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| <!---PLEASE NOTE INDIAN SHIA ARE ''not'' AN ETHNIC GROUP, INFOBOX USED FOR DEMOGRAPHIC DATA--->{{Infobox ethnic group | |||
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| |pop = Around 50 Million | |||
| |regions = Most of India. | |||
| |langs = ]{{·}}] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Shia Islam}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] in West Bengal, built by ] is probably the largest ] of ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] are a large minority among ]'s ]. There has been no particular census conducted in India with regards to sects, but Indian sources claimed the Shia population in mid 2005–2006 was between 25% and 31% of the entire Muslim population of India which accounts them in numbers between 40,000,000<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board|title=Shia women too can initiate divorce| publisher=] |date=November 6, 2006| accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Only-a-few-people-have-right-to-issue-fatwas/articleshow/334751.cms|title='Only a few people have right to issue fatwas'| publisher=] |date=November 6, 2006| accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> to 50,000,000 plus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_talaq-rights-proposed-for-shia-women_1062327 |title=Talaq rights proposed for Shia women| publisher=Daily News and Analysis, www.dnaindia.com |date=5 November 2006| accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> of the 157 million Indian Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://twocircles.net/2009oct08/india_third_global_muslim_population_1_57_bn.html|title= India Third in Global Muslim Population| publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-03}}</ref> However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust, India's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30 million with ]s comprising just a tenth of the Shia population.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.alimaan.org/whyindia.html|title= Why India| publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-03}}</ref> According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world's second-largest after ].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idsa.in/event/india-iranrelations_meenasinghroy_051208 |title= India – Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations| publisher=] | accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090725/edit.htm#4 |title= Obama's Overtures| publisher=] | accessdate=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0360.htm |title= Imperialism and Divide & Rule Policy | publisher=] | accessdate=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ahmadinejad-on-way-nsa-says-india-to-be-impacted-if-iran-wronged-by-others/299498/ |title= Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran ‘wronged by others’ | publisher=] | accessdate=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/india/28070350_1_jundallah-iran-pakistan-india-sistan-balochistan |title= India, Iran to make common cause over terror from Pak| publisher=] | accessdate=2010-07-17|first1=Sachin|last1=Parashar|date=2009-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-01/special-report/28005869_1_india-and-iran-india-iran-south-pars |title= Aspiring powers and a new old friendship| publisher=] | accessdate=2010-07-12|first1=Ramin|last1=Jahanbegloo|date=2009-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/3605950.stm |title= India's Polite Refusal| publisher=BBC NEWS |date=September 2, 2004| accessdate=2010-07-01|first=Vinod|last=Mehta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=166919|title= India Iran Culture| publisher=] |date=April 23, 2008| accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://overseasindian.in/2008/april/news/20082304-090031.shtml|title= Connecting India with its Diaspora| publisher=] |date=April 22, 2008| accessdate=2010-07-01}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
| The ] population was also acclaimed publicly as second largest by the 14th Indian Prime Minister Dr. ] quoted in the year 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/75028/ |title=Iran is the largest Shia Muslim country...| publisher=] |date=July 25, 2005| accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-16/us/27832714_1_iran-press-conference-nuclear-weapons|title= No difference with US on Iran| publisher=] |date=September 16, 2005| accessdate=2010-07-01|first1=Chidanand|last1=Rajghatta}}</ref> One of the lingering problems in estimating the Shia population is that even though the Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. Shiites are estimated to be 21–35 percent of the Muslim population in South Asia, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to the intermingling between the ] and practice of ] (a form of concealment when in minority) by ]s.<ref>Momen, Moojan, ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985, p.277</ref> | |||
| There are many big and small towns and villages with a majority Shiite Muslim population in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Many ]s between 11th to 16th century migrated to the ] to escape the ] in mostly ] ruled ],<ref>"Shias and Shia Islam in India: a study in society and culture", p. 197, by Nadeem Hasnain, Sheikh Abrar Husain</ref> Prominent places in India with majority or considerable Shia Muslim population are ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and others. | |||
| Among the Shias of India, an overwhelming majority belongs to the ] (]) division, while the Shias among the ] and ] communities are ].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/edit-page/27792410_1_shias-islamic-law-sunnis |title= Reform Friendly| publisher=] |date=December 11, 2006| accessdate=2010-07-17|first1=Tahir|last1=Mahmood}}</ref> ]s are primarily based in ], even though the ] theology originated in ]. India is home to the majority ] population most of them concentrated in ] out of over 1 million followers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dawoodibohra.co.uk/|title= Far Reaching Dawoodi Bohras| publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-04}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| As per historical evidences and the genealogy maintained by the ]s who migrated to ] from the ], the history of ] in India traces long back, around 1000 years. According to historical records earliest known Muslim settlers in Awadh region (now a part of state of Uttar Pradesh) were father and son duo Saiyed Salar Dawood Ghazi and Saiyed Saiyed Salar Masud Ghazi.<ref>Shajraat-Taiyabaat the genealogy of Saiyeds of Zaidpur published in 1916</ref> In 422 AH/1030 AD Saiyed Salaar Dawood Ghazi his son Saiyed Salaar Masud Ghazi and nefew Saiyed Salaar Sulaiman established themselves at ] (also known as Sulaimanabad), district Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. In the year 462 AH/1070 AD Saiyed Abdullah Zarbaqsh and Saiyed Zaid Shahsawar viz. the son-in-law and grandson (daughter's son) of Saiyed Salaar Dawood Ghazi established the town ], district Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. The rulers of various dynasties of ] and also in the 11th century the rulers of ] and ] were adherents of ].<ref name="India Resource">{{cite web|url=http://india_resource.tripod.com/Punjab.html | title=Islam in India| publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> The ]<ref>. Bbc.co.uk (2009-09-07). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> | |||
| Shia culture and belief has left its influence all over India with ] ] becoming the revered personality in India not only for the ] but also from non-Muslim communities, especially the Hindus of ] who participate in ceremonies commemorating ]'s martyrdom on the ].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} | |||
| ] writes that before the ], ] and the commander of the enemy forces, ], met at night and talked together for a long time. After that meeting ] sent a letter to the Governor of ], ] in which he wrote that ] has suggested that he go to ‘one of the border outposts’ of the rapidly expanding ] as a way of resolving conflict.<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Mufid| first=Shaykh Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Harithi al-Baghdadi| authorlink=Shaykh al-Mufid| year=1981| page=343 |title=Kitab al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams |location=] |publisher=Ansariyan Publications}}</ref> Other traditions name that border outpost as ] or ]. Even though ] himself was not able to go to ], some of the ] did emigrate there for various reasons, including those who came as refugees from ] and ] persecution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hollister |first=J.N. |year=1988|title=Islam and Shia's Faith in India|publisher=Kanishka|location=Delhi |page=101}}</ref> These refugees brought with them rituals which kept alive the ] and their Shia Identity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Howarth |first=Toby |title=The Twelver Shi'a as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears | |||
| |chapter=From Karbala to India |page=07}}</ref> | |||
| Its narrated by Abd al Razzaq al Muqarram in his work of ] that prior to his martyrdom, ] while asking water for ]'s family from the ]'s army expressed his desire to go either ] or to ]. This made some people weep in the army of Yazid.<ref>{{cite book|last=al Muqarram |first= Abd al Razzaq |title= Maqtal al Husain : Martyrdom epic of Imam al Husain |chapter=Martyrdom of Al Abbas |page=218}}</ref> | |||
| It has been believed that in 7th century few ladies from the household of Prophet ] after ] came to ] province which became a part of ]. One of the prominent of them was ], the daughter of ] through his wife ], ] was the sister of ] and wife of ]. Still her shrine in ], ] of ], is visited by people all around and she is referred as ].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} | |||
| Most of the ] migrated to ] to prosper and obtain high positions in various ] ] and later ]. There were also rebels and nobles who lost royal favour and migrated to Mughal Empire. The Mughals also preferred to employ foreign ] officials that had no local interests and thus were loyal to the Mughal emperor. | |||
| ===Persecution=== | |||
| ] in ] faced persecution by some ] rulers and ] which resulted in the martyrdom of Indian ] scholars like ] (also known as ''Shaheed-e-Thaalis'', the third Martyr) and ] (also known as'' Shaheed-e- Rabay'', the fourth Martyr) who are two of the ].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} | |||
| ] also faced persecution in ] in ] for centuries, by the ] of the region which resulted in ] of many Shias and as a result most of them had to flee the region.<ref name="Kashmir Observer">{{cite web|url= http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4682:shias-of-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas&catid=14:features&Itemid=12|title= Shias of Kashmir – Socio Political Dilemmas| publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref> ] in ] in subsequent years had to pass through the most atrocious period of their history. Plunder, loot and massacres which came to be known as ‘Taarajs’ virtually devastated the community. History records 10 such Taarajs also known as ‘Taraj-e-Shia’ between 15th to 19th century in 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, 1872 during which the Shia habitations were plundered, people slaughtered, libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated.<ref name="Kashmir Observer"/> Such was the reign of terror during this period that the community widely went into the practice of ] in order to preserve their lives and the honor of their womenfolk.<ref name="Kashmir Observer"/> Village after village disappeared, with community members either migrating to safety further north or dissolving in the majority faith. The persecution suffered by ] in Kashmir during the successive foreign rules was not new for the community. Many of the standard bearers of ], like ] or the descendants of the Prophet ] and other missionaries who played a key role in spread of the faith in ], had left their home lands forced by similar situations.<ref name="Kashmir Observer"/> | |||
| In post-Independence ], Shias are free to profess their faith without any restriction, and ] is an observed as a holiday in many parts of the country, however, some degree of persecution remains in ] region of India by the majority Sunni community. In ], ] has been banned by the government. | |||
| ===India's role in battle of Karbala=== | |||
| Nathanvilal Wahshi, a Hindu Writer narrated about the arrival of a helper for ]’s cause on the eight day of ]. ] welcomed him and immediately confirmed his ]n Identity. ] then goes on to praise ] and its people in the following words: | |||
| "The perfumed fragrance entered the realm of love from your country | |||
| The cool breeze came to my grandfather ] from that garden."<ref name="Syed Akbar Hyder page 180">Syed Akbar Hyder. ''Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory ''. Notes, page 180</ref> | |||
| Upon asking more about the guest’s background he finds out that he is an Indian merchant residing in neighboring city of ], his father had been entrusted with the treasury of the war booty by none other than ]. For this reason the merchant holds himself morally responsible for assisting ] in any possible way when the later is in trouble. ] appreciated gesture, but discouraged the merchant from taking up arms in following words: | |||
| "Brother, in my opinion you are the beloved of the world. In this country you are the treasure of ]."<ref name="Syed Akbar Hyder page 180"/> | |||
| ] further narrates the perception of this merchant on the part of Imam as suspicion about ]’s sincerity because of being a ]. | |||
| With tear filled eyes the traveler said: | |||
| ”I am a ], perhaps my fidelity is not convincing Master! Even though this heart is the land of ] Temple, In it is also lit the light of affection”.<ref name="Syed Akbar Hyder page 180"/> | |||
| ] said : What have you said in passion, Why should my eyes doubt your fidelity? My lord is aware of my conscience. What’s the difference between ] and ] is the quest for truth. This has the guiding principle for the ]. ”.<ref>Syed Akbar Hyder. ''Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory ''. Notes, page 181</ref> | |||
| ==Population and circumstances== | |||
| India, the only non-] nation in the world with ] population of 4–5 percent of its entire population, has recognized the ] listed as ] as the ]. India also has the Birthday of ] ] as public Holiday in states of ] and ], whose capital ] is considered as the centre of India’s ] community. The Birthdate of ] is not recognized by any country in any of its states other than ], ] and ] as public Holiday. It is also a known fact that when ] mercilessly quelled a ]. The world media remained silent and damage to the shrines of ] and his half-brother ], in the course of ] attempts to flush out ] rebels was a tightly kept secret of the ] regime but ] ] was the only network in the world to have shown that footage.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/42343/|title= Pieces of Shia Jigsaw| publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-11}}</ref> | |||
| ] Lucknow, built by Nawab Asaf ud Daulah one of the largest ] of ]]] | |||
| ] being a ], ] in ] practice their religion freely without any restriction.<ref name="Thaindian News">{{cite web|url= http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/shias-protest-baton-charge-on-muharram-procession-in-srinagar_100295811.html|title= Shias protest baton charge on Muharram procession in Srinagar| publisher=Thaindian News |accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> However, in ] a Shia Ex - ] ] was reported to be burnt to death by ] mob led by ] leader Meghsingh Chaudhary, in his own residence in the state of ] in 2002 during the ]. The slain ] was Meghsingh Chaudhary mentor during his early years in politics, and Chaudhary may have used the riots as an excuse to exact personal revenge due to a falling out.<ref>http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-custody-for-mentor-s-murder/426607/</ref> | |||
| ===All India Shia Personal Law Board=== | |||
| Shias also claim to be sidelined in India, hence the ] was formed after segregation from the ] in 2005 to address the legal needs of the ] population. ] feels that there should be a national policy for the Shias to prevent their exploitation by vested interests. The attitude of the government towards Muslims especially in ] came in for criticism.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The newly formed All India Shia Personal Law Board had 69 members at the time of formation compared to 204 members in the ].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4235999.stm|title= India's Muslims face up to rifts | publisher=BBC NEWS | date=February 9, 2005| accessdate=2010-06-23|first=Sutapa|last=Mukerjee}}</ref> | |||
| The Shia body had the support of the erstwhile royal family of ], some 2000 descendants of the family claim to have extended their support. Shias claim they have been sidelined by the ]-dominated law board, which was set up in 1972.<ref name="India's Muslims face up to rifts">{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4235999.stm|title= India's Muslims face up to rifts | publisher=BBC NEWS |date=February 9, 2005| accessdate=2010-06-23|first=Sutapa|last=Mukerjee}}</ref> | |||
| Maulana ], president of the breakaway ] explained the reason for segregation saying that, ] have formed a forum of themselves because the ] never took interest in their well being." ] and ] do not interpret family laws in a similar way. ] also have different ] and ] in India."<ref name="India's Muslims face up to rifts"/> | |||
| ===Demographics=== | |||
| India has the second largest Shia population in the world, after ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/3605950.stm|title=Letter: India's polite refusal}}</ref><ref name="PRC">{{cite web |url= http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/#sunni-and-shia-populations |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population |accessdate=2010-08-24 |work=] |publisher= |date=October 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/indias-muslims-arent-all-skeptical-of-modi-and-the-bjp/|title=India’s Muslims Aren’t All Skeptical of Modi and the BJP}}</ref><ref>http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-18/news/62323270_1_shias-prophet-muhammad-two-sects</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Declare-Pakistan-a-terrorist-state-demand-Shia-clerics/articleshow/8156905.cms|title=Declare Pakistan a terrorist state, demand Shia clerics}}</ref> However, some external sources such as the BBC claim that there are close to 40 million Shia's in India<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4235999.stm | work=BBC News | first=Sutapa | last=Mukerjee | title=India's Muslims face up to rifts | date=2005-02-09}}</ref> and the ] figure them between 15 to 20 percent of the Muslim population giving the numbers between 30,000,000 to 40,000,000.<ref name="PewMapping">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy |date=October 2009 | publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-09}}</ref> However, the ] report is not considered authentic by many ]s and also national and International reports after taking into consideration the report released by ] in 1997 which put the estimates of ] population in ] in 1996 over 26,000,000<ref>''1997 Britannica Book of the Year'', 1997, p.781-783</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_598.html |title= 43,941 adherent statistic citations: membership and geography data for 4,300+ religions, churches, tribes, etc.| publisher=] |date=February 1, 2009| accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_shiite.html |title= Top 10 Largest National Shiite Populations| publisher=] |date= July 7, 1999| accessdate=2010-08-08}}</ref> out of entire Indian Muslim population of 103,000,000 in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_islam.html |title= Top 10 Largest National Muslim Populations| publisher=] | accessdate=2010-08-08}}</ref><ref>''Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, DK Publishing, Inc.: New York'', 1997, p.160-161</ref> Shias live in the district of Badgam, Jammu and Kashmir with a majority population, and has been peaceful and has resisted separatism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|title=Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?}}</ref> Shia population is 15 lakhs of Indian state of ] ,which is 14% of entire state population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/signs-of-support-in-kashmir-for-islamic-state-alarm-intel-agencies-652164|title=Signs of Support in Kashmir for Islamic State Alarm Intel Agencies}}</ref> | |||
| == Community == | |||
| There are notable Shia Muslims involved in many prominent Indian affairs, such as Arts, Business, Diplomates, Bureaucracrates, Journalism, Sports, Science, Religion, Literature, Politics, etc. | |||
| ], being 3rd richest Indian, belongs to Shia community. ], the winner of ] award is regarded as one of the most important figures in Indian music. In Politics, majority of Shia Muslims, like other Muslims of India are generally supporters of the ].<ref name="livemint">{{cite news|title=UP Pollas: Multiple Undercurrents|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/03/01232252/UP-Polls-Multiple-undercurren.html|work=Live Mint|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20111224">{{cite news|title=The Muslim as BJP supporter in Gujarat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article1483991.ece?homepage=true|date=February 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="midday_20110719">{{cite news|title=Shia party to align with Sena-BJP|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/jul/190711-Shia-party-Sena-BJP-Gateway-of-India-Muslim-community.htm}}</ref> | |||
| Some Shia organisations in India include:- | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] (College of preachers) | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *]<ref></ref> | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Azadari in India== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{see also|Azadari in Lucknow}} | |||
| ] or the mourning practice of Imam ] is very much prevalent across India.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muharram-observed-peacefully-across-India/articleshow/1408789.cms | title=Muharram observed peacefully across India | publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-21 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=February 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> One thing which is worth noting in Indian ] is the participation of non Muslims in Shia rituals on the ].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Majalis-processions-mark-Yaum-e-Zainab/articleshow/535787.cms | title=Majalis, processions mark Yaum-e-Zainab | publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-21 |date=2004-03-04}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050218/asp/ranchi/story_4391691.asp | title=Peace pact in martyr?s memory – Hindus to set up refreshment stalls for muharram | publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-21 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Tuhin |last=Dutta |date=2005-02-18}}</ref><ref name="DNA (newspaper)">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hindus-walk-on-fire-on-moharram_1077048 | title=Hindus walk on fire on Moharram | publisher = ] |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> | |||
| The ] rulers of ] during the 16th and 17th centuries even donned blackened garments and helped to arrange the Kala Tazia (]) processions. Even the ] of ] and the ]s of ] conducted ] or ].<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/36359828.cms|title= Muharram in India: Indigenous in Spirit | publisher=] |accessdate=2010-07-27|date=2001-04-05}}</ref> In ] ] regularly join Muslims in the ] and ] processions. The ] saints of India along with the ] Scholars encouraged the mixing and merging of indigenous elements from the rich cultural heritage of the land to that of ] thus proclaiming the message of peaceful co-existence among communities and united resistance to tyrannical authority.<ref name="Times of India"/> | |||
| The carrying of ]s through fire by men is more common. There are several occasions when these are traditionally practiced particularly in the town of ] 550 km outside of Hyderabad where 110 Alams are taken through the fire. A significant aspect of firewalking in the context of ] commemorations in ] is the participation of Hindus in the ceremonies. In ] 109 of the Alams are carried by Hindus.<ref>Toby Howarth. '' | |||
| The Twelver Shi'a as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears | |||
| ''. Notes, page 195</ref> | |||
| The ] is banned by the state government of ]. It has imposed illogical restrictions over it . | |||
| ALIPUR a town in karnataka with 20,000 shia population is also famous for Azadari .There are many unique occasions like shabi e karbala will display in maidan e karbala alipur . | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|35em}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *The book "Durr-e-Mansoor dar Halaat-e-Ulama-e-Zangipur" | |||
| *The book "MATLA-e-ANWAR" (By Maulana Murtaza Husain Sadrul-Afazil) | |||
| *The book "KHURSHEED-e-KHAWAR" (By Maulan Saeed Akhtar Gopalpuri) | |||
| *The thesis on "Life of Jawad-ul-Ulama" research work of Dr.Inayet Ali (Aligarh Muslim University) | |||
| *The booklet "Haqnuma" published Jamia-Imania,Banaras | |||
| *The booklet on Life of Mulla Syed Mohammad Tahir ( By Maulana Syed Ahmad Hasan) | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| {{Asia topic|Shia Islam in}} | |||
| {{Religion in India topics}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Shi'a Islam In India}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 13:06, 9 December 2015
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