestinian death count by the end of the day was 68 along with 550 injured (part of them were civilians)

10 July

Shortly after midnight the UN's Security Council announced that they would hold a special meeting to discuss the current Israel/Palestinian conflict. Several hours later Ban-Ki Moon announced that he would be addressing the Security Council and that he had already spoken with several world leaders.

Throughout the night, Israel continued their targeted attacks on Gaza, hitting several sites, resulting in 14 additional deaths, including some women and children. Israel vowed to intensify the attacks as the operation enters its third day. Eight of those killed were members of the Kaware family. Israel announced that although the family was warned, and they did leave the house, they returned after the warning shot hit the house. They returned home moments after the second rocket was fired and it was too late to reprogram. In total 320 sites in Gaza were hit overnight.

On the morning of July 10, Gazan rockets were fired at Tel Aviv, Dimona, Mitzpe Ramon, Eshkol, Ashkelon, Netivot and Yeruham, among other locations. Finance Minister Yair Lapid warned that there would be an IDF ground operation if the rocket fire did not stop. During the morning of July 10th, an IDF Spokesman said that since the beginning of the operation in Israel 234 missiles had exploded and 61 rockets were hit by the missile defense system Iron Dome. Israel additionally issued a warning to the 100,000 residence of Gaza near the border with Israel to evacuate their homes, leading to many believing that this is preparations for a ground offense by Israel.

In the early afternoon, at an IDF checkpoint on Highway 5, a car with Palestinian plates and with Palestinians Arabs inside was stopped. The car contained two cooking gas tanks connected to what is believed to be a detonation device. Shin Bet is investigating the incident that is believed to be a car bomb. One of the two suspects later confessed they were intending on perpetrating a terror attack.

In the late afternoon Israel struck three Islamic Jihad members, Mahmoud Walud, Hazm Balusha and Alla'a Abd al-Nabi, whom Israel holds responsible for rockets fired at Tel Aviv. With this strike, the total number of Palestinians killed in Day 3 of the operation reached 33. The IDF also announced that 96 rockets had been fired from Gaza on July 10 and that 442 rockets had been launched over the past three days.

In the early evening, siren went off around Jerusalem, for the second time in the three day old operation. Two rockets were shot down over Jerusalem by the Iron Dome and one landed in the Abu Ghosh area.

In the evening the US Consulate General in Jerusalem announced aid for any US citizens in Gaza who wish to leave. The US Consulate announcement comes as Israel announces it will intensify the strikes in Gaza. Additionally, Israel announced that their goal is not a cease fire, they want to fully dismantle Hamas' infrastructure.

As they have the past few nights, militants from Gaza have chosen to shoot a large number of rockets into Israel during the 8pm news broadcast, with tonight's resulting in a number of injuries after a direct hit on a house. Initial reports indicated that an Israeli was killed when a rocket hit their car, however this was later proven untrue as the car was empty, and the Israeli death count remained at zero since the operation started.

Four US Senators Lindsey Graham, Robert Menendez, Kelly Ayotte, and Chuck Schumer, put forth a resolution expressing support for Israel as it defends itself against Hamas and ensure the survival of the State of Israel. Additionally it condemns the unprovoked rocket fire at Israel, calls on Hamas to immediately cease all rocket attacks against Israel, and calls on Mahmoud Abbas to dissolve the unity governing arrangement with Hamas and condemn the attacks on Israel.

As the third day came to an end, Israel announced that 144 rockets had been shot at Israel on Thursday, and 442 since the operation started. This rocket fire has resulted in injuries to 123 people; 1 seriously, 21 moderately to lightly and 101 from shock. Israel had carried out almost 900 airstrikes on the Gaza strip, killing at least 90 Palestinians (part of them were civilians). Additionally they announced that they are ready for a long battle and that they plan a ground operation to free Palestinian prisoners.

11 July

At approximately 3:30am, the Iron Dome missile defense system shot down a rocket over Haifa, the first time a rocket reached that far. An elderly woman running for cover when hearing the sirens collapsed and was pronounced dead at the scene.

In the early morning two rockets were fired into northern Israel from the Hasbaya region of Lebanon. Upon Lebanon's investigation they found 6 additional rockets ready to be fired, including one which had exploded in place when attempting to be fired. One man was later arrested in connection with the rocket fire after police found blood in his car which matched blood found at the scene of the rocket launchers.

In the early evening Egypt seized a number of rockets that were being smuggled from Gaza into Egypt, it is believed these were going to be used to fire on Israel from there.

After 3.5 days of the operation, Israel had struck 1,090 sites in Gaza, while 525 rockets have been fired from Gaza at Israel.

In the evening two Israeli soldiers were injured by anti-aircraft missiles near Nahal Oz.

Casualties and losses

At least 105 Palestinians, including 72 civilians, of which 22 were children and 11 were women, had been killed and 630 wounded as of the morning of 11 July according to Gazan medical officials and the emergency reports published by United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. At least 304 housing units were destroyed, of which 70 homes were deliberately targeted. Five health facilities and 32 schools were damaged as well. In addition, over 3,000 homes have been partially destroyed by the air strikes and nearly 2050 people displaced. Hospitals in Gaza are currently ill-equipped and facing severe shortage of various categories of medicine, medical supplies and fuel. Egypt temporarily reopened the Rafah crossing with Gaza to allow medical supplies to enter, and injured Palestinians to receive treatment in Egypt.

Israel states many of the civilian casualties have been caused by human shields. Video released shows after Israel issued warning shots, several people ran to the roof of the building, a tactic encouraged by a Hamas spokesman. Due to this the US State Department holds Hamas responsible for all civilian deaths. Many others however were not, like the 9 people killed while watching the World Cup in a cafe, or the 8 members of the Kaware family which Israel said they inadvertently killed.

According to Magen David Adom there have been no Israeli deaths and injuries to 123 people: 1 seriously, 21 moderately to lightly and 101 from shock. An elderly woman in Wadi Nisnas collapsed and died of heart failure during an air-raid siren.

Cost

The operation cost forecasted to NIS 8.5 billion (approximately 2.5 billion USD), which is similar to Operation Cast Lead in 2009 and higher than Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012. The forecast assumed military and non-military costs, including military expenditure and property damage. The calculation indicates that if the operation lasts 20 days, the loss in GDP will be 0.4%. The cost analysis did not include Gaza and Hamas or their militant expenses.

Reactions

Official reactions

Supranational

•  UN – Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon condemned the rocket attacks from Gaza on Israel and calls on both sides of the conflict to halt their aggression. Navi Pillay, the UN high commissioner for human rights, stated that reports of attacks on homes raise doubts that Israeli attacks are legal under international law.
•  Arab League – AL's representatives condemned the Israeli air raids on Gaza and asked the United Nations Security Council to hold an emergency meeting on the current situation.
•  European Union – The European Union's ambassador to Israel, Lars Faaborg-Andersen, says the EU would like to "express its unreserved solidarity with citizens of Israel." Continuing "indiscriminate shooting of rockets against civilians can never be a legitimate response, no matter what your grievances."

Non-governmental organizations

• Human Rights Watch – "Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel appear to be indiscriminate or targeted at civilian population centers, which are war crimes, while Israeli attacks targeting homes may amount to prohibited collective punishment."

Governments

•  Canada – Foreign Minister John Baird condemned rocket attacks against Israel by Hamas. Baird added that the attacks "prove that Hamas continues to target innocent civilians," and that "Canada believes that Israel has every right to defend itself from such belligerent acts of terrorism."
•  Colombia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condeming the acts of violence and terrorism that has occurred against the State of Israel, affecting the integrity of its civil population, while also expressing condolences to the families of the victims. Colombia also called to an end the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine and to start a dialogue to avoid scalations of the conflict that "has caused a lot of suffering to both sides of the civil population."
•  Egypt – The Egyptian Foreign Ministry published through its Facebook page a statement where it expressed its "deep concern" about the latest situation in the Gaza Strip and called for self-restraint as well as stopping the mutual violence. A Hamas official stated that Egypt is attempting to mediate a truce between both sides and that Egyptian officials have contacted Hamas for that purpose. Egyptian FM Sameh Shoukry made a remarks following a meeting with his Jordanian counterpart where he said it is important to address the crisis in a manner that protects the Palestinians and their interests.

On 11 July, Egypt publically slammed the IDF operation in Gaza as "oppressive policies of mass punishment". "Egypt rejects the irresponsible Israeli escalation in the occupied Palestinian territory, which comes in the form of excessive and unnecessary use of military force leading to the death of innocent civilians," the foreign ministry said in a statement. Egypt also demanded Israel to adopt self-restraint and to keep in mind that being an "occupation force", it has a legal and moral duty to protect civilian lives. The Egyptian government urged world powers to intervene and stop the crisis when it claimed that its ceasefire efforts have been met with "obstinacy and stubbornness". The same day, Egypt informed authorities in Gaza that it closed the Rafah Border Crossing after re-opening it the previous day to receive injured Palestinians for medical treatment in Egyptian hospitals. This comes after Egyptian forces seized 20 Grad rockets being smuggled from Gaza to Sinai after clashing with militants in Rafah, Egypt. However, shortly after the closure, President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ordered the Egyptian military to transport 500 tons of aid, which comprises food and medical supplies, to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. A statement was also released by the military saying that Egypt is pursuing its efforts to "stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip" under the president's supervision.

•  France – French President Francois Hollande "expressed France's solidarity (with Israel) in the face of rocket fire from Gaza" and told Netanyahu "that France strongly condemns these aggressions ," said a statement from the French presidency. Hollande also said that it was up to Israel "to take all measures to protect its population in the face of threats" but reminded the Israeli premier "of the need to prevent an escalation of violence."
•  Germany – German Chancellor Angela Merkel phoned Benjamin Netanyahu on 9 July 2014 to condemn "without reservation rocket fire on Israel"
•  India – Ministry of External Affairs of India expressed its concern on the violence between Gaza and Israel, and called both sides to exercise maximum restraint. Also, it urged both party to resume direct talks, which could effectively address the issues.
•  Iran – Foreign ministry of Iran condemned Israel's operation as a "human catastrophe" and requested the West to prevent the operation on Gaza.
•  Ireland – Irish Foreign Affairs Minister Eamon Gilmore said that he was "gravely concerned at the escalating violence and civilian casualties" and that he "equally condemns" both rocket attacks from Gaza towards Israel and air strikes by the Israeli military. He went on to appeal "to all sides to exercise the utmost restraint, avoid all civilian casualties and negotiate the earliest possible ceasefire."
•  Jordan – Jordanian spokesperson described the operation as "aggressive" and urged Israel to stop.
•  Malaysia – On July 9, 2014, Prime Minister Najib Razak condemned the Israeli Defence Force air strikes on the Gaza Strip and called for an immediate cessation of military operations. He stressed that peace can only come with the creation of a viable two-state solution and all parties should adhere to this principle
•  Pakistan – On July 9, 2014, Pakistan expressed deep concern and condemned the escalation of violence and loss of lives in Gaza brought forth by Israeli aggression.
•  South Africa South Africa's ruling party, the African National Congress, has condemned "the barbaric attacks on the defenceless Palestinian people of Gaza". The statement also added that "the recent attacks must cease as well as the ongoing and illegal Israeli occupation and collective Israeli punishment of the Palestinians."
•  Syria - The Syrian Deputy-Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad expressed support for the Palestinian people and condemned Israel's "bloody aggression on the Palestinian people and the crimes committed by hordes of settlers who have burned Palestinians to death".
•  Turkey – The Turkish foreign ministry called for Israel to halt all attacks on Gaza and to use both restraint and common sense. Additionally, they requested the UN to intervene and stop the Israeli attacks. Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu added that neutrality in the case of Palestine is support of the Israeli occupation.
•  UK – British Foreign Secretary William Hague expressed concern for the violence. He stated "I condemn the firing of rockets into Israel by Gaza-based militants. The UK calls on Hamas and other militant groups to stop these attacks".
•  USA – President Obama, continuing his requests since the start of Operation Brother's Keeper, requested that both sides use restraint. He reiterated his previous sentiments that the only way to achieve long lasting peace is not through fighting but through a common understanding and agreement. White House spokesman Josh Earnest stated "No country can accept rocket fire aimed at civilians and we support Israel's right to defend itself against these vicious attacks." On 11 July the US passed a non-binding resolution showing their support for Israel and denouncing Hamas.
•  Venezuela - President Nicolás Maduro said the Government of Venezuela "vigorously condemns the unfair and disproportionate military response by the illegal state of Israel against the heroic Palestinian people."

Civilian demonstrations and protests

Protests have been organized across the world to protest the ongoing Israeli operation on the Gaza strip and what they regard to be "atrocities" and "massacres" committed in Gaza. Protests were planned in Amman, the U.N. in Geneva, South Africa, Tunis, Kasmir, UK, and Norway.

Social media

In the eight days leading up to Operation Protective Edge, the hashtag #GazaUnderAttack was used over 375,000 times. Often the hashtag was used on tweets using photos that claimed to show how the people are suffering due to Israeli attacks. However, a BBC study showed that these photos often had nothing to do with the current conflict. Some photos were as old as 2009, and others were from Syria and Iraq.

A false report circulated on social media and via SMS that a "Rocket from Gaza hit petrochemical plant in Haifa, huge fire, possible chemical leak, advised to evacuate Haifa." These reports cited Haaretz as their source, but turned out to be false, and no such incident occurred, and Haaretz denies having issued such warnings.

See also

• 2014 in Israel
• 2014 in the Palestinian territories
• History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• IDF military operations
• Roof knocking

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External links

• Blog of the Israel Defense Forces
• Latest on the Middle East conflict at BBC News Online
• Gaza Blog Live at Al Jazeera English
• Operation Protective Edge at The Jerusalem Post
• Rockets attacks on Israel, IDF's Flickr

• Current events from July 2014
• 2014 in Israel
• 2014 in the Gaza Strip
• Aerial operations and battles involving Israel
• Conflicts in 2014
• Israel–Gaza conflict