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| '''EOKA-B''' (In words National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters B) was a paramilitary organization established in Cyprus in 1971, founded by ]. Its aim was to create the conditions that would lead to the union of Cyprus with Greece.The organization on its peak had 10 thousand members, some of them ex ] members. <ref>http://www.istorikathemata.com/2010/07/blog-post_04.html</ref> | |||
| '''EOKA-B''' was a Greek Cypriot paramilitary organisation formed in 1971 by General ]-Digenis. It followed an ultra ] ] ideology and had the ultimate goal of achieving the ] (union) of ] with Greece. During its short history, the organisation's chief aim was to block any attempt to enforce upon the Cyprus people what the organisation considered to be an unacceptable settlement to the Cyprus issue. In addition the organisation drafted various plans to overthrow President Makarios. The organisation dissolved following a ] attempt in 1974 and the subsequent ]. | |||
| Grivas was considering Makarios responsible for the highly unfavorable to Greek-Cypriots ] which he was considering to be a treason. In addition he was asking for Makarios to resign and he was calling him anti-union and an authority maniac. <ref>http://www.istorikathemata.com/2010/07/blog-post_04.html</ref> | |||
| ==Formation== | |||
| EOKA-B was founded by General ] as his last organizational attempt before his death in 1974. Grivas, the anti-communist military leader of the ], was among the founders of ] in the early 50s. After the declaration of independent Cyprus state he took over the Supreme Command of the Greek Cypriot forces organised under the National Guard as well as the Greek military division in early 60s. Following Turkey's ultimatum of November 1967 he was recalled by the Greek Junta to Athens, only to return under cover in 1971.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=The Survivor | date= February 28, 1972 | publisher= | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905841,00.html | work =] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-30 | language = }}</ref> He created EOKA-B in response to President Archbishop Makarios' deviation from the policy of '']'' as well as the widespread concern that the Greek Junta would attempt to impose upon the Greek Cypriots what they thought was an unacceptable settlement to the Cyprus problem. Nationalistic elements had been angered by Makarios' rejection of ''enosis'' in 1959 and were further incensed when he had reaffirmed this position on his re-election in 1968. | |||
| The organization is commonly referred as a ] in countries such as the United Kingdom <ref>, Accessed June 17, 2006. {{Wayback | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds05/text/50221w06.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | date=20060326105458 }}</ref> because EOKA-B was engaged in bombing campaigns against police forces. This terminology was shared by President ] on his speech at the UN following the coup.<ref>, Accessed June 17, 2006.</ref> | |||
| When ] returned to Cyprus in 1971, he created EOKA-B in response to President Archbishop Makarios' deviation from the policy of '']''. He was angered by Makarios' rejection of ''enosis'' in 1959 and was further riled when the President reaffirmed this position on his re-election in 1968. Grivas took the reins of EOKA-B and attempted to overthrow Makarios in order to achieve ''enosis'' through violent means. | |||
| Whereas ] (1955–59) were seen by the majority of the Greek Cypriots as ] ]s, the EOKA-B did not have the overwhelming support of the Greek Cypriot population, as Makarios had called an election after a failed assassination attempt on him and his coalition won 27 out of the 35 seats.<ref>O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.</ref> The main supporters of EOKA B were Pro Enosis supporters who won 7 seats in the previous election, old EOKA fighters who felt they never received the recognition that they deserved after the revolt, right wing military personal and some pro-enosis elements of the Church of Cyprus.<ref>O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.</ref> The only armed, organized resistance to EOKA-B came from the "Efedriko", a special police force set up by Makarios and the members of the Socialist Party ]. The Communist Party ], despite the mild verbal opposition to EOKA-B, had not organized any form of resistance against it. | Whereas ] (1955–59) were seen by the majority of the Greek Cypriots as ] ]s, the EOKA-B did not have the overwhelming support of the Greek Cypriot population, as Makarios had called an election after a failed assassination attempt on him and his coalition won 27 out of the 35 seats.<ref>O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.</ref> The main supporters of EOKA B were Pro Enosis supporters who won 7 seats in the previous election, old EOKA fighters who felt they never received the recognition that they deserved after the revolt, right wing military personal and some pro-enosis elements of the Church of Cyprus.<ref>O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.</ref> The only armed, organized resistance to EOKA-B came from the "Efedriko", a special police force set up by Makarios and the members of the Socialist Party ]. The Communist Party ], despite the mild verbal opposition to EOKA-B, had not organized any form of resistance against it. | ||
| After the death of Grivas, the new leadership of EOKA-B increasingly came under the direct control and influence of the military junta in Athens. The post-Grivas EOKA B' was on the verge of dissolution by July 1974. Yet on July 15, 1974 the Greek Dictator ] used the ],which was led by Greek Officers and consisted of Greek-Cypriot conscripts, and launched ], overthrowing Makarios and installing ] as the new President of Cyprus.<ref name="TIME">{{Cite journal |title=CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=July 29, 1974 |journal=] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html }}</ref> Turkey invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974,<ref name="TIME" /> Ioannides was taken by surprise by the Turkish invasion and failed to convince or coerce the Greek generals to send military reinforcements to Cyprus. Despite the disapproval of the invasion by the United nations Security Council,<ref>http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/353(1974)</ref> and the return of democracy in the meantime in Cyprus and Greece, Turkey launched a second invasion in 14th of August which was also disapproved by the United nations Security Council<ref>http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/360</ref> leading to 200 thousand permanent refugees, thousands dead, mass war crimes and looting and an ethnic cleansing of 36.2% of Cyprus and an illegal occupation of it since then, by Turkish troops .<ref>http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/1DB2E9EA6FB6612FC2256D7A003BF0CB?OpenDocument</ref> | |||
| Greek-Cypriot extremists committed massacres and crimes against Turkish-Cypriots in ], Tochni and Kiti. On the other side, on April 17, 1991, Ambassador Nelson Ledsky testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee that "most of the 'missing persons' disappeared in the first days of July 1974, before the Turkish intervention on the 20th. Many killed on the Greek side were killed by Greek Cypriots in fighting between supporters of Makarios and Sampson." <ref name="Cassia">Paul Sant Cassia, ''Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus'', Berghahn Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84545-228-5, </ref> This view is not corroborated by the official figures of the Republic of Cyprus release in 2003 which showed that 98 Greek Cypriots died during the coup and no Turkish Cypriots. As a result of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus of July 20th 1974 2,500 Greek Cypriots died in fighting or as a result of war crimes by the Turkish army or Turkish Cypriot extremists, 500 T/C in fighting and as result of atrocities of Greek Cypriot extremists and around 500 Turkish troops (The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus-Marios Adamides-2011). | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 23:29, 28 October 2014
For the 1955-59 group, see EOKA. | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "EOKA B" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| EOKA B | |
|---|---|
| Leaders | Georgios Grivas |
| Dates of operation | 1971–1974 |
| Headquarters | Cyprus |
| Ideology | Anti-imperialism Greek nationalism Enosis Anti-communism |
| Allies | Greece |
| Opponents | British Empire Turkish Resistance Organisation |
EOKA-B (In words National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters B) was a paramilitary organization established in Cyprus in 1971, founded by Georgios Grivas. Its aim was to create the conditions that would lead to the union of Cyprus with Greece.The organization on its peak had 10 thousand members, some of them ex EOKA members.
Grivas was considering Makarios responsible for the highly unfavorable to Greek-Cypriots Zürich and London Agreement which he was considering to be a treason. In addition he was asking for Makarios to resign and he was calling him anti-union and an authority maniac.
Whereas EOKA (1955–59) were seen by the majority of the Greek Cypriots as anti-colonialist freedom fighters, the EOKA-B did not have the overwhelming support of the Greek Cypriot population, as Makarios had called an election after a failed assassination attempt on him and his coalition won 27 out of the 35 seats. The main supporters of EOKA B were Pro Enosis supporters who won 7 seats in the previous election, old EOKA fighters who felt they never received the recognition that they deserved after the revolt, right wing military personal and some pro-enosis elements of the Church of Cyprus. The only armed, organized resistance to EOKA-B came from the "Efedriko", a special police force set up by Makarios and the members of the Socialist Party EDEK. The Communist Party AKEL, despite the mild verbal opposition to EOKA-B, had not organized any form of resistance against it.
After the death of Grivas, the new leadership of EOKA-B increasingly came under the direct control and influence of the military junta in Athens. The post-Grivas EOKA B' was on the verge of dissolution by July 1974. Yet on July 15, 1974 the Greek Dictator Dimitrios Ioannides used the National Guard,which was led by Greek Officers and consisted of Greek-Cypriot conscripts, and launched a military coup, overthrowing Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as the new President of Cyprus. Turkey invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974, Ioannides was taken by surprise by the Turkish invasion and failed to convince or coerce the Greek generals to send military reinforcements to Cyprus. Despite the disapproval of the invasion by the United nations Security Council, and the return of democracy in the meantime in Cyprus and Greece, Turkey launched a second invasion in 14th of August which was also disapproved by the United nations Security Council leading to 200 thousand permanent refugees, thousands dead, mass war crimes and looting and an ethnic cleansing of 36.2% of Cyprus and an illegal occupation of it since then, by Turkish troops .
References
- http://www.istorikathemata.com/2010/07/blog-post_04.html
- http://www.istorikathemata.com/2010/07/blog-post_04.html
- O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.
- O'Malley, Brandan and Craig. Ian. The Cyprus Conspiracy, Pub. I.B. Tauris, London , 1999. p. 137.
- ^ "CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island". TIME. July 29, 1974.
- http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/353(1974)
- http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/360
- http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/1DB2E9EA6FB6612FC2256D7A003BF0CB?OpenDocument
The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus-Marios Adamides-2011).
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