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The Epoch Times is a multi-language, international media organisation, with 67 newspaper editions. It began publishing in Chinese as a newspaper and website in August 2000. Headquartered in New York City, the newspaper has local news bureaus and a network of local reporters throughout the world.

It is now available in 21 languages on the internet. Print editions in 11 languages are sold or distributed free-of-charge in 35 countries. The Chinese Epoch Times (Dajiyuan) is the largest independent Chinese language newspaper group in the world, covering 35 countries.

History

The Epoch Times was started in 2000 by John Tang and a group of Chinese Americans who were Falun Gong practitioners. The founders were responding to censorship inside China and a lack of understanding internationally about Chinese repression of the Falun Gong.

The paper was first published in the Chinese language in New York, but in August 2004, an English language edition of The Epoch Times was launched in New York City, as well as Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, and several other cities. It is also distributed in San Diego, San Francisco, Boston, Dallas, New Jersey, and Chicago and all major Canadian cities, including a French edition in Montreal. The paper has associated media services, including the television station New Tang Dynasty TV and the radio station Sound of Hope.

The newspaper makes frequent reportage of media censorship and the impact the Chinese government has on overseas Chinese media. It has gained significant influence among the Chinese diaspora overseas.

In 2000, 10 Epoch Times correspondents were imprisoned in China, but current staff of the Chinese-language edition work in Hong Kong.

Distribution

As of February 2012, around the world 67 Epoch Times newspaper editions are published in print. They are available in 21 languages and have a distribution of 1,315,000 copies in 35 different countries. Among the 35 countries, distribution varies between daily, weekly, bi-weekly and monthly.

Yuezhi Zhao, Assistant Professor of Communication at Simon Fraser University, Canada, wrote in 2003 that The Epoch Times website and The Epoch Times group of newspapers had "grown into one of the largest Chinese-language news websites and newspaper groups outside China in the past two years, with local editions in more than thirty U.S. states, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and major Western European countries."

In addition to its global distribution of multilingual print editions, The Epoch Times is also available in 21 additional languages on the internet. With a total online presence of 21 websites, The Epoch Times receives a combined 40,425,000-page views per/month, 6,123,000 visits per/month and out of those monthly visits 3,952,000 are unique visitors.

Distribution launch date and summary

Web only editions

Coverage and focus

New York edition

The Epoch Times' flagship New York edition is typically around 50 pages, divided into four sections. The "A" Section is primarily devoted to current events, covering local news about New York and area, Nation and World pages, as well as several pages devoted to China issues and politics. In addition to hard news pages, the A section also includes Opinion pages, Sports, Science & Technology, Business and Real Estate.

The "B" section features pages primarily devoted to Arts & Culture—covering classical art forms, exhibits and events that occur both globally, and local to the New York area. The B section also includes Style and an "Essence of China" page devoted to traditional Chinese culture, stories, and art forms. The "C" section focuses on health and fitness featuring mainstream medical science and alternative and Chinese medical treatments. The "D" section is the food section focused on cooking and local restaurants.

Other English editions

Outside of New York, other English editions typically take the form of a 16–24-page broadsheet. The content is a somewhat condensed version of the New York edition, but features a focus on each edition's local region. For example, the Canadian edition contains Canadian articles throughout the paper in all sections with a national news section composed entirely of Canadian news and is printed and distributed by Quebecor Media Inc's print division Sun Media Corporation.

Chinese edition

According to the newspaper itself, The Chinese Epoch Times (Dajiyuan) is the largest and most widely distributed Chinese language newspaper in the world, covering 35 countries. The print edition ranges from 30–80 pages depending on geographical region. The typical print edition includes sections on local & national news, China, world, health, science, autos, real estate, arts & culture, style, home, food, dining and special sections covering traditional Chinese culture & values.

According to the Canadian Circulations Audit Board (CCAB), The Epoch Times is the first and only Chinese-language daily newspaper in Canada to complete a circulation audit.

Notable coverage

During the 2009 New York City Comptroller elections, the Epoch Times alleged that Taiwan-born Democratic nominee John Liu is part of a "United Front" by the Chinese Communist Party to infiltrate the United States and subvert its government, democracy, and human rights in general. The newspaper alleged that "the CCP works tenaciously and systematically to place its people in key positions in corporations, academia, and government in the United States and other countries." The Epoch Times also published an 8-page "special edition", and also featured on its website a section focused on coverage of Liu's reported ties with CCP officials.

During Hu Jintao's visit to Canada in June 2010, the Toronto Star noted that the Epoch Times had published several "hard-hitting" critical stories on Hu's visit, such as allegations of the local Chinese embassy's orchestration of welcome parades, as well as an alleged recording of a speech by the first secretary of education Liu Shaohua, in which Liu stated that embassy would provide accommodation and transport for over 3,000 participants in the welcome parade.

Canadian media reported that the parliamentary press office made deliberate arrangements in relation to Hu's public appearances limiting the Epoch Times' access to the Chinese President, even though the newspaper is an accredited member of the Canadian Parliamentary Press Gallery, with all the same access rights as other media outlets. The paper also carried an exclusive interview with outspoken Canadian Member of Parliament Rob Anders, wherein Anders alleged that the Chinese government used gifts and business deals in attempts to influence Canadian political decisions.

Political stance

The Epoch Times originally targeted Chinese readers living abroad and reported on various abuses and inner workings of the Communist Party of China (CCP). The paper's reports on China are highly critical of the PRC government, particularly in its tone and commentaries towards the Communist Party. The paper gives significant attention to Falun Gong's campaigns, particularly their attempt to sue former Chinese President Jiang Zemin under civil legislation for genocide, which many mainstream publications have not covered. As reported by the paper itself, Chinese journalists relayed stories overseas of alleged human rights abuses, infringements on civil liberties and corruption in the CCP, among others. In 2005, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that "three new U.S-based, Chinese-language media outlets that provide provocative reporting about the Communist Party, government oppression and social unrest in China have ties to the Falun Gong spiritual movement." When interviewed, executives at each outlet said they did not represent the Falun Gong movement as a whole.

The paper also counters what it considers to be CCP propaganda through its own opinion pieces. The paper is vocal in supporting dissidents, pro-independence Taiwanese, and other traditional opponents of the CCP. According to Ming Xia, political science professor at the College of Staten Island, The Epoch Times represents part of Falun Gong's effort to expand to non-practitioners, and "is part of the Falun Gong strategy to embed itself into the large civil society for influence and legitimacy."

Typically a 16-page broadsheet, the Epoch Times also runs mainstream newswire stories and in some places can resemble a community newspaper. Some local versions take the form of a free weekly newspaper drawing on content from the Epoch Times website, and are distributed worldwide. Zhao said: "While mainstream newspaper typically treat Web versions as an extension of the already-existing print version, the Epoch Times website serves as the master for all its worldwide papers."

The paper covers general interest issues with a focus on China news and human rights. The newspaper is heavily critical of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the policies of Chinese government. In 2004, the newspaper published the "Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party", an in-depth critique of China's ruling regime. The newspaper covers causes and groups opposed to the CCP, including Falun Gong, dissidents, activists, and supporters of the Tibetan government-in-exile. The Epoch Times website also hosts a "CCP Renunciations" service, encouraging Chinese to quit the CCP and related organizations. The PRC government blocks mainland Chinese from accessing the Epoch Times website.

The paper staffs reporters locally based in offices in each country where an edition is printed. In New York they are a common presence at public events, and around the world they cover stories that pertain to their own areas, contributing to a pool of articles for the different editions to share. David Ownby, director of the Center for East Asian Studies at the Université de Montréal and the author of Falun Gong and the Future of China, wrote that the newspaper's articles are "well written and interesting, if occasionally idiosyncratic in their coverage." "The Epoch Times is a newspaper with a mission," Ownby says, which includes "reporting on issues bearing on human rights throughout the world, which allows for considerable focus on China and Falun Gong."

Nine commentaries on the Communist Party

Since November 2004, the Chinese version of The Epoch Times have published and heavily promoted a series of editorials and a booklet titled "Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party" (traditional Chinese: 九評共產黨; simplified Chinese: 九评共产党). The editorials give an exposé of the CCP through its history, from its ascent to power under Mao Zedong to its present-day form, as well as a condemnation of communism in all of its forms. In it the CCP was criticized as an illegitimate institution who employed underhanded tactics to gain power. The commentaries allege that the CCP "destroyed traditional Chinese culture" and goes so far as to brand the CCP an "evil cult". According to Ownby, the Commentaries are a condemnation of Communism and direct indictment on the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party in ruling China. While acknowledging the "unnecessary violence" the Chinese Communist Party have inflicted, as a professional historian Ownby finds that the lack of balance and nuance in tone and style makes the editorial resemble "anti-Communist propaganda written in Taiwan in the 1950s."

The Nine Commentaries won the "Asian American Issues – Online" category of the Asian American Journalists Association National Awards in August 2005. The "Commentaries" have been translated into more than 30 other languages and released as a DVD.

When The Epoch Times began printing its scathing “Nine Commentaries” on the Chinese Communist Party, printers in Hong Kong could not print them fast enough to satisfy eager readers. The Nine Commentaries have been credited by the newspaper and prominent leaders of the expatriate Chinese community, with sparking a mass exodus from the CCP and its affiliated organizations.

The number of people who have resigned from the Communist Party of China or its affiliate organizations, is published in Chinese editions of the newspaper. The counter stood at over 190 million on 16 January 2015.

Organ harvesting

In March 2006, The Epoch Times published the allegations of three individuals of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners at Sujiatun Hospital. The third person, a doctor, said the so-called hospitals in Sujiatun are but one of 36 similar concentration camps all over China. The claims were criticized by dissident Harry Wu, who stated "no concrete or substantiated evidence, such as documents or photos, have been provided to support the witness’ statements".

In July 2006, The Epoch Times published an investigative report of organ harvesting in China by Edward McMillan-Scott, Vice-President of the European Parliament.

In July 2006, the Kilgour-Matas report found that, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners". Appendix 16 of the revised report refuted Harry Wu's comments.

Journalist and author Ethan Gutmann, who interviewed former surgeons and nurses with direct knowledge of organ harvesting, estimates 65,000 Falun Gong prisoners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.

In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000.

In 2013, the newspaper won a Society of Professional Journalists Award for Excellent in Journalism, for its coverage of the organ harvesting issue.

In April 2006, Dr. Wang Wenyi who worked for The Epoch Times, specializing in medical issues, shouted at Chinese President Hu Jintao, after using her press pass to gain access to the White House lawn. The paper apologized to the U.S. President, but not to Hu.

Awards and achievements

The Epoch Times global media company has been the recipient of several awards:

• 2005 National Ethnic Press & Media Council Award – The Epoch Times was given this annual award for being "a strong defender for human rights and democratic values." The paper was also acknowledged for being the first to report on the coverup of the SARS virus by Chinese authorities in China.
• 2005 Asian American Journalists Association National Award – The Epoch Times was awarded for "excellence in coverage of Asian American Issues" for its editorial series, Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party. According to the newspaper itself, The "Nine Commentaries" prompted millions of Chinese people to quit the Communist Party because it provided "the first in-depth look at the true nature and history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."
• 2005 International Society for Human Rights Award – In May 2005, Die Neue Epoche, the German-language edition of The Epoch Times, received a special media prize from the International Society for Human Rights (IGFM) for "extensive and regular reporting about violations of human rights in China."
• 2012 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal – The Epoch Times was awarded this commemorative medal, which honours "significant contributions and achievements by Canadians." Canadian publisher Cindy Gu was nominated for the medal by the Canadian Centre for Abuse Awareness (CCAA) for raising awareness of human rights abuses in China and the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners.
• 2012 National Ethnic Press and Media Council Award – The Chinese edition of The Epoch Times was given this annual award for, "Excellence in editorial/free expression, best concept and visual presentation."
• 2012 New York Press Association Award – The Epoch Times won first place in the category "Best Special Section—Advertising, Division 2" for a special section produced for Asia Week New York in March 2012. "A great special section has five strong components: a great cover, appealing design, good art, strong content, and well designed complimentary advertising. This section has all five," said the NYPA judges. "In all, this is one of the nicest sections I have ever seen produced by a newspaper."
• 2013 Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi award – The Epoch Times China reporter Matthew Robertson won this award in the category of Non-Deadline Reporting for a series of articles he wrote on forced, live organ harvesting in China.
• 2013 Newswomen's Club Award – The Epoch Times New York reporter Genevieve Belmaker won the Front Page Award from the Newswomen's Club of New York for reporting about the impact of Hurricane Sandy, in the category of newspapers with a circulation of less than 100,000 per day.
• 2013 Top Minority Business Enterprise Awards – The Epoch Times Chinese edition CEO in the Washington region, Jenny Jing, won the TOP MBE Awards' "Business Legends" award on October 30, 2013.

Assessments

The Epoch Times has had mixed reactions since its emergence. According to David Ownby, it has been praised and also been criticized for a perceived bias against the CCP, and support of Falun Gong practitioners and other dissidents such as Tibetans, Taiwanese independence advocates, democracy activists, Uyghurs and others. The paper, therefore, is often assessed in light of its connection to Falun Gong, rather than a thorough analysis of its editorial content.

James Bettinger, a professor of Communications at Stanford University and the director of the John S. Knight Journalism Fellowships, said "Even if the Epoch Times is not associated with Falun Gong, if they consistently write about Falun Gong in the same perspective, or if there are no articles examining Falun Gong, people would perceive it as being not credible." Orville Schell, dean of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, said in 2005 that "It's hard to vouch for their quality because it's difficult to corroborate, but it's not something to be dismissed as pure propaganda."

Jiao Guobiao, a former Beijing University journalism professor who was dismissed after criticizing the Central Propaganda Department, proposed that even if The Epoch Times published only negative information highly critical of the CCP, the weight of their attacks could never begin to counterbalance the positive propaganda the party publishes about itself. In addressing media balance, Jiao noted that the Chinese public lacked negative, critical information regarding their country. As such, he noted for a need of media balance based on the principles of freedom, equality, and legality, and that media balance "is the result of the collective imbalances of all".

The paper's stance has also been lauded by some political commentators and media experts. Author and investigative reporter Ethan Gutman has characterized The Epoch Times as a leader in political analysis of the Chinese regime, saying "With the "Chinese Regime in Crisis" series, the Epoch Times has finally and indisputably arrived. Any China expert who wants to save face by pretending the paper doesn't exist can continue to do so—for a little while anyway—but they had better be reading it in secret."

In 2010, The Epoch Times successfully defended its reporting in the Canadian court system, when a publisher they had reported on, Crescent Chau, sued for libel. The justice in charge of the case ruled that the paper had acted in the public interest, and that the particular article expressed "legitimate concerns and constitute an opinion which is drawn from a factual premise". In examining the case, John Gordon Miller, a Canadian journalist and media professor, noted that the articles of the paper "appear to be thoroughly and professionally reported, which isn't always the case in the often under-resourced ethnocultural press." Miller viewed the court victory as significant step in repairing its credibility, previously damaged by the Wang Wenyi incident. "In the Quebec case, the paper's reporting stood up to the court's scrutiny," Miller wrote.

See also

• Sing Tao Daily
• The International New York Times
• World Journal

Footnotes

1. "Worldwide distribution". Ads.epochtimes.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
2. Ownby, David (2008). Falun Gong and the Future of China. Oxford University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780199716371.
3. Ownby 2008, p. 223.
4. ^ Thomas Lum (August 11, 2006). "China and Falun Gong" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
5. ^ "About Us " The Epoch Times". En.epochtimes.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
6. "The Epoch Times – Advertising with a corporate social responsibility". Ads.epochtimes.eu. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
7. Michael Miner (October 14, 2005). "Down With the Chinese Tyrants! Chicago's latest free weekly has a simple editorial message". Chicago Reader.
8. ^ Gossett, Sherrie (June 15, 2005). "Independent Chinese Newspaper Bucks Communists". Accuracy in Media. Accuracy in Media. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
9. "Epoch Times Marks 10 Years in Canada". Epoch Times. March 17, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
10. "World Newspaper Publishing".
11. "Distribution Numbers".
12. ^ Zhao, Yuezhi, "Falun Gong, Identity, and the Struggle over Meaning Inside and Outside China", pp 209–223 in Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World, edited by Nick Couldry and James Curran (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003)
13. "online statistics".
14. "Other Languages Epoch Times". Theepochtimes.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
15. ^ The Epoch Times Print Archives - New York Edition Retrieved 30 Apr 2013
16. The Epoch Times Print Archives Retrieved 30 Apr 2013
17. The Epoch Times: Other Languages Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
18. "The Epoch Times E-Paper". Retrieved April 30, 2013.
19. "Media Associations - Media Information on Canadian Circulations Audit Board (CCAB)". Cardonline.ca. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
20. "Epoch Times Canada's First Audited Daily Chinese Newspaper". The Epoch Times. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
21. "Chinese Communist Party Subverts Democracies and Rights Abroad". Epoch Times. September 10, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
22. "Editor's Note on Coverage of John Liu: Uncovering a hidden threat". September 10, 2009.
23. "John Liu and the United Front". Epoch Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
24. ^ Susan Delacourt, "Harper helps Hu keep critics away", Fri Jun 25, 2010
25. "Rob Anders News on SPEED.com". News.speedtv.com. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
26. Greenaway, Norma (August 3, 2010). "Liberals decry secrecy around CSIS report". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
27. "Chinese-Canadian leader laments spy agency allegations". Vancourier.com. July 29, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
28. ^ Hua, Vanessa (December 18, 2005). "Dissident media linked to Falun Gong / Chinese-language print, broadcast outlets in U.S. are making waves". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
29. "Paper denies representing Falun Gong". Religionnewsblog.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
30. ^ Eugenia Chien, "Falun Gong-Linked Media Venture Makes Waves, Raises Questions" New America Media, News Analysis, May 16, 2006
31. Peter Schworm (December 3, 2007). "Chinese-American activists decry China's communism". The Boston Globe.
32. "Quitting the CCP". The Epoch Times.
33. "Reporters sans frontières – China". Rsf.org. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
34. ^ Ownby 2008, p. 221.
35. Morais, Betsy. "The Epoch Times doesn't like to brag", Capital Magazine, Jun. 23, 2010
36. ^ "Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party" ninecommentaries.com/english
37. The Epoch Times Dec 26, 2004 (December 26, 2004). "Part 8: On How the Chinese Communist Party Is an Evil Cult". The Epoch Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
38. "The Epoch Times | "Nine Commentaries" Wins National Journalism Award in U.S". The Epoch Times. August 19, 2005. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
39. "Translations of the Nine Commentaries". The Epoch Times. December 13, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
40. "Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party" youtube.com
41. Epoch Times epochtimes.com
42. Worse Than Any Nightmare—Journalist Quits China to Expose Concentration Camp Horrors and Bird Flu Coverup, Epoch Times, March 10, 2006
43. "New Witness Confirms Existence of Chinese Concentration Camp, Says Organs Removed from Live Victims" 17 March 2006 The Epoch Times
44. ^ "Source Reveals Other Chinese Concentration Camps, Sujiatun is merely one of 36 concentration camps for Falun Gong in China" Epoch Times, 31 March 2006
45. Wu, Harry (June 8, 2006). "Statement of Harry Wu about Sujiatun issue". Observechina.net. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
46. Frank Stirk, Canadians probe Chinese organ harvesting claims, Canadian Christianity. Retrieved September 24, 2010
47. Glen McGregor, "Inside China's 'crematorium'", The Ottawa Citizen, November 24, 2007
48. Edward McMillan-Scott (7 July 2006) EP Vice-President's Investigative Report on Organ Harvesting in China The Epoch Times
49. ^ David Kilgour, David Matas (6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net
50. US Congress Hones in on Vast Organ Harvest in China Epoch Times 12 September 2012
51. Ethan Gutmann (10 March 2011) "How many harvested?" revisited eastofethan.com
52. Market Wired (8 May 2008) China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports Retrieved 26 October 2014
53. "The Society of Professional Journalists is pleased to announce the recipients of the 2012 Sigma Delta Chi Awards for excellence in journalism," SPJ. Accessed Dec. 8, 2014
54. "Bush presses China over currency". BBC News. April 21, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2006.
55. Karlyn Barker and Lena H. Sun (April 22, 2006). "Falun Gong Activist Defiant After Arrest". Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2006.
56. The Epoch Times. Epoch Times Wins National Award in Canada Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
57. The Free Library. AAJA Recognizes Excellence in News Coverage Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
58. "The Epoch Times Wins Prize for Human Rights Reporting". The Epoch Times. May 10, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
59. The Governor General of Canada: Diamond Jubilee Medal Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
60. "Find a Recipient". The Governor General of Canada.
61. Shopper Marketing Forum. Speaker Cindy Gu Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
62. The Epoch Times.Epoch Times Publisher Awarded Diamond Jubilee Medal
63. The Epoch Times. Epoch Times Wins Ethnic Press Media Award Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
64. Free-i-News. Epoch Times Wins Newspaper Excellence Award Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
65. The Epoch Times. Epoch Times Reporter Wins Prestigious Journalism Award Retrieved 28 Apr 2013
66. West, Ananda. "Epoch Times Reporter Wins Newswomen’s Club Award for Hurricane Sandy Coverage", The Epoch Times, October 10, 2013.
67. Top 100 MBEs, honoring minority and women entrepreneurs. Accessed November 5, 2013.
68. Ownby 2008, pp. vii–viii, 163, 221–3, 229.
69. Thornton, Patricia M. "Manufacturing Dissent in Transnational China" pp. 179–204 in Popular Protest in China, Kevin J. O'Brien (ed.), Harvard University Press 2008
70. Ethan Gutman, Facebook. (23 Apr 2012) https://www.facebook.com/ethan.gutmann/posts/10150841176268179
71. Facts.org, quoting from Xinhua, March 23, 2006 (Retrieved July 23, 2011)
72. ^ Miller, John Gordon. (Note: site available to paid subscribers only.) "Judge rules that Falun Gong newspaper acted in the public interest". Straight Goods, Monday, May 31, 2010

External links

• English website theepochtimes.com (see languages for 22 other languages)
• "Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party"

• New York City
• Journalism

• Chinese-language newspapers published in Canada
• Chinese-language newspapers (Traditional Chinese)
• English-language newspapers
• Falun Gong
• Free daily newspapers
• French-language newspapers
• German-language newspapers
• Newspapers published in Hong Kong
• Newspapers published in New York City
• Publications established in 2000
• Spanish-language newspapers