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{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
|name = Middle Persian |name = Middle Persian
|altname = Pahlavi |altname =
|nativename = ''Pārsīg'' |nativename = ''Pārsīg''
|region = ] |region = ]
|ethnicity = ] |ethnicity = ]
|era = evolved into ] by the 9th century; continues as a ] but with a ]. |era = evolved into ] by the 9th century; thereafter used only by Zoroastrian priests for exegesis and religious instruction.
|familycolor = Indo-European |familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = ] |fam2 = ]
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|iso2 = pal |iso2 = pal
|lc1 = pal |lc1 = pal
|ld1 = Pahlavi Middle Persian |ld1 = Zoroastrian Middle Persian ("Pahlavi")
|lc2 = xmn |lc2 = xmn
|ld2 = Manichaean Middle Persian |ld2 = Manichaean Middle Persian (Manichaean script)
|glotto = pahl1241 |glotto = pahl1241
|glottoname = Pahlavi |glottoname = Pahlavi
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}} }}
{{Contains Perso-Arabic text}} {{Contains Perso-Arabic text}}
'''Middle Persian''', also known as '''Pārsīg''' or '''Pahlavi''' or '''Pehlevi''', (]:پارسی میانه / Pārsi-e Miāneh ،پارسیگ/Pārsīg), which more properly refers to its writing system,<ref name="LLDescrip"/> is the ] language/] of southwestern Iran that during ] times (224–654 CE) became a ] and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a ]. It descends from ] and is the linguistic ancestor of ]. '''Middle Persian''' or '''Sassanian''' is the ] language/] of southwestern Iran that during ] times (224–654 CE) became a ] and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a ]. It descends from ] and is the linguistic ancestor of ].


The native name for Middle Persian (and perhaps for Old Persian also) was ''{{lang|pal|Pārsīg}}'', "(language) of ]". The word is consequently (the origin of) the native name for the ] language—''Pārsī''. The native name for Middle Persian (and perhaps for Old Persian also) was ''{{lang|pal|Pārsīg}}'', "(language) of ]". The word is consequently (the origin of) the native name for the ] language—''Parsi or Fārsī''.

⚫ Middle Persian is primarily attested in the post-Sassanian Zoroastrian variant of the language known as '''Pahlavi''', which originally referred to the ],<ref name="LLDescrip"/><ref>See also </ref> and that was also the preferred writing system for several other ] languages. Aside from the ]-derived Pahlavi script,<ref>''Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order'', ed. ], William L. Hanaway, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 14.</ref> Zoroastrian Middle Persian was occasionally also written in ''Parsik'', which uses the ], and in ], a system derived from ] that, unlike Pahlavi, indicated vowels and did not employ ] ]. Manichaean Middle Persian texts were written in ], which also derives from Aramaic but in an Eastern Iranian form via ].


⚫ Middle Persian was most frequently written in the ],<ref>See also </ref> which was also the preferred writing system for other ] languages. Even though Middle Persian had been influenced by ],<ref>''Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order'', ed. ], William L. Hanaway, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 14.</ref> other forms of written Middle Persian include ], a system derived from ] that, unlike Pahlavi, indicated vowels and did not employ ] ].
The ] language code for Middle Persian is <nowiki>'</nowiki>''pal''<nowiki>'</nowiki>, which reflects the post-Sassanid era use of the term ] to refer to the language and not only the script. The ] language code for Middle Persian is <nowiki>'</nowiki>''pal''<nowiki>'</nowiki>, which reflects the post-Sassanid era use of the term ] to refer to the language and not only the script.


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==Surviving literature== ==Surviving literature==


''Pahlavi Middle Persian'' is the language of quite a large body of ] literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion, which was the state religion of ] Iran (224 to ca. 650) before ] was invaded by the ] armies that spread ]. The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref> However, most texts, including the translated versions of the ] canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.<ref name="LLDescrip">{{cite web|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pal|title=Linguist List - Description of Pehlevi|year=2007|publisher=Eastern Michigan University|location=Detroit}}</ref> Other, less abundantly attested varieties are ''Manichaean Middle Persian'', used for a sizable amount of ] religious writings, including many theological texts, ] and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century), and the Middle Persian of ], evidenced in the ] (7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including ] and even localities in Southern India.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 138. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref> All three differ minimally from one another and indeed the less ambiguous and archaizing scripts of the latter two have helped to elucidate some aspects of the Sassanian-era pronunciation of the former.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 143. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref> ''Pahlavi Middle Persian'' is the language of quite a large body of ] literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion, which was the state religion of ] Iran (224 to c. 650) before ] was invaded by the ] armies that spread ]. The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref> However, most texts, including the translated versions of the ] canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.<ref name="LLDescrip">{{cite web|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pal|title=Linguist List - Description of Pehlevi|year=2007|publisher=Eastern Michigan University|location=Detroit}}</ref> Other, less abundantly attested varieties are ''Manichaean Middle Persian'', used for a sizable amount of ] religious writings, including many theological texts, ] and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century), and the Middle Persian of ], evidenced in the ] (7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including ] and even localities in Southern India.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 138. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref> All three differ minimally from one another and indeed the less ambiguous and archaizing scripts of the latter two have helped to elucidate some aspects of the Sassanian-era pronunciation of the former.<ref>Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 143. In ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum'' (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).</ref>


==Samples== ==Samples==
Below is transliteration and translation of the first page of the facsimile known as ] or The Book of the Righteous Wiraz, originally written in ].</center>''<ref> at the ]</ref> Below is transcription and translation of the first page of the facsimile known as ] or The Book of the Righteous Wiraz, originally written in ].</center>''<ref> at the ]</ref>


{{cquote|<center>pad nām ī yazdān {{cquote|<center>pad nām ī yazdān
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Be šumā be gozāram Be šumā be gozāram


به شما بگزارم (گزارش دهم) به شما بگزارم (گزارش دهم


Be rāstī andar jahān Be rāstī andar jahān
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|- |-
| uzēn || way out || rāh-e birun | uzēn || way out || rāh-e birun
|-
| arvādni || mountain men || ārdehiē
|- |-
| sēb || apple || sib | sēb || apple || sib
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| sōkht || burned || sukht | sōkht || burned || sukht
|- |-
| Tāzīg || Arab || Arab | Tāzīg || Arab || Tāzi, Arab
|- |-
| Ērān || Iran || Irān | Ērān || Iran || Irān
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| gul || rose || gōl, vēl | gul || rose || gōl, vēl
|- |-
| kafsh || shoe || kafsh | kawsh || shoe || kafsh
|- |-
| sāl || year || sāl | sāl || year || sāl
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| dukhtar || daughter, girl, gal, lass, maid || dokhtar | dukhtar || daughter, girl, gal, lass, maid || dokhtar
|- |-
| āb || water || āb | āp || water || āb
|- |-
| brâdar, brād || brother || barâdar, berâdar | brâdar, brād || brother || barâdar, berâdar
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| āhang || tune, melody, harmony, song, medley || âhang | āhang || tune, melody, harmony, song, medley || âhang
|- |-
| abr || cloud || abr | awr || cloud || abr
|- |-
| gōrāb || sock || jôrâb, jurāb | gōrāb || sock || jôrâb, jurāb
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|- |-
| Mihran || Mehran || Mehrân | Mihran || Mehran || Mehrân
|-
| Borvân || Borna || Bornā
|- |-
| Jāwēd || Javid || Jâvid | Jāwēd || Javid || Jâvid
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*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]


==References and bibliography== ==References and bibliography==
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* *
* (contains a grammar and lessons) * (contains a grammar and lessons)
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RV8-AAAAcAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=]|editor=|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=137|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-05}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV8-AAAAcAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=]|editor=|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=137|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-05}}
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0YAAAAYAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=Edward Thomas|editor=|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=137|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-05}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0YAAAAYAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=Edward Thomas|editor=|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=137|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-05}}


{{Persian language}} {{Persian language}}
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] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]

Revision as of 08:21, 26 October 2015

Middle Persian
Pārsīg
RegionSasanian Iran
EthnicityPersian people
Eraevolved into New Persian by the 9th century; thereafter used only by Zoroastrian priests for exegesis and religious instruction.
Language familyIndo-European
Early formOld Persian
Writing systemPahlavi scripts, Manichaean script, Avestan script
Language codes
ISO 639-2pal
ISO 639-3Either:
pal – Zoroastrian Middle Persian ("Pahlavi")
xmn – Manichaean Middle Persian (Manichaean script)
Glottologpahl1241  Pahlavi
Linguasphere58-AAC-ca

Template:Contains Perso-Arabic text Middle Persian or Sassanian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224–654 CE) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a Western Iranian language. It descends from Old Persian and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian.

The native name for Middle Persian (and perhaps for Old Persian also) was Pārsīg, "(language) of Pārs". The word is consequently (the origin of) the native name for the Modern Persian language—Parsi or Fārsī.

Middle Persian is primarily attested in the post-Sassanian Zoroastrian variant of the language known as Pahlavi, which originally referred to the Pahlavi writing system, and that was also the preferred writing system for several other Middle Iranian languages. Aside from the Aramaic-derived Pahlavi script, Zoroastrian Middle Persian was occasionally also written in Parsik, which uses the Arabic abjad, and in Pazend, a system derived from Avestan that, unlike Pahlavi, indicated vowels and did not employ Aramaic logograms. Manichaean Middle Persian texts were written in Manichaean script, which also derives from Aramaic but in an Eastern Iranian form via Sogdian.

The ISO 639 language code for Middle Persian is 'pal', which reflects the post-Sassanid era use of the term Pahlavi to refer to the language and not only the script.

Transition from Old Persian

Persian language
History
Language families
Dialects and varieties
Language features
Grammar
Writing system
Literature
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Other topics

In the classification of the Iranian languages, the Middle Period includes those languages which were common in Iran from the fall of the Achaemenids in the 4th century BCE up to the fall of the Sassanids in the 7th century CE.

The most important and distinct development in the structure of Iranian languages of this period is the transformation from the synthetic form of the Old Period (Old Persian and Avestan) to an analytic form:

Transition to New Persian

The modern-day descendant of Middle Persian is New Persian. The changes between late Middle and Early New Persian were very gradual, and in the 10th-11th centuries, Middle Persian texts were still intelligible to speakers of Early New Persian. However, there are definite differences that had taken place already by the 10th century:

  • Sound changes, such as
    • the dropping of unstressed initial vowels
    • the epenthesis of vowels in initial consonant clusters
    • the loss of -g when word final
    • change of initial w- to either b- or (gw- → g-)
  • Changes in the verbal system, notably the loss of distinctive subjunctive and optative forms, and the increasing use of verbal prefixes to express verbal moods
  • Changes in the vocabulary, especially the substitution of a large number of Arabic loanwords for words of native origin
  • The substitution of Arabic script for Pahlavi script.

Surviving literature

Pahlavi Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of Zoroastrian literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion, which was the state religion of Sassanid Iran (224 to c. 650) before Iran was invaded by the Arab armies that spread Islam. The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition. However, most texts, including the translated versions of the Zoroastrian canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies. Other, less abundantly attested varieties are Manichaean Middle Persian, used for a sizable amount of Manichaean religious writings, including many theological texts, homilies and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century), and the Middle Persian of Nestorian Christians, evidenced in the Pahlavi Psalter (7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including Turfan and even localities in Southern India. All three differ minimally from one another and indeed the less ambiguous and archaizing scripts of the latter two have helped to elucidate some aspects of the Sassanian-era pronunciation of the former.

Samples

Below is transcription and translation of the first page of the facsimile known as Arda Wiraz Namag or The Book of the Righteous Wiraz, originally written in Pahlavi script.

pad nām ī yazdān ēdōn gōwēnd kū ēw-bār ahlaw zardušt dēn ī padīrift andar gēhān rawāg be kard. tā bawandagīh sēsad sāl dēn andar abēzagīh ud mardōm andar abē-gumānīh būd hēnd. ud pas gizistag gannāg mēnōg druwand gumān kardan ī mardōmān pad ēn dēn rāy ān gizistag *alek/sandar ī *hrōmāyīg ī muzrāyīg-mānišn wiyāb/ānēnīd *ud pad garān sezd ud *nibard ud *wišēg ō ērān-šahr *frēstīd. u-š ōy ērān dahibed ōzad ud dar ud xwadāyīh wišuft ud awērān kard. ud ēn dēn čiyōn hamāg abestāg ud zand abar gāw pōstīhā ī wirāstag pad āb ī zarr nibištag andar staxr pābagān pad diz *nibišt nihād ēstād. ōy petyārag ī wad-baxt ī ahlomōγ ī druwand ī anāg-kardār *aleksandar hrōmāyīg mu/zrāyīg-mānišn abar āwurd ud be sōxt.
In the name of God Thus they have said that once the righteous Zoroaster accepted a religion, he established it in the world. After/Within the period of 300 years (the) religion remained in holiness and the people were in peace and without any doubt. But then, the sinful, corrupt and deceitful spirit, in order to cause people doubt this religion, illusioned/led astray that Alexander the Roman, resident of Egypt, and sent him to Iran with much anger and violence. He murdered the ruler of Iran and ruined court, and the religion, as all the Avesta and Zand (which were) written on the ox-hide and decorated with water-of-gold (gold leaves) and had been placed/kept in Stakhr of Papak in the 'citadel of the writings.' That wretched, ill-fated, heretic, evil/sinful Alexander, The Roman, who was dwelling in Egypt, and he burned them up.

A sample Middle Persian poem from manuscript of Jamasp Asana:

Dārom andarz-ē az dānāgān

Az guft-ī pēšēnīgān

Ō šmāh bē wizārom

Pad rāstīh andar gēhān

Agar ēn az man padīrēd

Bavēd sūd-ī dō gēhān

In New Persian:

Dāram andarz-ē az dānāyān

دارم اندرزی از داناگان

Az gufta-yi pēšēniyān

از گفتهٔ پیشینیان

Be šumā be gozāram

به شما بگزارم (گزارش دهم

Be rāstī andar jahān

به راستی اندر جهان

agar īn az man pazīrēd

اگر این از من پذیرید

Buwad sūd-i dō jahān

بوَد سود دو جهان

Translation:

I have a counsel from the wise,

from the advices of the ancients,

I will pass it upon you

By truth in the world

If you accept this counsel

It will be your benefits for this life and the next

A sample of other Middle Persian texts:

Šābuhr šāhān šāh ī hormizdān hamāg kišwarīgān pad paykārišn yazdān āhang kard ud hamāg gōwišn ō uskār ud wizōyišn āwurd pas az bōxtan ī ādūrbād pad gōwišn ī passāxt abāg hamāg ōyšān jud-sardagān ud nask-ōšmurdān-iz ī jud-ristagān ēn-iz guft kū nūn ka-mān dēn pad stī dēn dīd kas-iz ag-dēnīh bē nē hilēm wēš abar tuxšāg tuxšēm ud ham gōnag kard.
Shapur, the king of kings, son of Hormizd, induced all countrymen to orient themselves to god by disputation, and put forth all oral traditions for consideration and examination. After the triumph of Ādurbād, through his declaration put to trial by ordeal (in disputation) with all those sectaries and heretics who recognized (studied) the Nasks, he made the following statement: ‘Now that we have gained an insight into the Religion in the worldly existence, we shall not tolerate anyone of false religion, and we shall be more zealous.
Andar xwadāyīh šābuhr ī ohrmazdān tāzīgān mad hēnd ušān xōrīg ī rudbār grift was sāl pad xwār tāzišn dāšt t šābuhr ō xwadāyīh mad oyšān tāzīgān spōxt ud šahr aziš stād ud was šāh tāzīgān ābaxšēnēd ud was maragīh.
During the rulership of Shapur, the son of Hormizd, the Arabs came; they took Xorig Rūdbār; for many years with contempt (they) rushed until Shapur came to rulership; he destroyed the Arabs and took the land and destroyed many Arab rulers and pulled out many number of shoulders.

Comparison of Middle Persian and Modern Persian words

Middle Persian English Modern Persian
ōhāy yes ârē
nē no na
tū cē? and yourself? tō cē?
bastag closed bastē
uzēn way out rāh-e birun
arvādni mountain men ārdehiē
sēb apple sib
āzādīh, spās thanks sepās
ōy bērōn ast he/she is outside ân birun ast
drod hello dorood
ped drod goodbye bedrood
drakht tree dērakht
nāmag mail nāmeh
ayādgār memoir yādēgār
pursišn question porseš
ēdōn they ānhā
gōwēnd they said guyand
Hrōmāyīg Roman Rumi
sōkht burned sukht
Tāzīg Arab Tāzi, Arab
Ērān Iran Irān
Pārsīg Persian Fārsi
zāl old pīr
pardīz, wahišt paradise pardīz, bēhēsht
pātakhshah padishah pādēshāh
rang color rang
shamshēr, shafshēr sword shamshir
wāzār bazaar bāzār
spāh army sēpāh
pusar son pēsar
nām name nām
māh moon māh
wuzurg, vazurg big / great bozorg
zurvān time zamān
khwâstan to want khâstan
kay when kēy
dêrûž yesterday dīrûz
māhig fish māhi
yazdān god yazdān, khōda
ēkh ice yakh
pusar-ī Frahāt the son of Farhad pēsar-ē Farhād
khwārdan to eat khārdan
spēd white sēfid
gul rose gōl, vēl
kawsh shoe kafsh
sāl year sāl
havâ weather / air havâ
dāmād bridegroom / son-in-law dāmād
dukhtar daughter, girl, gal, lass, maid dokhtar
āp water āb
brâdar, brād brother barâdar, berâdar
arzān cheap, inexpensive arzân
ars tear ašk
tābestān summer tâbestân
āsmān sky, heaven âsemân
āhang tune, melody, harmony, song, medley âhang
awr cloud abr
gōrāb sock jôrâb, jurāb
almās diamond, adamant almās
warg leaf, sheet, folio barg
wārān rain bârân

Comparison of Middle Persian and Modern Persian names

Middle Persian English Modern Persian
Rokhsāna Roxana Roksāne, Roušanā, Roušanak
Zardušt Zoroaster Zartosht, Zardosht
Mihran Mehran Mehrân
Borvân Borna Bornā
Jāwēd Javid Jâvid
Nāhid Nahid Nāhid
Māh-Izād Mazyar Mazyār
Shahriyār Shahriyar Shahriyār
Frāsiyāb, Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk, Freangrāsyāk Afrasiab Afrāsiyāb
Yazdākird Yazdegerd Yazdegerd
Wardākhsh, Walākhsh Balash Balāsh
Aparvēz Parviz Parvīz
Pērōz Piruz Fīrūz, Pīrūz
Pōran Boran Bōran
Vistahm Vistahm Bestam, Bistam
Khusraw, Husrō, Kēsra Khosrau Khosro, Khosrow, Kasra
Narsē Narseh Narsēh
Wahrām Bahram Bahrām
Shāhpuhr Shapur Shāpūr
Mihrdād Mithridates, Mithradates Mēhrdād
Pišīn Afshin Afshīn
Jamshēd Jamshid Jamshīd
Frahāt Farhad Farhād
Khwarshēd Khurshid Khurshīd
Spandiyār Isfandiyar Esfandiyār, Isfandiyār
Artakhšatr Ardashir Ardeshīr, Ardashīr
Pāpak, Pābak Babak Bābak
Frēdun, Frēdōn Fereydun Fereydūn

See also

References and bibliography

  1. ^ "Linguist List - Description of Pehlevi". Detroit: Eastern Michigan University. 2007.
  2. See also Omniglot.com's page on Middle Persian scripts
  3. Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order, ed. Brian Spooner, William L. Hanaway, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 14.
  4. Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
  5. Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 138. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
  6. Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 143. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
  7. R. Mehri's Parsik/Pahlavi Web page (archived copy) at the Internet Archive
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  • Esmail Khoi
  • Shams Langeroodi
  • Mohammad Mokhtari
  • Nosrat Rahmani
  • Yadollah Royaee
  • Tahereh Saffarzadeh
  • Sohrab Sepehri
  • Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
  • Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
  • Ahmad Shamlou
  • Manouchehr Sheybani
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  • Fereydoon Moshiri
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    Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
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    		Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon
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