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| {{bar box |title=] |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|]|orange|51.4}} {{bar percent|]|green|29.5}} {{bar percent|]|blue|19.0}} {{bar percent|Others|black|1.1}} }} | |||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| ''']''' is the second-most practiced religion in the ]n state of ] with 29.5% of the population according to the 2001 Census of India figures.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx?cki=MJPdz8hYMlF |accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref> The religion reached Kerala by the Arabs merchants in coastal regions, prior to the arrival of Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans in ]. | |||
| There had been considerable trade relations between ] and Kerala even before the time of ] ]. Islam might have been introduced in the region by the ] traders in the 7th or 8th century AD itself. Like the ] and ], the Arabs also settled down at ] and established a separate colony of their part of the town. According to a tradition, ], the last of the ]s, became a convert to Islam and ] and this event helped the spread of Islam.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Legacy of Kerla - A. Sreedhara Menon - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> | |||
| The patronage of the ]s of ] was also an important factor in the spread of Islam in north Kerala.<ref name="google2"/> The Muslims were a major power to be reckoned with in the kingdom and had great influence in the court. The arrival of the ] in 1498 checked the then well-established community's progress. However in the later Colonial period Muslims increased by conversion chiefly among the ] ] groups of southern interior Malabar as Muslim traders turned inland in search of alternative occupations to commerce. By the mid-18th century the majority of the Muslims of Kerala were landless laborers, poor fishermen and petty traders, and they were in a psychological retreat. This trend was reversed during the ] invasions of the late 18th century. For a little over a quarter of a century after 1766 the Muslims were a dominant community. The victory of the ] and princely Hindu confederacy in 1792 placed the Muslims once again in economical and cultural subjection.<ref name="google1"/> | |||
| These conditions found expression in a recurrent form of violent protests known as the ] (1836-1919) and the ] (1921-2).<ref name="google1"/> The Muslim community of Kerala has also been influenced by "the wind of change" in the last century. Both social and religious leaders worked hard for social uplift and moral regeneration in the society. They exhorted Muslims to give up all un-Islamic practices, take to Islamic education and promoted education of women in the society.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&vq=Muslim&dq=history+muslims+kerala&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Cultural heritage of Kerala - A Sreedhara Menon - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> | |||
| Huge Oil reserves were discovered in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf region in the 1930s, with large-scale commercial extraction beginning in the early 1950s. Soon, these countries became major world oil-exporting countries, amassing huge riches within a matter of years, a feat that perhaps has no historical parallel. However, these nations were handicapped by small populations and labour forces. Thus the Gulf boom in Kerala was born. During 1972-1983, large populations of Kerala Muslims and Keralites of other religions migrated to Gulf countries. The migration continues today. They worked as laborers, maid-servants, servants, semi-skilled workers.etc. In 2008, the Gulf countries contained a total Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who annually sent home a sum of around $ 6.81 billion (US), which is about 15% of the total remittance to India in 2008. | |||
| == Communities and denominations == | |||
| ===Communities === | |||
| Although the Muslims are far freer of caste-like distinctions than either ] or ] in Kerala, worshiping in Sunni or Mujahid mosques, irrespective of the status, four endogamous and hierarchically ordered groups do exist. The native language of all Muslims in Kerala is Malayalam, though religious services proper are conducted in Arabic in Sunni mosques.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&dq=Muslims+Kerala&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation - Thomas Johnson Nossiter - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-15}}</ref> | |||
| * At the top are Thangals, who claim descent from the Prophet. They are thought of as living saints and sought by Muslims to solve their special problems.<ref name="google2"/> | |||
| * Below them are Arabs, said to derive from Arab inter-marriages with Indian women. | |||
| * Landed aristocracy of Muslims, centered on Cannanore, partly matrilineal and still using non-Muslim family surnames. | |||
| * Converts from backward and scheduled castes. | |||
| But there is no discrimination based on these status ,even in religious affairs like prayer and in mosque. | |||
| The following is an incomplete list of the various Muslims communities in Kerala. | |||
| {| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]s || ]s || ] | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]s || ]s || ]s | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]s || ]s || ]s | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]s || ]s || | |||
| |} | |||
| * An educational institution called the ] is attached to every important mosque in order to impart religious instruction to the children of the community.<ref name="google2"/> | |||
| ===Denominations === | |||
| The majority of Muslims of Kerala belong to the ] under ] of Islam, the conservative mainstream in which the ] is held in almost equal regard to the ] itself. A minority, estimated at quarter, are ] (]s) also under ] of Islam, moderate reformers, somewhat rationalist in outlook and critical of undue reliance on the Haidth. Sunnis predominate among the Muslims of Kerala.<ref name="google1"/> | |||
| The following is a chart of the intra-religious sects in Kerala. | |||
| '''Islam''' | |||
| *] ] | |||
| *] ] | |||
| **] | |||
| *]s | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| == Politics == | |||
| Politically, the Muslims of Kerala have exhibited more unanimity that any other community in Kerala. Since the independence of India the overwhelming majority in Malabar have supported the ] lead by Panakkad family. Muslim league have been representing muslims in the assembly and uplifted the community in the social and educational fields. In the north of the state, the Muslims generally support the ] and when coming to the south and central regions of Kerala, majority of muslims support's the ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| * Dr. S. Sharaf-ud-din, ''Religion: Islam'', '']'', Kottayam (India), 2006 ISSN 0970-9096 | |||
| {{Islam topics}} | |||
| {{Asia in topic|Islam in}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 20:52, 26 December 2014
| Religion in Kerala | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism | 51.4% | |||
| Islam | 29.5% | |||
| Christianity | 19.0% | |||
| Others | 1.1% | |||
Islam is the second-most practiced religion in the Indian state of Kerala with 29.5% of the population according to the 2001 Census of India figures. The religion reached Kerala by the Arabs merchants in coastal regions, prior to the arrival of Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans in India.
There had been considerable trade relations between Arabia and Kerala even before the time of Islamic prophet Muhammad. Islam might have been introduced in the region by the Arab traders in the 7th or 8th century AD itself. Like the Jews and Christians, the Arabs also settled down at Cranganore and established a separate colony of their part of the town. According to a tradition, Cheraman Perumal, the last of the Chera kings, became a convert to Islam and traveled to Mecca and this event helped the spread of Islam.
The patronage of the Zamorins of Kozhikode was also an important factor in the spread of Islam in north Kerala. The Muslims were a major power to be reckoned with in the kingdom and had great influence in the court. The arrival of the Portuguese in 1498 checked the then well-established community's progress. However in the later Colonial period Muslims increased by conversion chiefly among the "outcaste" Hindu groups of southern interior Malabar as Muslim traders turned inland in search of alternative occupations to commerce. By the mid-18th century the majority of the Muslims of Kerala were landless laborers, poor fishermen and petty traders, and they were in a psychological retreat. This trend was reversed during the Mysore invasions of the late 18th century. For a little over a quarter of a century after 1766 the Muslims were a dominant community. The victory of the British and princely Hindu confederacy in 1792 placed the Muslims once again in economical and cultural subjection.
These conditions found expression in a recurrent form of violent protests known as the Moplah Outrages (1836-1919) and the Moplah Rising (1921-2). The Muslim community of Kerala has also been influenced by "the wind of change" in the last century. Both social and religious leaders worked hard for social uplift and moral regeneration in the society. They exhorted Muslims to give up all un-Islamic practices, take to Islamic education and promoted education of women in the society.
Huge Oil reserves were discovered in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf region in the 1930s, with large-scale commercial extraction beginning in the early 1950s. Soon, these countries became major world oil-exporting countries, amassing huge riches within a matter of years, a feat that perhaps has no historical parallel. However, these nations were handicapped by small populations and labour forces. Thus the Gulf boom in Kerala was born. During 1972-1983, large populations of Kerala Muslims and Keralites of other religions migrated to Gulf countries. The migration continues today. They worked as laborers, maid-servants, servants, semi-skilled workers.etc. In 2008, the Gulf countries contained a total Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who annually sent home a sum of around $ 6.81 billion (US), which is about 15% of the total remittance to India in 2008.
Communities and denominations
Communities
Although the Muslims are far freer of caste-like distinctions than either Hindus or Christians in Kerala, worshiping in Sunni or Mujahid mosques, irrespective of the status, four endogamous and hierarchically ordered groups do exist. The native language of all Muslims in Kerala is Malayalam, though religious services proper are conducted in Arabic in Sunni mosques.
- At the top are Thangals, who claim descent from the Prophet. They are thought of as living saints and sought by Muslims to solve their special problems.
- Below them are Arabs, said to derive from Arab inter-marriages with Indian women.
- Landed aristocracy of Muslims, centered on Cannanore, partly matrilineal and still using non-Muslim family surnames.
- Converts from backward and scheduled castes.
But there is no discrimination based on these status ,even in religious affairs like prayer and in mosque.
The following is an incomplete list of the various Muslims communities in Kerala.
| Mappilas | Keyis | Dakhni Muslims |
| Labbays | Rowthers | Thangals |
| Thulukkars | Marakkars | Koyas |
| Ossans | Pusalans |
- An educational institution called the Madrasa is attached to every important mosque in order to impart religious instruction to the children of the community.
Denominations
The majority of Muslims of Kerala belong to the Shafi`i school under Sunni sect of Islam, the conservative mainstream in which the Hadith is held in almost equal regard to the Quran itself. A minority, estimated at quarter, are Mujahids (Wahabis) also under Sunni sect of Islam, moderate reformers, somewhat rationalist in outlook and critical of undue reliance on the Haidth. Sunnis predominate among the Muslims of Kerala.
The following is a chart of the intra-religious sects in Kerala.
Islam
Politics
Politically, the Muslims of Kerala have exhibited more unanimity that any other community in Kerala. Since the independence of India the overwhelming majority in Malabar have supported the Muslim League lead by Panakkad family. Muslim league have been representing muslims in the assembly and uplifted the community in the social and educational fields. In the north of the state, the Muslims generally support the Congress party and when coming to the south and central regions of Kerala, majority of muslims support's the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
References
- "Census of India". Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ The Legacy of Kerla - A. Sreedhara Menon - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- ^ Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation - Thomas Johnson Nossiter - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- Cultural heritage of Kerala - A Sreedhara Menon - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- Dr. S. Sharaf-ud-din, Religion: Islam, Malayala Manorama Yearbook 2006, Kottayam (India), 2006 ISSN 0970-9096
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