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{{mergefrom|Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver|date=October 2014}} {{mergefrom|Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver|date=October 2014}}
] have a long history in ]. The Indo-Canadians were mostly Punjabis who originated from ] and ]. Many Punjabis originally settled in rural Canada, but as time passed many transitioned into living in urban areas. Many Indo-Canadians found work in sawmills and their employment depended upon the performance of the sawmills. Punjabis historically faced discrimination from White Canadians and the British Columbia government. ] have a long history in ]. The Indo-Canadians were mostly Punjabis who originated from ] and ]. Many Punjabis originally settled in rural Canada, but as time passed many transitioned into living in urban areas. Many Indo-Canadians found work in sawmills and their employment depended upon the performance of the sawmills.


==History== ==History==
Line 78: Line 78:


==Politics== ==Politics==
] was elected to the Board of Commissioners of the Corporation of the Village of ] in 1950, topping the polls, thus becoming the first Indo-Canadian elected to political office in British Columbia and, it is believed, in all of North America.<ref></ref> He was re-elected in 1952 and elevated by his fellow commissioners to Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of the village in 1954. A ] and union official, and known as a sportsman and philanthropist as well as a lumberman, he eventually owned six sawmills and was active in community affairs serving on the boards or as chairman of a variety of organizations, and was instrumental in helping create Mission's municipal tree farm. A humanitarian with strong pro-labour beliefs despite his role as a mill-owner, he ran unsuccessfully for the ] (the precursor of today's ]) in the ]. He was shot to death on 12 July, 1957 at the age of 48.<!--coverage of murder investigation is out there somewhere I'm sure; I don't think it ever came out who shot him or why--> Grewall Street in Mission was named in his honour.<ref></ref><ref>"" (press the buttons until you get to Naranjan Singh Grewall's profile). ]. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.</ref>
⚫ Irene Bloemraad, author of "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver," wrote in 2009 that Indo-Canadians from British Columbia are demographically "over-represented" in the ] and that they had "made remarkable inroads to politics" in the period 1999-2009.<ref name=Bloemraadp68/> In 2013, the Canadian Parliament had three Indo-Canadian members from British Columbia.<ref>O'Neil, Peter. "" (). '']''. June 12, 2013. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref>


⚫ Irene Bloemraad, author of "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver," wrote in 2009 that Indo-Canadians from British Columbia are demographically "over-represented" in the ] and that they had "made remarkable inroads to politics" in the period 1999-2009.<ref name=Bloemraadp68/> In 2013, the Canadian Parliament had three Indo-Canadian members from British Columbia, ] (], ]), ] (], ]), and ] (], NDP).<ref>O'Neil, Peter. "" (). '']''. June 12, 2013. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref>
Naranjan Singh Grewall became the chairperson of the board of governors of ] in 1954. This made him one of the first public officeholder Indo-Canadians.<ref>"" (press the buttons until you get to Naranjan Singh Grewall's profile). ]. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.</ref>


==Culture== ==Culture==

Revision as of 11:19, 11 January 2015

It has been suggested that Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2014.

Indo-Canadians have a long history in British Columbia. The Indo-Canadians were mostly Punjabis who originated from Hoshiarpur and Jullundur. Many Punjabis originally settled in rural Canada, but as time passed many transitioned into living in urban areas. Many Indo-Canadians found work in sawmills and their employment depended upon the performance of the sawmills.

History

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)

Early 20th century

The first persons of Punjabi Sikh origin to visit British Columbia were soldiers transiting from India to the United Kingdom. They went through in 1897 and 1902, the former during the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria and the latter when Edward VII was crowned as king.

Margaret Walton-Roberts, the author of "Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver," stated that "By 1900 there might have been around 100 South Asians, mostly Sikhs, in the Lower Mainland" while citing citing I. M. Muthanna, the author of People of India in North America. The first group of East Indians, most of whom were male Sikh Punjabis, who moved to British Columbia wished to find jobs. They were the first South Asian-origin group to move to Canada. The year of the first arrival of Sikhs was recorded as 1904. G.H. Lowes, who wrote a PhD thesis on the Indo-Canadians of British Columbia, stated that the first Sikhs arrived in 1904. The first Indo-Canadians to settle in Canada had originated from the Chinese cities of Guangzhou (Canton), Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Brij Lal, the author of the master's thesis East Indians in British Columbia, 1904 – 1914: An Historical Study in Growth and Integration, wrote that the Indians who had participated in the Diamond Jubilee and Chinese both had given positive information regarding Canada, convincing Indians in China to immigrate to Canada.

Hoshiarpur, Punjab was the area were the largest groups of initial immigrants originated from. Jullundur was the second largest point of origin. The other three major points of origin were Amritsar, Ferozpur, and Ludhiana. William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Deputy Minister of Labour, concluded that, as paraphrased by Lal, "exploitative ventures of some East Indian immigration agents in British Columbia" and "misleading literature by certain individuals" were the primary reasons why persons of Indian origin immigrated to Canada to be the most important causes of Indian immigration to Canada; King had been tasked to discover why persons of Indian origin were immigrating to Canada. Lal wrote that the report did not take into account "push factors" that convinced people to leave Punjab, including the promotion of social mobility and a lack of stratification in Sikhism as well as a lack of stigma against migration. Many immigrants initially settled rural areas, and there they worked in Canada's forestry industry.

A large increase in Indo-Canadian settlement occurred around July-November 1906. Anti-Indo-Canadian sentiment among the White population increased as the numbers of Indo-Canadians increased. The Indo-Canadians opposed a 1908-1909 attempt by British authorities to move those in British Columbia to British Honduras, modern day Belize. In 1908 the British Columbia government passed a law preventing persons of Indian origins from voting. Because elegibility for federal elections originated from provincial voting lists, persons of Indian origins were unable to vote in federal elections.

The Komagata Maru Incident occurred in 1914.

Mid-to-late 20th century

Throughout much of the community's history it was mostly made up of men due to restrictions on the importation of difficulties in bringing women and children. This era was referred to as the "bunkhouse life".

The Paldi mill colony was established by Punjabi immigrants who had invested in the Mayo Lumber Company in 1916.

In the post-World War I period about half of the Punjabis in British Columbia moved to India because they were unable to find work. Many Punjabis left during the Great Depression in the 1930s after additional sawmills closed. Many remaining Punjabis were employed at sawmills, particularly those operated by Punjabis, and logging camps.

After the independence of India in 1947 and the beginning of regulation of immigration from India in 1951 the numbers of women and children increased. Persons of South Asian origin in BC were given the right to vote in 1947.

An increase in the forestry and fishing sectors lead to Punjabi persons moving to the Skeenas in the 1960s and 1970s. Once the fishery and forestry industries began having a downturn, Indo-Canadians began moving to urban areas, This and away from the Skeenas and other small towns, by the early 20th century. In the mid-1990s the number of jobs in forestry decreased and a lumber industry bust occurred in 2000-2003.

Inderjit Singh Reyat, convicted of being involved in the Air India Flight 182 bombing, was a resident of Duncan. The "Duncan Blast", a test explosion, occurred outside of Duncan, on June 4, 1985. Reyat was present at the test explosion. The bomb that went on AI182 was first placed on a connecting flight that departed Vancouver.

Geography

The Vancouver Metropolitan Area, including Surrey, has a concentration of East Indian people. As of the Statistics Canada 2001 Census there were 163,340 Indo-Canadians in the Vancouver region. In 2006 Vancouver city had 32,515 South Asian visible minorities, and 33,415 persons indicated they had South Asian ancestry. That year, Surrey had 107,810 South Asian visible minorities, and 107,435 people claimed South Asian ancestry.

The Abbotsford metropolitan area, in the Fraser Valley Regional District, has Canada's highest proportion of Indo-Canadians. In 2006 Abbotsford City had 23,355 South Asian visible minorities, and 23,615 persons indicated they had South Asian ethnic ancestry. Indo-Canadians in Abbotsford have worked in berry farms and in area businesses. Members of the ethnic group first arrived in the 1920s.

Kamloops in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District had 1,545 South Asian visible minorities in 2006. That year, 1,595 persons claimed South Asian origins.

Merritt in the Nicola Valley has an Indo-Canadian population. In 2006 it had 615 South Asian visible minorities and 545 persons claiming South Asian ethnic ancestry.

There has been an Indo-Canadian population in the Okanagan region, including Kelowna. In 2006 Kelowna had 1,870 South Asian visible minority residents. That year, 1,985 persons indicated that they had South Asian ethnic origins. Indo-Canadian Sikhs had worked in the lumber industry.

Duncan in the Cowichan Valley Regional District had 40 South Asian visible minorities in 2006, and that year Duncan had 35 persons indicate that they had South Asian ancestry.

Mayo Singh founded the town of Paldi on Vancouver Island, naming it after Paldi, Hoshiarpur, Punjab. This town included an Indo-Canadian community. The gurdwara opened in 1917. In 2012 the gurdwara was for sale. In 1973-1974 Paldi was the only Sikh enclave of any kind in all of Canada.

As of 1997 the largest immigrant group arriving in Prince George, in the Fraser-Fort George Regional District, are the Indo-Canadians. In 2006, within Prince George, 1,785 persons were South Asian visible minorities and 1,880 persons claimed South Asian ethnic ancestry. In 1997, 11.7% of the immigrants in Prince George were Indo-Canadians who had arrived in the years 1986-1991.

Prince Rupert, within the Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District, had 535 South Asian visible minorities in 2006. That year, there were 550 people claiming South Asian origins in Prince Rupert. According to an account, the Prince Rupert Indo-Canadian community had about 30-40 adult males and about four extended families in the early 1970s. Initially Prince Rupert did not have its own gurdwara. The Indo-Canadian Association, established in 1972, bought a gurdwara facility for $38,000. The association, on June 16, 1974, was renamed the Indo-Canadian Sikh Association. Nayar wrote that the Indo-Canadian population of the Skeenas prioritize economic success and employment, education, and English proficiency "in contrast to Punjabis in large urban centres" and that "Punjabis from the Skeena region generally dislike" the "Punjabi Bubble" that involves few interactions with non-Punjabis, awareness of intra-Punjab geography, and physical segregation from non-Punjabis. The Skeena Punjabis interact with both White Canadians and First Nations.

Quesnel in the Cariboo Regional District has an Indo-Canadian population. In 2006 it had 550 South Asian visible minorities and 575 persons claiming South Asian origins.

Squamish in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District has an Indo-Canadian population. In 2006 it had 1,675 persons of South Asian origin and 1,695 persons claiming South Asian ancestry.

Victoria, within the Capital Regional District, had 1,015 South Asian visible minorities in 2006. 1,105 persons stated that they had South Asian origins.

Demographics

As of the Statistics Canada 2001 Census there were 210,420 Indo-Canadians in British Columbia. In terms of ethnic origins, of BC's Indo-Canadians, 183,650 were East Indian, 16,565 were Punjabi, 6,270 were Pakistani, 6,160 were South Asian, n.i.e., 2,295 were Sri Lankan, 1,185 were Tamil, 560 were Bangladeshi, 450 were Sinhalese, 305 were Nepali, 295 were Bengali, 250 were Goan, 205 were Gujarati, and 55 were Kashmiri. As of the same census, a total of 163,340 Indo-Canadians lived in the Vancouver region.

Annamma Joy, in the 1975 PhD thesis Accommodation and Cultural Persistence: The Case of the Sikhs and Portuguese in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, a study of the Sikh population of the Okanagan, surveyed 40 Sikhs and concluded that most Sikhs in the Okanagan originated from rural areas in Jullunder and Hoshiarpur in Punjab; those who had attained university education had done so in other Punjabi towns.

Michael M. Ames and Joy Inglis, authors of "Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life," wrote in the 1973-1974 article that there was an estimate of over 7,000 persons of "East Indian" ancestry of British Columbia, with half of them residing in Metro Vancouver, if one used immigration figures as a basis. Ames and Inglis stated that "As late as 1966 about 80 per cent of the East Indians in British Columbia were said to be Sikh" and that "knowledgeable informants" estimated that of the Sikhs, 90% were Jat people. Ames and Ingles also stated "No accurate figures are available for the number of Punjab Sikhs presently residing in British Columbia." The authors stated that in the years up to 1973-1974 there had been an increase in immigration of persons of East Indian origin who were not Sikhs.

In 1939 the estimated number of those of East Indian origins in British Columbia was 1,100. Vancouver and several logging camps housed the majority of Indo-Canadians at that time.

Commerce

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)

Seasonal outdoor jobs such as being field hand work, road work, railway gang work, fruit picking, and clearing lots had a slightly higher pay compared to indoor work, and the focus was on making higher wages instead of stable and long term employment, so many of the very first Punjabis to come to British Columbia took these jobs. They transitioned into sawmill work because it had better pay.

In British Columbia the agricultural and forestry sectors have significant numbers of Indo-Canadians. Since the beginning of immigration from South Asia, Indo-Canadians in British Columbia, have been involved in the wood-related sectors. The sawmill jobs were the sorts of jobs not pursued by other Canadians; many Anglo Canadians were not interested in hard labor. The Punjabis were the majority ethnic group doing sawmill labour by 1907. Nayar wrote that "In effect, the Punjabi male immigrant living in British Columbia became equated with manual sawmill labour." The Punjabis were associated with sawmill work even though there were also East Asians in the sawmills. Some Punjabis assumed leases of sawmills and farms by obtaining collective shares. The Punjabi-owned sawmills became a places where Punjabis could get skilled labour, and in times of economic depressions, find employment.

In the 1960s Punjabis continued to be a part of the sawmill business. As of 1973, very few Sikh women work, so most of the employed were men. Most women who worked did so at government agencies since there was a belief private businesses would discriminate against them: the jobs women often held were clerical and office positions. Many men worked at logging camps and sawmills.

Institutions

The East Indian Canadian Citizens' Welfare Association (EICCWA), which politically represented Indo-Canadians of all religious backgrounds, was founded in the 1950s. It had absorbed some functions of the Khalsa Diwan Society (KDS).

The East Indian Women's Association made recreational events open to the wider public. Those events included dinners and fashion shows.

The Immigrant and Multicultural Services Society of Prince George, founded by Baljit Sethi, serves Indo-Canadian communities in the northern part of the province.

Politics

Naranjan Singh Grewall was elected to the Board of Commissioners of the Corporation of the Village of Mission City in 1950, topping the polls, thus becoming the first Indo-Canadian elected to political office in British Columbia and, it is believed, in all of North America. He was re-elected in 1952 and elevated by his fellow commissioners to Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of the village in 1954. A millwright and union official, and known as a sportsman and philanthropist as well as a lumberman, he eventually owned six sawmills and was active in community affairs serving on the boards or as chairman of a variety of organizations, and was instrumental in helping create Mission's municipal tree farm. A humanitarian with strong pro-labour beliefs despite his role as a mill-owner, he ran unsuccessfully for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (the precursor of today's New Democratic Party) in the provincial election of 1956. He was shot to death on 12 July, 1957 at the age of 48. Grewall Street in Mission was named in his honour.

Irene Bloemraad, author of "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver," wrote in 2009 that Indo-Canadians from British Columbia are demographically "over-represented" in the Canadian Parliament and that they had "made remarkable inroads to politics" in the period 1999-2009. In 2013, the Canadian Parliament had three Indo-Canadian members from British Columbia, Nina Grewal (Fleetwood-Port Kells, Conservative), Jinny Sims (Newton-North Delta, NDP), and Jasbir Sandhu (Surrey North, NDP).

Culture

Many British Columbian Punjabi Sikh families eat East Indian cuisine at all times of the day, practice Sikhism, prioritize family, and speak the Punjabi language. Many Punjabi-Sikh parents in British Columbia try to pass on their cultural values to their children, and Ruby Rana and Sukkie Sihota, the authors of "Counselling in the Indo-Canadian Community: Challenges and Promises," wrote that in many cases, "A disconnect exists between the home culture and the dominant Western culture outside of the home."

In regards to Sikh history in India and Sikhism, Rana and Sihota wrote, "Many Punjabi-Sikhs in BC have formed opinions and values on the basis of key religious and/or cultural traumas that took place in the history of India and the state of Punjab."

The first Canadian official heritage site that has no French and English heritage is the Gur Sikh Temple in Abbotsford. It opened in 1911.

Small town Sikhs in British Columbia tend to have a larger interaction with other ethnic groups, while urban Sikhs in Vancouver have less interaction.

Religion

As of the 2001 Statistics Canada there were 135,305 Sikhs and 31,500 Hindus in British Columbia. 99,005 Sikhs and 27,405 Hindus were in Metro Vancouver. The ability to freely practice the Sikh religion is the reason why many Sikhs immigrated to Canada. Around 1973-1974 Ames and Inglis stated that there are British Columbia Sikhs who do not actively participate in religious ceremonies but that "Few if any Sikhs have converted to Christianity".

Many smaller Indo-Canadian communities have two gurdwaras. These communities include Kamloops, Prince George, and Terrace. A 1997 disagreement regarding a dining hall in a Surrey gurdwara resulted in the Sikh community being split into two.

Many of the earliest gurdwaras were built at "mill colonies." Often they were built on-site because there were difficulties in getting transportation to other places. The first gurdwara established in a mill colony was in Burquitlam, in Fraser Mills. Mill colony gurdwaras were segregated from mainstream Canadian society. Once the mill colonies were disestablished, the gurdwaras often went with them. For instance, the Burquitlam gurdwara had been disestablished.

In 1971, the Canadian government introduced a policy of multiculturalism, and this resulted in the Sikh community establishing urban gurdwaras using traditional architecture styles. New gurdwaras opened in former churches in rural British Columbia in the 1970s. This occurred due to the general increase in Sikh immigration. The expansion of the Sikh community in British Columbia continued into the 1980s.

Sikh religious organizations

Many of the early urban gurdwaras were operated by the Khalsa Diwan Society (KDS), headquartered in Vancouver, while the small town gurdwaras had separate management. The first gurdwara in Vancouver opened in 1908 by the KDS. In 1911 the KDS opened a gurdwara in Abbotsford, and it subsequently opened gurdwaras in New Westminster and Victoria. Many gurdwaras in urban areas were in proximity to Sikh communities or mill colonies. BC cities which had gurdwaras by 1920 included Abbotsford, Fraser Mills, Golden, Nanaimo, New Westminster, Paldi, Vancouver, and Victoria. By 1973 the cities with KDS temples were Abbotsford, Mesachi Lake, New Westminster, Paldi, Port Alberni, and Vancouver.

In 1953, due to tensions between more religious and more Westernized Sikhs, the Akhali Singh Society was established to preserve orthodox Sikhism. It was originally established in Vancouver and Victoria. By 1973 it also had a temple in Port Alberni.

By 1973 there was a gurdwara in Victoria which was independent of both Akahli Singh and the KDS.

Research

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)

In 1923 Walter de Gruyter of Germany published Hindustani Workers on the Pacific Coast by Rajani Kant Das. In 1976 Lal stated that the book was outdated due to new evidence and that it "focuses" its attention on the subject "in a rather general way", but that it was still "the most important single work on the East Indians."

Archana B. Verma wrote The Making of Little Punjab in Canada, which included a study of Sikhs living in Paldi.

Notable residents

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. “Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver” (Archive). In Urban Geography, Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 - Available at Academia.edu and at ResearchGate. p. 316.
  2. "Country Brief – Canada" (Archive). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. p. 3/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh Punjabi origin."
  3. ^ Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 17.
  4. Naimiśarāya, Mohanadāsa. Dalit Freedom Fighters. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 8121210208, 9788121210201. p. 77.
  5. ^ Lal, p. 16.
  6. Lal, p. 17.
  7. Lal, p. 29.
  8. Lal, p. 24.
  9. Lal, p. 28.
  10. ^ Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. xiv. "In effect, the study examines the "twice-migration" of the Punjabi community - the migration from India to rural Canada and then the internal migration from rural to urban Canada."
  11. Pontellini, Michaela. "The History of Punjabis in British Columbia" (Archive) (book review). Vancouver Weekly. Retrieved on October 18, 2014.
  12. Lal, p. 15-16.
  13. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 15.
  14. Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 18.
  15. ^ Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 20.
  16. ^ Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 29.
  17. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 29-30.
  18. "British Columbia." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 27, 2014.
  19. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 27.
  20. Dowd, Allan (18 September 2010). ""Canadian convicted of lying in Air India bomb case", Reuters Sept 18, 2010". Reuters. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  21. ^ "Air India bomb maker, a former Duncan resident, appeals nine-year perjury sentence." The Canadian Press. November 27, 2013. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.
  22. Staff. "John Major's Air India Flight 182 inquiry's key findings before the bomb exploded in 1985, killing 329 people" (Archive). The Georgia Straight. July 17, 2010. Retrieved on January 5, 2015. " When a CSIS surveillance team observed experiments involving a test explosion conducted by Sikh extremists in the woods in Duncan B.C. in June 1985 (the Duncan Blast), the loud sound heard was misinterpreted as a gunshot."
  23. "Sikh probe took wrong turn after Duncan blast: former CSIS agent" (Archive). CBC News. May 24, 2007. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.
  24. Staff. "John Major's Air India Flight 182 inquiry's key findings before the bomb exploded in 1985, killing 329 people" (Archive). The Georgia Straight. July 17, 2010. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.
  25. ^ Bloemraad, Irene. "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver." In: Andrew, Caroline, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley (editors). Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women. UBC Press, July 1, 2009. ISBN 0774858583, 9780774858588. CITED: p. 68.
  26. ^ "Annexes" (Archive). Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community. Government of Canada. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.
  27. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Vancouver" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  28. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Surrey" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  29. "CENTRE FOR INDO-CANADIAN STUDIES AND RESEARCH at University College of the Fraser Valley" (Archive). University College of the Fraser Valley. p. 3 (PDF p. 4/14). Retrieved on October 20, 2014.
  30. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Abbotsford" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  31. "City of Abbotsford" (Archive). Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.
  32. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Kamloops" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  33. ^ Connelly, Joel. "In the Northwest: Indo-Canadians overcome setbacks to gain clout." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Thursday May 12, 2005. Retrieved on November 3, 2014. "Sihota was a brash young Victoria lawyer who, in 1986, became the first Sikh and first Indo-Canadian elected to a provincial legislature in Canada."
  34. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Merritt" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on November 3, 2014.
  35. ^ Joy, Accommodation and Cultural Persistence, p. 1-2.
  36. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Kelowna" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  37. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Duncan" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  38. "Punjab village rises to save Canadian gurdwara up for sale" (Archive). Daily Mail. March 20, 2012. Retrieved on October 19, 2014. - Available at HighBeam Research
  39. ^ Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 22.
  40. ^ "The Indo-Canadian Community" (Archive). Report on the Quality of Life in Prince George. 1997. University of Northern British Columbia. p. 254 (PDF 3/17). Retrieved on October 19, 2014.
  41. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Prince George" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  42. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Prince Rupert" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  43. ^ Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 48.
  44. ^ Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 47.
  45. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 217.
  46. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 266.
  47. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Quesnel" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on November 3, 2014.
  48. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Squamish" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on November 3, 2014.
  49. "Profile of Diversity in BC Communities 2006 Victoria" (Archive). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
  50. Joy, Accommodation and Cultural Persistence, p. 123 (PDF 139/389).
  51. Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 16-17.
  52. Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 16.
  53. ^ Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 28.
  54. "Country Brief – Canada" (Archive). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. p. 4/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "Emigrants from India today enjoy success in all fields within the economy while there are some concentration in British Columbia in agriculture and forestry."
  55. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 28-29.
  56. The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 30.
  57. "Notable Canadians of Asian heritage" (press the buttons until you get to Baljit Sethi's profile). Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.
  58. Indo-Canadian Community in Mission, Mission Community Archives website
  59. "Streets Stories: Grewall Street, Mission Community Archives website
  60. "Notable Canadians of Asian heritage" (press the buttons until you get to Naranjan Singh Grewall's profile). Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.
  61. O'Neil, Peter. "B.C.’s Indo-Canadian MPs denounce Quebec ban on Sikh headgear in soccer matches" (Archive). Vancouver Sun. June 12, 2013. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.
  62. Rana, Ruby and Sukkie Sihota. "Counselling in the Indo-Canadian Community: Challenges and Promises" (Chapter 7). In: France, M. Honoré, María del Carmen Rodríguez, and Geoffrey G. Hett (editors). Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective. Second Edition. Brush Education, December 10, 2012. ISBN 1550594419, 9781550594416. Start: p. 114. CITED: p. 121. Source text is the segment that begins: "We use the following descriptions to illustrate the ideals of many, but not necessarily all, Punjabi-Sikh families as experienced in BC."
  63. ^ Rana, Ruby and Sukkie Sihota. "Counselling in the Indo-Canadian Community: Challenges and Promises" (Chapter 7). In: France, M. Honoré, María del Carmen Rodríguez, and Geoffrey G. Hett (editors). Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective. Second Edition. Brush Education, December 10, 2012. ISBN 1550594419, 9781550594416. Start: p. 114. CITED: p. 118.
  64. Murphy, Anne. The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press, November 29, 2012. ISBN 0199916292, 9780199916290. p. 258.
  65. Ashley, Susan. "A Museum of Our Own" (Chapter 9). In: Gourievidis, Laurence (editor). Museums and Migration: History, Memory and Politics (Museum Meanings). Routledge, July 25, 2014. ISBN 1317684893, 9781317684893. Start: 153. CITED: p. 157.
  66. Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 201: "In contrast to Sikhs in Vancouver, which has a large Sikh community, [sic] Sikhs in small towns throughout British Columbia interact far more with other communities."
  67. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 325.
  68. ^ Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 46.
  69. Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 16.
  70. Singh, Narindar. Canadian Sikhs: History, Religion, and Culture of Sikhs in North America. Canadian Sikhs' Studies Institute, 1994. ISBN 0969847009, 9780969847007. p. 40.
  71. Ames, and Inglis, “Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life,” p. 20, 22 (page 20 continues on page 22).
  72. Lal, p. 3-4.
  73. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 286.
  74. ^ "Country Brief – Canada" (Archive). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. p. 5/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.
  75. 10,000 drug-related pages, BC Legislature Raids blog, 27 October 2012 ...the raid on the B.C. Legislature in 2003 stemmed from information gathered during a drug investigation which targeted "the criminal activities of Jasmohan Singh Bains and his associates"? And that one of Bain's associates was alleged to be his cousin, Dave Basi. The Crown alleges Bains was the head of a Victoria-based criminal organization that was shipping kilograms of cocaine to the Toronto area."
  77. search for "Dave Basi" related content on BC Legislature Raids blog
  78. ^ "CENTRE FOR INDO-CANADIAN STUDIES AND RESEARCH at University College of the Fraser Valley" (Archive). University College of the Fraser Valley. p. 4 (PDF p. 5/14). Retrieved on October 20, 2014.
  79. Witness protection program couldn't save B.C. informant, Vancouver Sun on canada.com website, 29 October 2011
  80. ^ "Country Brief – Canada" (Archive). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. p. 6/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.
  81. Johnston, Hugh J.M. Jewels of the Qila: The Remarkable Story of an Indo-Canadian Family. UBC Press, November 15, 2011. ISBN 0774822198, 9780774822190. p. 259.
  82. "1990 Recipient: Gurdev S. Gill – New Westminster." Order of British Columbia, Government of British Columbia. Retrieved on October 18, 2014.

Further reading

  • Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1976. “Tradition and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life”. In The Canadian Family, K. Ishwaran (ed.). Toronto: Hold, Reinhart and Winston of Canada.
  • Archie, Trudy & Sherry Edmunds-Flett. 1999. The History of Sikh-Canadians in British Columbia: Fundamental Reading and Writing Exercises. Abbotsford, BC: UCFV.
  • Bains, Nina. 1974. A Brief Study of East Indian (Sikh) Community of Victoria. B.A. Hons. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  • Bolarian, B. Singh & G. S. Basran. 1985. Sikhs in Canada: History of Sikhs in British Columbia- A Research Report. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.
  • Button, R. A. 1964. Sikh Settlement in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. B.A. thesis, Geography Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  • Das, Rajani Kant. Hindustani Workers on the Pacific Coast. W.de Gruyter & Co. (Berlin), 1923.
  • Hans, Raj Kumar. 2003. “Gurdwara as a Cultural Site of Punjabi Community in British Columbia, 1905 – 1965.” In Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
  • Inglis, Joy and Michael M. Ames. "Conflict and Change in B.C. Sikh ideals of family life." (1967). - Paper presented to the 1967 annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association.
  • Joy, Annamma. 1984. “Work and Ethnicity: The Case of the Sikhs in Okanagan Valley in British Columbia”. In South Asian in the Canadian Mosaic, Rabindra Kanungo (ed.). Montreal: Kala Bharati.
  • Joy, Annamma & Verne A. Dusenbery. 1980. Being Sikh in British Columbia: Changing Definitions of Self and Others. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Asian Studies Association.
  • Koehn, Sharon Denise. 1993. Negotiating New Lives and New Lands: Elderly Punjabi Women in British Columbia (M.A. thesis), University of Victoria, Victoria. - See info at ResearchGate, see profile at Google Books.
  • Kumar, Hans Raj. 1998. “Punjab Press and Immigrant Culture in British Columbia between Wars”. In Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. 33:16.
  • Lowes, George H. 1963. The Sikhs of British Columbia (Ph.D. thesis), University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  • Lowes, G. H. 1952 "The Sikhs of British Columbia" (Honors Essay) - University of British Columbia Honors Essay, available on microfilm.
  • MacInnes (1927). Oriental Occupation of British Columbia (Vancouver).
  • Paranjpe, A. C. 1986. “Identity Issues among Immigrations: Reflections on the Experiences of Indo-Canadians in British Columbia”. In Tradition and Transformation: Asian Indians in America, Richard Harvey Brown & George C. Coelho (eds.). Williamsburg, Va: College of William and Mary Studies in Third World Societies (38).
  • Perry, Martha E. 1929. “The Sikhs in British Columbia”. In United Empire, Vol. 20: 10.
  • Sandhu, Karnail Singh. 1972. “Indian Immigration and Racial Prejudice in British Columbia”. In Peoples of the Living Land: Geography of Cultural Diversity in British Columbia, Julian V. Minghi (ed.). Vancouver: Tantalus.
  • Sandhu, Teresa Jane. 1983. Social Distance and the Pidginized Speech of Punjab Women in British Columbia (M.A. thesis), University of Victoria. Also in Resources for Feminist Studies, Vol. 13:3, 1984. - See profile at Google Books.
  • Shroff, Rani. 1978. East Indians in British Columbia (M.A. thesis), University of British Columbia, Vancouver. - See profile at Google Books
  • Srivavasta, R.P. "Family Organization and Change among the East Indians of British Columbia, Canada." In: Kurian, A. (editor). Family in India: A Regional View. 1972 (The Hague).
  • Verma, Archana B. 1994. Status and Migration among the Punjabis of Paldi, British Columbia and Paldi, Punjab (Ph.D. thesis) (Archive), Simon Fraser University. See profile at Simon Fraser University.
  • Verma, Archana B. The making of Little Punjab in Canada: patterns of immigration. Sage Publications, May 1, 2002. ISBN 0761995994, 9780761995999. See Snippet view at Google Books.
  • Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 2001. Embodied Global Flows: Immigration and Transnational Networks between British Columbia, Canada, and Punjab, India (Ph.D. thesis) (Archive), University of British Columbia. Profile at UBC.
  • Wilson, J. Donald & Dahlie Jorgen. 1975. “Negroes, Finn, Sikhs: Education and Community Experience in British Columbia”. In Sounds Canadians: Language and Cultures in a Multi-ethnic Society, Paul Migus (ed.). Toronto: P. Martin Assoc.

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