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The '''Yolmo''' (or '''Yholmo''', '''Hyolmo''', '''Yolmopa''', '''Hyolopa''', '''Kaagatey''') people are an ] that natively reside in north-eastern ] and in regions of ] adjacent to its boundaries, most notably the ], situated over 120 kilometres/76 miles to the north of ]. They also have sizeable communities in some territories within ], viz. ] and ], and ]. They speak the Yolmo (or Yholmo/Hyolmo) language which has a high lexical similarity to ]. The '''Yolmo''' (or '''Yholmo''', '''Hyolmo''', '''Yolmopa''', '''Hyolopa''', '''Kaagatey''') people are ] of Nepal who reside in Northern-Eastern part of ], situated over 120 kilometres/76 miles to the north of ], ]. They also have sizable communities in some territories within ] and ] in ], and in parts of ]. They speak the Yolmo (or Yholmo/Hyolmo) language.


==Characteristics== ==Characteristics==
The Yolmos are among the 59 indigenous groups officially recognized by the ] of Nepal as having a distinct ].<ref name="Indigenous Voice">{{cite web|title=Hyolmo: Who is Yolmopa/Hyolmo?|url=http://www.indigenousvoice.com/indigenous-peoples/5/hyolmo.html|publisher=Indigenous Voice|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> They refer to themselves as the "Yolmopa" or "Hyolopa".<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> Their primary religion is ], intermixed with ] and ].<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> The Yolmos are among the 59 indigenous groups officially recognized by the ] of Nepal as having a distinct ].<ref name="Indigenous Voice">{{cite web|title=Hyolmo: Who is Yolmopa/Hyolmo?|url=http://www.indigenousvoice.com/indigenous-peoples/5/hyolmo.html|publisher=Indigenous Voice|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> They refer to themselves as the "Yolmopa" or "Hyolmopa".<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> Their primary religion is ], intermixed with ] and ].<ref name="Indigenous Voice" />


==Distribution== ==Distribution==
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The term "Yolmo" or "Hyolmo" consists of two separate words — ''Hyol'', which means "a place or area surrounded by high mountains", and ''Mo'', "goddess", indicating a place under the protection of a female deity.<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> The term "Yolmo" or "Hyolmo" consists of two separate words — ''Hyol'', which means "a place or area surrounded by high mountains", and ''Mo'', "goddess", indicating a place under the protection of a female deity.<ref name="Indigenous Voice" />


For centuries, ] have referred to the Helambu region using the term "Yolmo". In more recent times, most people, Yolmos ''and'' otherwise, seem to prefer the name "Helambu" itself. It is often claimed that the name "Helambu" is derived from the Yolmo words for potatoes and radishes (''Hey'' means "potato" and ''lahbu'' is "radish").<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Graham E.|title=A Helambu History|journal=Journal of the Nepal Research Centre|year=1980|volume=4|pages=1–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Graham E.|title=Lama and Tamang in Yolmo|year=1980|publisher=Aris and Phillips|location=Warminster|pages=79–86|editor=M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi}}</ref> This etymology is disputed and often considered spurious. Some refuters of this explanation argue that "Helambu" is an ambiguation of the word "Yolmo" derived from ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo Grammar Sketch|year=2010|publisher=Ekta Books|location=Kathmandu|pages=1}}</ref> In more recent times, most people, Yolmos ''and'' otherwise, seem to prefer the name "Helambu" itself. It is often claimed that the name "Helambu" is derived from the Yolmo words for potatoes and radishes (''Hey'' means "potato" and ''lahbu'' is "radish").<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Graham E.|title=A Helambu History|journal=Journal of the Nepal Research Centre|year=1980|volume=4|pages=1–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Graham E.|title=Lama and Tamang in Yolmo|year=1980|publisher=Aris and Phillips|location=Warminster|pages=79–86|editor=M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi}}</ref> This etymology is disputed and often considered spurious. Some refuters of this explanation argue that "Helambu" is an ambiguation of the word "Yolmo" derived from ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo Grammar Sketch|year=2010|publisher=Ekta Books|location=Kathmandu|pages=1}}</ref>


In the 1980s, an increasing number of Yolmos began identifying themselves as the "]", even using the appellation as a surname to align themselves with the more prominent ] of the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=G. E.|title=Tibetan Studies in honor of Hugh Richardson|year=1980|publisher=Aris and Phillips|location=Warminster|page=79|editor=M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi}}</ref> Although this name is still used to refer to the Yolmo people and their language in certain instances, including the ] language codes,<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=M. Paul|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scp|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> very few Yolmo people would be likely to identify themselves as a subsection of the Sherpas in the current date.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desjarlais|first=Robert|title=Sensory biographies : lives and deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=California|pages=12}}</ref> In the 1980s, an increasing number of Yolmos began identifying themselves as the "]", even using the appellation as a surname to align themselves with the more prominent ] of the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=G. E.|title=Tibetan Studies in honor of Hugh Richardson|year=1980|publisher=Aris and Phillips|location=Warminster|page=79|editor=M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi}}</ref> Although this name is still used to refer to the Yolmo people and their language in certain instances, including the ] language codes,<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=M. Paul|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scp|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> very few Yolmo people would be likely to identify themselves as a subsection of the Sherpas in the current date.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desjarlais|first=Robert|title=Sensory biographies : lives and deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=California|pages=12}}</ref>
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==Language== ==Language==
The Yolmo people speak a language of the Central Bodic or ] group of the ] language family. It has a high level of lexical similarity to ] (61% lexical similarity) and ] (66% lexical similarity). Nonetheless, it is generally agreed that it has enough dissimilarities with either of the aforementioned dialects for it to be considered a language in its own right.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo Sketch Grammar|year=2010|publisher=Ekta Books|location=Kathmandu}}</ref> The Yolmo people speak a language of ] language family. Nonetheless, it is generally agreed that it has enough dissimilarities with either of the aforementioned dialects for it to be considered a language in its own right.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo Sketch Grammar|year=2010|publisher=Ekta Books|location=Kathmandu}}</ref>


The Yolmo language consists largely of classical Tibetan terminologies as used in the religious Buddhist scripts - the 'Pechhas'. In keeping with historical tradition, most Yolmo scholars transcribe their language in the ] script, which is very similar to the ] and used by other Tibetan people too.<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> However, today, an increasing number of Yolmo speakers in Nepal opt for the ] script (which has conventionally been used for Nepali and ]) to perform the same. This can be seen in two recent dictionaries where Yolmo is written in Devanagari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo-Nepali-English Dictionary|year=2004|publisher=Central Dept. of Linguistics, Tribhnvan University|location=Kathmandu|author2=Lama, C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gawne|first=Lauren|title=Lamjung Yolmo - Nepali - English Dictionary|year=2010|publisher=Custom Book Centre, The University of Melbourne|location=Melbourne}}</ref> In keeping with historical tradition, most Yolmo scholars transcribe their language in the ] script, which is very similar to the ] and used by other Tibetan people too. The script was adopted from Sanskrit .<ref name="Indigenous Voice" /> However, today, an increasing number of Yolmo speakers in Nepal opt for the ] script (which has conventionally been used for Nepali and ]) to perform the same. This can be seen in two recent dictionaries where Yolmo is written in Devanagari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hari|first=Anne Marie|title=Yolmo-Nepali-English Dictionary|year=2004|publisher=Central Dept. of Linguistics, Tribhnvan University|location=Kathmandu|author2=Lama, C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gawne|first=Lauren|title=Lamjung Yolmo - Nepali - English Dictionary|year=2010|publisher=Custom Book Centre, The University of Melbourne|location=Melbourne}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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* A preliminary analysis of tone in Lamjung Yolmo (HLS 18) * A preliminary analysis of tone in Lamjung Yolmo (HLS 18)

<br/>{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{Tibet related articles}}

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Revision as of 03:27, 20 March 2015

The Yolmo (or Yholmo, Hyolmo, Yolmopa, Hyolopa, Kaagatey) people are indigenous people of Nepal who reside in Northern-Eastern part of Nepal, situated over 120 kilometres/76 miles to the north of Kathmandu, Nepal. They also have sizable communities in some territories within Darjeeling and Sikkim in India, and in parts of Bhutan. They speak the Yolmo (or Yholmo/Hyolmo) language.

Characteristics

The Yolmos are among the 59 indigenous groups officially recognized by the government of Nepal as having a distinct cultural identity. They refer to themselves as the "Yolmopa" or "Hyolmopa". Their primary religion is Nepali Buddhism, intermixed with animism and paganism.

Distribution

Nepal

According to the Nepal National Census of 2011, the population of the Yolmo people living within Nepal is 10,752, and they are distributed over 11 districts of the country. 99% from this population speak the Yolmo language. The number of monolingual Yolmo speakers is very low and on a gradual decline. The largest Yolmo settlements, comprising a total of about 10,000 people, are located in the Helambu and Melamchi valleys, about 44 and 27 kilometres/27 and 17 miles to the northeast of Kathmandu, respectively. A separate group of about 700 reside in the Lamjung district near Pokhara. There are also a number of villages in the Ilam district where Yolmo is spoken.

Other countries

The Yolmos are listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the states of West Bengal and Sikkim in India. The Yolmo language is also spoken by a considerable population in south-western Tibet and Bhutan.

Etymology

The term "Yolmo" or "Hyolmo" consists of two separate words — Hyol, which means "a place or area surrounded by high mountains", and Mo, "goddess", indicating a place under the protection of a female deity.

In more recent times, most people, Yolmos and otherwise, seem to prefer the name "Helambu" itself. It is often claimed that the name "Helambu" is derived from the Yolmo words for potatoes and radishes (Hey means "potato" and lahbu is "radish"). This etymology is disputed and often considered spurious. Some refuters of this explanation argue that "Helambu" is an ambiguation of the word "Yolmo" derived from Nepali.

In the 1980s, an increasing number of Yolmos began identifying themselves as the "Helambu Sherpa", even using the appellation as a surname to align themselves with the more prominent Sherpa people of the Solukhumbu District. Although this name is still used to refer to the Yolmo people and their language in certain instances, including the ISO 639-3 language codes, very few Yolmo people would be likely to identify themselves as a subsection of the Sherpas in the current date.

There is an ongoing discussion amongst Yolmo scholars regarding the spelling of 'Yolmo' in the Latin script. Some favour 'Yolmo' while others prefer 'Hyolmo' or 'Yholmo'. The presence of the letter 'h' in the spelling is to indicate that the word is spoken with a low, breathy tone. It is worth noting that Robert R. Desjarlais and Graham E. Clarke (works cited below) both use 'Yolmo'.

Language

The Yolmo people speak a language of Tibeto-Burman language family. Nonetheless, it is generally agreed that it has enough dissimilarities with either of the aforementioned dialects for it to be considered a language in its own right.

In keeping with historical tradition, most Yolmo scholars transcribe their language in the Sambhoti script, which is very similar to the Tibetan script and used by other Tibetan people too. The script was adopted from Sanskrit . However, today, an increasing number of Yolmo speakers in Nepal opt for the Devanagari script (which has conventionally been used for Nepali and Hindi) to perform the same. This can be seen in two recent dictionaries where Yolmo is written in Devanagari.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Hyolmo: Who is Yolmopa/Hyolmo?". Indigenous Voice. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  2. Gawne, Lauren (2013). "Report on the relationship between Yolmo and Kagate" (PDF). Himalayan Linguistics. 12(2): 1–27.
  3. List of Notified Scheduled Tribes, Census of India
  4. Clarke, Graham E. (1980). "A Helambu History". Journal of the Nepal Research Centre. 4: 1–38.
  5. Clarke, Graham E. (1980). M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi (ed.). Lama and Tamang in Yolmo. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. pp. 79–86.
  6. Hari, Anne Marie (2010). Yolmo Grammar Sketch. Kathmandu: Ekta Books. p. 1.
  7. Clarke, G. E. (1980). M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi (ed.). Tibetan Studies in honor of Hugh Richardson. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. p. 79.
  8. Lewis, M. Paul. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition". Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  9. Desjarlais, Robert (2003). Sensory biographies : lives and deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists. California: University of California Press. p. 12.
  10. Hari, Anne Marie (2010). Yolmo Sketch Grammar. Kathmandu: Ekta Books.
  11. Hari, Anne Marie; Lama, C. (2004). Yolmo-Nepali-English Dictionary. Kathmandu: Central Dept. of Linguistics, Tribhnvan University.
  12. Gawne, Lauren (2010). Lamjung Yolmo - Nepali - English Dictionary. Melbourne: Custom Book Centre, The University of Melbourne.

References

  • Clarke, G. E. 1980. "A Helambu History." Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 4: 1-38.
  • Clarke, G. E. 1980. Lama and Tamang in Yolmo. Tibetan Studies in honor of Hugh Richardson. M. Aris and A. S. S. Kyi. Warminster, Aris and Phillips: 79-86.
  • Clarke, G. E. 1983. The great and little traditions in the study of Yolmo, Nepal. Contributions on Tibetan language, history and culture. E. Steinkellner and H. Tauscher. Vienna, Arbeitskreis fuèr Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, University of Vienna. 1: 21-37.
  • Clarke, G. E. 1985. Hierarchy, status and social history in Nepal. Contexts and Levels: Anthropological essays on hierarchy. R. H. Barnes, D. De Coppet and R. J. Parkin. Oxford, JASO Occasional Papers, vol. 4. 1: 193-210.
  • Clarke, G. E. 1990. "Ideas of merit (Bsod-nams), virtue (Dge-ba), blessing (byin-rlabs) and material prosperity (rten-'brel) in Highland Nepal." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 21(2): 165-184.
  • Clarke, G. E. 1991. Nara (na-rang) in Yolmo: A social history of hell in Helambu. Festschrift fuer Geza Uray. M. T. Much. Vienna, Arbeitskreis fuer Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, University of Vienna: 41-62.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1989. "Healing through images: The medical flight and healing geography of Nepali Shamans." Ethos 17(3): 289-307.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1989. "Sadness, soul loss and healing among the Yolmo Sherpa." Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: 9(2): 1-4.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1991. "Dreams, divination and Yolmo ways of knowing." Dreaming 1: 211-224.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1991. "Poetic transformations of Yolmo sadness." Culture, medicine and psychiatry 15: 387-420.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1992. "Yolmo aesthetics of body, health and "soul loss"." Social Science and Medicine 34(10): 1105-1117.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 1992. Body and emotion : the aesthetics of illness and healing in the Nepal Himalayas. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 2000. "Echoes of a Yolmo Buddhist's life, in death." Cultural Anthropology 15(2): 260-293.
  • Desjarlais, R. R. 2003. Sensory biographies : lives and deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press.
  • Hari, Anna Maria and Chhegu Lama. 2004. Dictionary Yolmo-Nepali-English. Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.
  • Hari, A. M. 2010. Yohlmo Sketch Grammar. Kathmandu, Ekta books.

External links

  • A preliminary analysis of tone in Lamjung Yolmo (HLS 18)
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