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'''attachment therapy''' is a term which has little utility and no clear deinition. Components of "attachment therapy" have been diapproved by a task force of the American Professional Society on Abuse of children (Chaffin et al.,2006, PMID 16382093). | ||
| ==Treatment |
==Treatment Characteristics== | ||
| The Attachment Therapy group of treatments vary in their specifics, but share certain characteristics, many of which are shared among family-therapy treatment approaches, and many other psychotherapies. |
The Attachment Therapy group of treatments vary in their specifics, but share certain characteristics, many of which are shared among family-therapy treatment approaches, and many other psychotherapies. | ||
| == |
==Parenting Components== | ||
| Attachment therapy treatment may be accompanied by parenting interventions, for example, obedience-training techniques such as "strong sitting" (frequent periods of required silence and immobility); stays in therapeutic foster homes where children are kept with minimal contact with their parents; withholding or limiting of food. | |||
| == Also See == | |||
| ==Theoretical background== | |||
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| Advocates of attachment therapy in its various forms claim that the treatment derives from John Bowlby's theory of the development of emotional attachment (Bowlby, 1982). Bowlby's work stresses the infant's experiences of social interactions in the second half of the first year as the foundation of attachment; his theory considers attachment to be shown by a toddler's ability to use an adult as a secure base for exploration and learning, as well as by concernse about separation; the theory also considers disobedience and bargaining to be normal parts of attachment relationships in the preschool years and later. Bowlby would not expect any emotional problems to result from adoption during the first 6 months of life. | |||
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| AT is also connected to belief systems such as those of Verny (Verny & Kelly, 1981) and Emerson (1996), who claimed that memories dating from the time of conception (or earlier) shape personality and that these memories are contained in all cells. The ideas that attachment resulted from stimulation of cathartic expression of rage and on the experience of the complete authority of the adult were codified by Cline (1994), Levy (2001), and Zaslow (Zaslow & Menta,1975), whose practices involved physically-intrusive actions intended to bring about those events. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| Becker-Weidman, A. (2005) reader's response to "Coercive Restraint Therapies". Medscape General Medicine. Avaliable at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516359. | |||
| Becker-Weidman, A. (2006, 3 March). Treatment for children with trauma-attachment disorders: Dyadic Developmental psychotherapy. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, on line edition. | |||
| Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment. New York: Basic. | |||
| Chaffin M, Hanson R, Saunders BE, Nichols T, Barnett D, Zeanah C, Berliner L, Egeland B, Newman E, Lyon T, LeTourneau E, Miller-Perrin C. "Report of the APSAC task force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems." ''Child Maltreat.'' 2006 Feb;11(1):76-89. PMID 16382093 | |||
| Cline, F. (1994). Hope for high risk and rage-filled children. Evergreen, CO: EC Publications. | |||
| Emerson, W.R. (1996). The vulnerable prenate. Pre- and perinatal Psychology Journal, 10(3), 125-142. | |||
| Hage, D. (1997). Holding therapy: Harmful?--or rather beneficial! Roots and wings Adoption Magazine, 9(1), 46-49. | |||
| Levy, T.M. Attachment disorder and the adoptive family. In T,M. Levy (Ed.), Handbook of attachment interventions. San Diego, CA: Academic. | |||
| Mercer, J. (2002). Attachment Therapy: A treatment without empirical support. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 1(2), 9-16. | |||
| Mercer, J. (2003). Violent therapies: The rationale behind a potentially harmful child psychotherapy and its rejection by parents. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 2(1), 27-37. | |||
| Mercer, J. (2005). Coercive Restraint therapies: A dangerous alternative mental health intervention. Medscape General Medicine, 7(3). http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/508956. | |||
| Mercer, J., Sarner, L., & Rosa, L. (2003). Attachemnt Therapy on trial. Westport, CT: Praeger. | |||
| Myeroff, R., Mertlich, G., & Gross, G. (1999). Comparative effectiveness of holding therapy with aggressive children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29(4), 303-313. | |||
| Nilsen, W. (2003). Perceptions of attachment in academia and the child welfare system: The gap between research and reality. Attachment & Human Development, 5(3), 3030-306. | |||
| Randolph, E. (2000). Manual for the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire. Evergreen, CO: The Attachment Center Press. | |||
| Thomas, N. (2001). Parenting children with attachment disorders. In T.M. Levy (Ed.), Handbook of attachment interventions. San Diego, CA: Academic. | |||
| Verny, T., & Kelly, J. (1981). The secret life of the unborn child. New York: Dell. | |||
| Welch, M.G. (1989) Holding time. New York:Fireside. | |||
| Welch, M.G., Northrup, R.S., Welch-Horan, T.B., Ludwig, R.J., Austin, C.L., & Jacobson, J.S.(2006). Outcomes of prolonged parent-child embrace therapy among 102 children with behavioral disorders. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 12, 3-12. | |||
| Zaslow, R., & Menta, M. (1975) The psychology of the Z-process: Attachment and activity. San Jose, CA: San Jose University Press. | |||
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attachment therapy is a term which has little utility and no clear deinition. Components of "attachment therapy" have been diapproved by a task force of the American Professional Society on Abuse of children (Chaffin et al.,2006, PMID 16382093).
Treatment Characteristics
The Attachment Therapy group of treatments vary in their specifics, but share certain characteristics, many of which are shared among family-therapy treatment approaches, and many other psychotherapies.
Parenting Components
Attachment therapy treatment may be accompanied by parenting interventions, for example, obedience-training techniques such as "strong sitting" (frequent periods of required silence and immobility); stays in therapeutic foster homes where children are kept with minimal contact with their parents; withholding or limiting of food.