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In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for ] Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now—or, society knows enough now—that the risk is serious and action should be taken". Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the ] and "'five or six' similar groups".<ref name="CohenJan2007">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16593606/ | title=Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics | work=MSNBC | date=January 12, 2007 | accessdate=May 9, 2007}}</ref> While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by ] does list the five groups "at the heart of the climate change denial industry" it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 similar groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds.<ref name="Greenpeace-climate change">{{cite press release|title=Exxon still funding Climate Change Deniers|publisher=]|date=May 18, 2007|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/exxon-still-funding-climate-ch/|accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref> In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for ] Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now—or, society knows enough now—that the risk is serious and action should be taken". Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the ] and "'five or six' similar groups".<ref name="CohenJan2007">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16593606/ | title=Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics | work=MSNBC | date=January 12, 2007 | accessdate=May 9, 2007}}</ref> While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by ] does list the five groups "at the heart of the climate change denial industry" it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 similar groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds.<ref name="Greenpeace-climate change">{{cite press release|title=Exxon still funding Climate Change Deniers|publisher=]|date=May 18, 2007|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/exxon-still-funding-climate-ch/|accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref>


In May 2008, a week before their annual shareholder's meeting, ExxonMobil pledged in its annual corporate citizenship report that it would cut funding to "several public policy research groups whose position on climate change could divert attention" from the need to address climate change.<ref name=guardian20080528>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/28/climatechange.fossilfuels/ |title=Exxon to cut funding to climate change denial groups |accessdate=December 23, 2008 |newspaper=] |location=London |first=David |last=Adam |date=May 28, 2008}}</ref> But the following year, ExxonMobil was still funding such organizations<ref>{{cite news |accessdate=July 1, 2009 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/01/exxon-mobil-climate-change-sceptics-funding |title=ExxonMobil continuing to fund climate skeptic groups, records show |newspaper=] |location=UK |date=July 1, 2009 | first=David | last=Adam}}</ref> and was named one of the most prominent promoters of climate change misinformation.<ref>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Harkinson |url=http://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial |title=The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial |magazine=] |date=December 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> However, according to Brulle, by that time ExxonMobil had ceased funding the climate change counter-movement.<ref name=frontline20121023>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/environment/climate-of-doubt/robert-brulle-inside-the-climate-change-countermovement/ |title=Robert Brulle: Inside the Climate Change "Countermovement" |publisher=] |work='']'' |date=October 23, 2012 |accessdate=February 21, 2015}}</ref> According to the environmental advocacy group ], ExxonMobil granted $1 million to climate denial groups in 2014.<ref name=gp20150708>{{cite web |title=Exxon Has Been Lying About Climate Change for Much Longer than We Thought |first=Jesse |last=Coleman |date=July 8, 2015 |publisher=] |accessdate=January 26, 2016 |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/exxon-lying-climate-change-much-longer-thought/}}</ref><ref name=csm20150917>{{cite news |newspaper=] |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0917/Exxon-knew-about-climate-change-decades-ago-spent-30M-to-discredit-it |accessdate=January 26, 2016 |title=Exxon knew about climate change decades ago, spent $30M to discredit it |first=Lonnie |last=Shekhtman |date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> ExxonMobil granted $10,000 to the ] founded by climate denial advocate, physicist, and environmental scientist ]<ref name=Harris>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Dan |first2=Felicia |last2=Biberica |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Stuart |first4=Nils |last4=Kongshaug |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=4506059 |title=Global Warming Denier: Fraud or 'Realist'? |agency=] |date=March 23, 2008 |accessdate=January 27, 2016}}</ref> and earlier funded the work of solar physicist ], who said that most global warming is caused by solar variation.<ref name=nyt20150222>{{cite news | author=Justin Gillis |author2=John Schwartz | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/us/ties-to-corporate-cash-for-climate-change-researcher-Wei-Hock-Soon.html |title=Deeper Ties to Corporate Cash for Doubtful Climate Researcher |date=February 21, 2015 |accessdate=2015-02-21 |newspaper=]}}</ref> In May 2008, a week before their annual shareholder's meeting, ExxonMobil pledged in its annual corporate citizenship report that it would cut funding to "several public policy research groups whose position on climate change could divert attention" from the need to address climate change.<ref name=guardian20080528>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/28/climatechange.fossilfuels/ |title=Exxon to cut funding to climate change denial groups |accessdate=December 23, 2008 |newspaper=] |location=London |first=David |last=Adam |date=May 28, 2008}}</ref> In 2008, ExxonMobil funded such organizations<ref>{{cite news |accessdate=July 1, 2009 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/01/exxon-mobil-climate-change-sceptics-funding |title=ExxonMobil continuing to fund climate skeptic groups, records show |newspaper=] |location=UK |date=July 1, 2009 | first=David | last=Adam}}</ref> and was named one of the most prominent promoters of climate change misinformation.<ref>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Harkinson |url=http://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial |title=The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial |magazine=] |date=December 4, 2009 |accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> According to a ''Frontline'' report, ExxonMobil had ceased funding the climate change counter-movement by 2009,<ref name=frontline20121023>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/environment/climate-of-doubt/robert-brulle-inside-the-climate-change-countermovement/ |title=Robert Brulle: Inside the Climate Change "Countermovement" |publisher=] |work='']'' |date=October 23, 2012 |accessdate=February 21, 2015}}</ref> but according to the environmental advocacy group ], ExxonMobil granted $1 million to climate denial groups in 2014.<ref name=gp20150708>{{cite web |title=Exxon Has Been Lying About Climate Change for Much Longer than We Thought |first=Jesse |last=Coleman |date=July 8, 2015 |publisher=] |accessdate=January 26, 2016 |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/exxon-lying-climate-change-much-longer-thought/}}</ref><ref name=csm20150917>{{cite news |newspaper=] |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0917/Exxon-knew-about-climate-change-decades-ago-spent-30M-to-discredit-it |accessdate=January 26, 2016 |title=Exxon knew about climate change decades ago, spent $30M to discredit it |first=Lonnie |last=Shekhtman |date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> ExxonMobil granted $10,000 to the ] founded by climate denial advocate, physicist, and environmental scientist ]<ref name=Harris>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Dan |first2=Felicia |last2=Biberica |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Stuart |first4=Nils |last4=Kongshaug |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=4506059 |title=Global Warming Denier: Fraud or 'Realist'? |agency=] |date=March 23, 2008 |accessdate=January 27, 2016}}</ref> and earlier funded the work of solar physicist ], who said that most global warming is caused by solar variation.<ref name=nyt20150222>{{cite news | author=Justin Gillis |author2=John Schwartz | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/us/ties-to-corporate-cash-for-climate-change-researcher-Wei-Hock-Soon.html |title=Deeper Ties to Corporate Cash for Doubtful Climate Researcher |date=February 21, 2015 |accessdate=2015-02-21 |newspaper=]}}</ref>


== Lobbying in opposition to regulation of greenhouse gas emissions == == Lobbying in opposition to regulation of greenhouse gas emissions ==

Revision as of 14:34, 28 January 2016

The Exxon Mobil climate change controversy describes ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change, including research, lobbying, grassroots lobbying, advertising, and grant making. Some activities were conducted with the purpose of delaying widespread acceptance and action on global warming.

From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach. After the 1980s, Exxon was a leader in climate change denial, opposing regulations to curtail global warming. ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition of businesses opposed to the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2014, ExxonMobil publicly acknowledged climate change risks. It nominally supports a carbon tax.

Early climate change related activities

In 1966, Esso scientist James F. Black was among the co-authors of the two-volume "Weather and Climate Modification Problems and Prospects," published by the National Academies of Science, which said that the rate of build-up of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main contributor to climate change, in the atmosphere corresponded with the rate of production of carbon dioxide by human consumption of fossil fuels. In July 1977, long before global warming was a national issue, Black, then a senior scientist in Exxon's Research & Engineering division, warned company executives, at a meeting of Exxon's Management Committee in Exxon corporate headquarters, of the danger of atmospheric carbon dioxide increases from the burning of fossil fuels. The next year, Black revised and summarized his presentation, and said that independent researchers estimated a doubling of carbon dioxide levels would increase average global temperatures by as much as 2 to 3 degrees Celsius.

From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach, and developed a reputation for expertise in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Exxon launched a research program into climate change and climate modelling. Exxon outfitted their largest supertanker, the Esso Atlantic, with a laboratory and sensors to measure the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans, a critical factor in climate change. In 1981, Exxon shifted its research focus from sampling to climate modelling. Exxon's climate modelling efforts in the 1980s confirmed the emerging scientific consensus on the risks of global warming. Between 1980 and 2015, Exxon and ExxonMobil researchers and academic collaborators published more than 50 peer reviewed papers on climate research and climate policy.

ExxonMobil integrated climate change into its operational planning. In 1981, Exxon's in-house climate experts raised concerns regarding developing the offshore East Natuna gas field (Natuna D-Alpha block) off Indonesia, which is 71% carbon dioxide. In 1984, Exxon's climate modellers reported that if the carbon dioxide in the East Natuna gas field were released to the atmosphere in the course of extracting the field's natural gas, it would become "the world's largest point source emitter of CO2 and raises concern for the possible incremental impact of Natuna on the CO2 greenhouse problem." The position of the Exxon management was that "Natuna could not proceed unless the CO2 was handled in a cost-effective way that did not harm the atmosphere." As of 2016, the East Natuna gas field has yet to be developed due to economic and environmental constraints.

In 1989, Exxon's manager of science and strategy development made a presentation to the board of directors noting the scientific consensus that gases released by burning fossil fuels could raise global temperatures between 2.7 and 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit by the middle of the 21st century, raising sea levels “with generally negative consequences.” In 1992, the senior ice researcher, leading a Calgary-based research team in Exxon’s Canadian subsidiary Imperial Oil, assessed how global warming could affect Exxon’s Arctic operations, and reported that exploration and development costs in the Beaufort Sea might be lower, while higher sea levels and rougher seas could threaten the company’s coastal and offshore infrastructure.

Funding of climate change denial

Toward the end of the 1980s, Exxon curtailed its own climate research and was a leader in climate change denial. Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition of businesses opposed to greenhouse gas emission regulation. Lee Raymond, Exxon and ExxonMobil chief executive officer from 1993 to 2006, was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail global warming.

ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. According to Mother Jones Magazine, the company channeled at least $8,678,450 between the years 2000-2003 to forty different organizations that have employed disinformation campaigns including "skeptic propaganda masquerading as journalism" to influence opinion of the public and of political leaders about global warming. ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, George C. Marshall Institute, Heartland Institute, Congress on Racial Equality, TechCentralStation.com, and International Policy Network. The international network of environmental organizations Friends of the Earth said ExxonMobil and others of granted millions of dollars to think-tanks and lobbyists opposed to the Kyoto Protocol.

Between 1998 and 2004, ExxonMobil granted $16 million to select advocacy organizations which disputed the impact of global warming. Exxon used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the tobacco industry in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, and according to a 2007 analysis by the Union of Concerned Scientists, the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue". Of 2005 grantees of ExxonMobil, 54 were found to have statements regarding climate change on their websites, of which 25 were consistent with the scientific consensus on climate change, while 39 "misrepresented the science of climate change by outright denial of the evidence," according to a 2006 letter from the the Royal Society to ExxonMobil. The Royal Society said ExxonMobil granted $2.9 million to US organizations which "misinformed the public about climate change through their websites." According to Drexel University environmental sociologist Robert Brulle, ExxonMobil contributed about 4% of the total funding of what Brulle identifies as the "climate change counter-movement."

In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for public affairs Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now—or, society knows enough now—that the risk is serious and action should be taken". Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the Competitive Enterprise Institute and "'five or six' similar groups". While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by Greenpeace does list the five groups "at the heart of the climate change denial industry" it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 similar groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds.

In May 2008, a week before their annual shareholder's meeting, ExxonMobil pledged in its annual corporate citizenship report that it would cut funding to "several public policy research groups whose position on climate change could divert attention" from the need to address climate change. In 2008, ExxonMobil funded such organizations and was named one of the most prominent promoters of climate change misinformation. According to a Frontline report, ExxonMobil had ceased funding the climate change counter-movement by 2009, but according to the environmental advocacy group Greenpeace, ExxonMobil granted $1 million to climate denial groups in 2014. ExxonMobil granted $10,000 to the Science & Environmental Policy Project founded by climate denial advocate, physicist, and environmental scientist Fred Singer and earlier funded the work of solar physicist Wei-Hock "Willie" Soon, who said that most global warming is caused by solar variation.

Lobbying in opposition to regulation of greenhouse gas emissions

In February 2001, the early days of the administration of US President George W. Bush, ExxonMobil's head lobbyist in Washington wrote to the White House urging that "Clinton/Gore carry-overs with aggressive agendas" be kept out of "any decisional activities" on the US delegation to the working committees of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, recommending their replacement by scientists highly critical of the prevailing scientific consensus on climate change. Political influence on the IPCC has been documented by the release of a memo by ExxonMobil to the Bush administration, and its effects on the IPCC's leadership. The memo led to strong Bush administration lobbying, evidently at the behest of ExxonMobil, to oust Robert Watson, a climate scientist, from the IPCC chairmanship, and to have him replaced by Pachauri, who was seen at the time as more mild-mannered and industry-friendly.

In 2006, the Royal Society expressed "concerns about ExxonMobil's funding of lobby groups that seek to misrepresent the scientific evidence relating to climate change." Between 2007 and 2015, ExxonMobil gave $1.87 million to Congressional climate change deniers and $454,000 to the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). ExxonMobil denied funding climate denial. ExxonMobil is a member of ALEC's “Enterprise Council“, its corporate leadership board.

Stockholder activism and public acknowledgement of climate change

Beginning in 2004, the descendants of John D. Rockefeller, led mainly by his great-grandchildren, through letters, meetings, and shareholder resolutions, attempted to get ExxonMobil to acknowledge climate change, to abandon climate denial, and to shift towards clean energy. In 2007, ExxonMobil for the first time disclosed to stockholders the financial risks to profitability of climate change.

On February 13, 2007, ExxonMobil CEO Rex W. Tillerson acknowledged that the planet was warming while carbon dioxide levels were increasing, "but in the same speech gave an unalloyed defense of the oil industry and predicted that hydrocarbons would dominate the world’s transportation as energy demand grows by an expected 40 percent by 2030. stated that there is no significant alternative to oil in coming decades, and that ExxonMobil would continue to make petroleum and natural gas its primary products."

In April 2014, ExxonMobil released a report publicly acknowledging climate change risk for the first time. ExxonMobil predicts that a rising global population, increasing living standards and increasing energy access will result in lower greenhouse gas emissions.

ExxonMobil is dismissive of the fossil fuel divestment movement, writing on ExxonMobil's blog in October, 2014 that fossil fuel divestment was "out of step with reality" and that "to not use fossil fuels is tantamount to not using energy at all."

In December 2015, following similar earlier announcements, Exxon noted that if carbon regulations became a requirement, the best approach would be a carbon tax.

State and federal investigations

On October 14, 2015, Ted Lieu and Mark DeSaulnier, Democratic members of The United States House of Representatives from California, wrote to the United States Attorney General requesting an investigation into whether ExxonMobil violated any federal laws by "failing to disclose truthful information" about climate change. On October 30, 2015, more than 40 leading US environmental and social justice organizations wrote to United States Attorney General Loretta Lynch requesting a federal investigation into Exxon Mobil deceiving the American public about the risks of climate change.

The New York Attorney General is investigating whether ExxonMobil misled the public or stock holders regarding the impact of climate change. The Martin Act in New York state law gives the state Attorney General broad powers to investigate financial fraud.

Following published reports, based on internal Exxon documents, suggesting that during the 1980s and 1990s Exxon used climate research in its business planning but simultaneously argued publicly that the science was unsettled, California Attorney General Kamala Harris is investigating whether Exxon Mobil lied to the public or shareholders about the risk to its business from climate change, possible securities fraud, and violations of environmental laws. ExxonMobil denied wrongdoing.

Other climate change related activities

Beginning in 2002, ExxonMobil has invested up to US$100m over a ten-year period to establish the Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University, which "would focus on technologies that could provide energy without adding to a buildup of greenhouse gases".

Selected ExxonMobil climate research collaborations

See also

References

  1. National Academies of Science (1966). Weather and Climate Modification Problems and Prospects.
  2. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a: "Black helped draft a National Academy of Sciences report... Published in 1966, it said the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere "agrees quite well with the rate of its production by man's consumption of fossil fuels."
  3. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a: "By 1977... he made a presentation to the company's leading executives warning that carbon dioxide accumulating in the upper atmosphere would warm the planet and if the CO2 concentration continued to rise, it could harm the environment and humankind."
  4. ^ Breslow, Jason M. (September 16, 2015). "Investigation Finds Exxon Ignored Its Own Early Climate Change Warnings". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  5. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b: "Black... warned Exxon scientists and managers that independent researchers estimated a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would increase average global temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius (4 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit), and as much as 10 degrees Celsius (18 degrees Fahrenheit) at the poles. Rainfall might get heavier in some regions, and other places might turn to desert."
  6. ^ Jerving, Sara; Jennings, Katie; Hirsch, Masako Melissa; Rust, Susanne (October 9, 2015). "What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  7. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a: "From the late 1970s to the mid-80s, Exxon scientists worked at the cutting edge of climate change research... Piercy and O'Loughlin seemed particularly interested in following the emerging climate science... Exxon was building a reputation for expertise on carbon dioxide, prompting government and industry to seek its input on the issue."
  8. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBanerjeeSongHasemyer2015 (help): "Exxon delved into the oceans' role by installing a state-of-the-art lab aboard the Esso Atlantic, one of the biggest supertankers of the time. Exxon planned to gather atmospheric and oceanic CO2 samples"
  9. Song, Lisa; Banerjee, Neela; Hasemyer, David (September 22, 2015). "Exxon Confirmed Global Warming Consensus in 1982 with In-House Climate Models". InsideClimate News. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  10. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBanerjeeSongHasemyer2015 (help)
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  18. Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b: "Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions."
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  28. ^ "Robert Brulle: Inside the Climate Change "Countermovement"". Frontline. PBS. October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
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Bibliography

External links

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