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Revision as of 01:08, 2 July 2016 editSławomir Biały (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers12,807 edits Source does not refer to antimicrobial properties of copper in the generic sense. This was the "POV check" issue mentioned in the citation template.← Previous edit Revision as of 01:14, 2 July 2016 edit undoWidefox (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, IP block exemptions, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers106,918 edits Reverted to revision 727899152 by Widefox (talk): Edit warring to get them as refs will not help - one is not - see talk. (TW)Next edit →
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{{expert needed|1=Chemistry|date=July 2016}} {{expert needed|1=Chemistry|date=July 2016}}
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==Product== ==Product==
The KDF 55 and KDF 85 products are granules of the ] with 45% ] and 55% ], and 15%:85% proportions respectively.<ref name="Materials Handbook">{{cite book|author1=Brady, George S.|author2=Clauser, Henry R.|author3=Vaccari, John A.|title=Materials Handbook: An encyclopedia for Managers, Technical Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians and Supervisors|date=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-0071360760|page=17|edition=15|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kdfft.com/products.htm|title=KDF 55 and 85 Process Media for Water Treatment|publisher=KDF Fluid Treatment, Inc.|accessdate=2016-06-30}}</ref> KDF media can remove chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metals, iron, and can reduce other inorganic contaminants.<ref name="Fourness">{{citation|url=https://dspace.library.colostate.edu/bitstream/handle/10217/167002/Fourness_colostate_0053N_12968.pdf?sequence=1|title=Evaluation of decentralized alternatives for separate treatment and supply of indoor water: Fort Collins case study|year=2015|author=Daniel Fourness|publisher=Colorado State University, Master of Science Thesis}}{{rs|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name="biofilms">{{citation|title=The role of manufacturers in reducing biofilms in dental chair waterlines|author1=D.C. Coleman|author2=M.J. O’Donnell|author3=A.C. Shore|author4=J. Swan|author5=R.J. Russell|journal=]|year=2007|pages=701-711|volume=35}}</ref> The KDF filter media also inhibits the growth of algae, fungi, and bacteria.<ref name="biofilms"/><ref>{{citation|title=A centralised, automated dental hospital water quality and biofilm management system using neutral Ecasol maintains dental unit waterline output at better than potable quality: A 2-year longitudinal study|journal=]|year=2009|pages=748-762|volume=37|author1=M.J.O’Donnell|author2=M.Boyle|author3=J.Swan|author4=R.J.Russell|author5=D.C.Coleman|doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.001}}</ref> For this reason, the effectiveness of ] filters can be increased by combining them with KDF.<ref name="Adeyeye2014">{{cite book|author=Kemi Adeyeye|title=Water Efficiency in Buildings: Theory and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNTnAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA156|date=3 March 2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-118-45657-6|pages=196}}</ref> The KDF 55 and KDF 85 products are granules of the ] with 45% ] and 55% ], and 15%:85% proportions respectively.<ref name="Materials Handbook">{{cite book|author1=Brady, George S.|author2=Clauser, Henry R.|author3=Vaccari, John A.|title=Materials Handbook: An encyclopedia for Managers, Technical Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians and Supervisors|date=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-0071360760|page=17|edition=15|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kdfft.com/products.htm|title=KDF 55 and 85 Process Media for Water Treatment|publisher=KDF Fluid Treatment, Inc.|accessdate=2016-06-30}}</ref> KDF media can remove chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metals, iron, and can reduce other inorganic contaminants.<ref group="el" name="Fourness">{{citation|url=https://dspace.library.colostate.edu/bitstream/handle/10217/167002/Fourness_colostate_0053N_12968.pdf?sequence=1|title=Evaluation of decentralized alternatives for separate treatment and supply of indoor water: Fort Collins case study|year=2015|author=Daniel Fourness|publisher=Colorado State University, Master of Science Thesis}}{{rs|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name="biofilms">{{citation|title=The role of manufacturers in reducing biofilms in dental chair waterlines|author1=D.C. Coleman|author2=M.J. O’Donnell|author3=A.C. Shore|author4=J. Swan|author5=R.J. Russell|journal=]|year=2007|pages=701-711|volume=35}}</ref> The KDF filter media also inhibits the growth of algae, fungi, and bacteria, in part due to the ] and its alloys.<ref name="biofilms"/><ref>{{citation|title=A centralised, automated dental hospital water quality and biofilm management system using neutral Ecasol maintains dental unit waterline output at better than potable quality: A 2-year longitudinal study|journal=]|year=2009|pages=748-762|volume=37|author1=M.J.O’Donnell|author2=M.Boyle|author3=J.Swan|author4=R.J.Russell|author5=D.C.Coleman|doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.001}}</ref> For this reason, the effectiveness of ] filters can be increased by combining them with KDF.<ref name="Adeyeye2014">{{cite book|author=Kemi Adeyeye|title=Water Efficiency in Buildings: Theory and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNTnAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA156|date=3 March 2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-118-45657-6|pages=196}}</ref>


==Mechanism of filtration== ==Mechanism of filtration==
In the KDF system, zinc acts as an ] and copper as a ] in an ]. Ionic contaminants are removed by electron exchange (a ]), in which they become bonded to the surfaces of the media.<ref name="Fourness"/><ref name="biofilms"/> This redox reaction generates an ] of about 300mV, which is believed to be partly responsible for the antimicrobial effect.<ref name="biofilms"/> In the KDF system, zinc acts as an ] and copper as a ] in an ]. Ionic contaminants are removed by electron exchange (a ]), in which they become bonded to the surfaces of the media.<ref group="el" name="Fourness"/><ref name="biofilms"/> This redox reaction generates an ] of about 300mV, which is believed to be partly responsible for the antimicrobial effect.<ref name="biofilms"/>


==Applications and advantages== ==Applications and advantages==
According to a product description by water filtration manufacturer Lenntech, KDF media are used in municipal, commercial, and industrial process water treatment.<ref name="lenntech">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenntech.com/kdf-filter-media.htm|title=KDF Process Media|year=2016|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20151215060700/http://www.lenntech.com/kdf-filter-media.htm|publisher=Lenntech|archive-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> They are also used in medical and dental water treatment.<ref name="lenntech"/><ref name="biofilms"/><ref name="hospitals"/> According to the product information of a KDF system produced by Hyundai Wacortec, they are often used in showers because they remain effective at high temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyundaiwater.com/g4/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=PRODUCT04_12_10&wr_id=12|title=KDF filter|publisher=Hyundai Wacortec|year=2003|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> According to a product description by water filtration manufacturer Lenntech, KDF media are used in municipal, commercial, and industrial process water treatment.<ref group="el" name="lenntech">{{cite web|url=http://www.lenntech.com/kdf-filter-media.htm|title=KDF Process Media|year=2016|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20151215060700/http://www.lenntech.com/kdf-filter-media.htm|publisher=Lenntech|archive-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> They are also used in medical and dental water treatment.<ref group="el" name="lenntech"/><ref name="biofilms"/><ref name="hospitals"/> According to the product information of a KDF system produced by Hyundai Wacortec, they are often used in showers because they remain effective at high temperatures.<ref group="el">{{cite web|url=http://hyundaiwater.com/g4/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=PRODUCT04_12_10&wr_id=12|title=KDF filter|publisher=Hyundai Wacortec|year=2003|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>


==Concerns and disadvantages== ==Concerns and disadvantages==
According to a report of New Zealand's ], KDF systems are widely available in New Zealand for household water filtration, but are largely unregulated, and release zinc and copper ions in the process of filtration. This may lead to additional copper and zinc contamination in household water.<ref>{{citation|title=Up the Pipe: A literature review of the leaching of copper and zinc from household plumbing systems|url=http://www.cawthron.org.nz/media_new/publications/pdf/2015_08/Up_the_Pipe_-_A_literature_review_of_the_leaching_of_copper_and_zinc_from_household_plumbing_systems_FINAL.pdf|author1=Robina Ang|year=2012|publisher=]}}</ref> According to a report of New Zealand's ], KDF systems are widely available in New Zealand for household water filtration, but are largely unregulated, and release zinc and copper ions in the process of filtration. This may lead to additional copper and zinc contamination in household water.<ref>{{citation|title=Up the Pipe: A literature review of the leaching of copper and zinc from household plumbing systems|url=http://www.cawthron.org.nz/media_new/publications/pdf/2015_08/Up_the_Pipe_-_A_literature_review_of_the_leaching_of_copper_and_zinc_from_household_plumbing_systems_FINAL.pdf|author1=Robina Ang|year=2012|publisher=]}}</ref>


KDF filters do not remove organic chemicals, such as pesticides and disinfection byproducts, nor are they effective against ] such as ] or ].<ref name="lenntech"/> Another disadvantage of KDF filters is that they must be periodically backwashed with hot water to clean them, making them both water and energy inefficient. Moreover, the dislodged pollutants can contaminate the water after the washing process.<ref name="lenntech"/> KDF filters do not remove organic chemicals, such as pesticides and disinfection byproducts, nor are they effective against ] such as ] or ].<ref group="el" name="lenntech"/> Another disadvantage of KDF filters is that they must be periodically backwashed with hot water to clean them, making them both water and energy inefficient. Moreover, the dislodged pollutants can contaminate the water after the washing process.<ref group="el" name="lenntech"/>


==See also== ==See also==
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==External links==
{{reflist|group=el}}


] ]

Revision as of 01:14, 2 July 2016

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Find sources: "Copper zinc water filtration" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR%5B%5BWikipedia%3AArticles+for+deletion%2FKinetic+degradation+fluxion+media%5D%5DAFD

KDF or Kinetic Degradation Fluxion is a high-purity brass water filtration media product. It was developed in 1984 and patented by Don Heskett in 1987.

Product

The KDF 55 and KDF 85 products are granules of the alloy with 45% zinc and 55% copper, and 15%:85% proportions respectively. KDF media can remove chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metals, iron, and can reduce other inorganic contaminants. The KDF filter media also inhibits the growth of algae, fungi, and bacteria, in part due to the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys. For this reason, the effectiveness of activated carbon filters can be increased by combining them with KDF.

Mechanism of filtration

In the KDF system, zinc acts as an anode and copper as a cathode in an electrolytic cell. Ionic contaminants are removed by electron exchange (a redox reaction), in which they become bonded to the surfaces of the media. This redox reaction generates an electric potential of about 300mV, which is believed to be partly responsible for the antimicrobial effect.

Applications and advantages

According to a product description by water filtration manufacturer Lenntech, KDF media are used in municipal, commercial, and industrial process water treatment. They are also used in medical and dental water treatment. According to the product information of a KDF system produced by Hyundai Wacortec, they are often used in showers because they remain effective at high temperatures.

Concerns and disadvantages

According to a report of New Zealand's Cawthron Institute, KDF systems are widely available in New Zealand for household water filtration, but are largely unregulated, and release zinc and copper ions in the process of filtration. This may lead to additional copper and zinc contamination in household water.

KDF filters do not remove organic chemicals, such as pesticides and disinfection byproducts, nor are they effective against parasitic cysts such as giardia or cryptosporidium. Another disadvantage of KDF filters is that they must be periodically backwashed with hot water to clean them, making them both water and energy inefficient. Moreover, the dislodged pollutants can contaminate the water after the washing process.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jimmy Walker (2014). Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare. Woodhead Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 978-0857096579.
  2. Karl Weber (2012). Last Call at the Oasis: The Global Water Crisis and Where We Go from Here. PublicAffairs. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-61039-144-3.
  3. In Business, Volumes 13-14. JG Press. 1991. p. 16. In 1987, Haskett had patented a new fluid treatment technology that utilizes a copper-zinc alloy called KDF (Kinetic Degradation Fluxation) to remove chlorine, heavy metals and other inorganic contaminants...
  4. Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. (2002). Materials Handbook: An encyclopedia for Managers, Technical Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians and Supervisors (15 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 17. ISBN 978-0071360760. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. "KDF 55 and 85 Process Media for Water Treatment". KDF Fluid Treatment, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  6. ^ D.C. Coleman; M.J. O’Donnell; A.C. Shore; J. Swan; R.J. Russell (2007), "The role of manufacturers in reducing biofilms in dental chair waterlines", Journal of Dentistry, 35: 701–711
  7. M.J.O’Donnell; M.Boyle; J.Swan; R.J.Russell; D.C.Coleman (2009), "A centralised, automated dental hospital water quality and biofilm management system using neutral Ecasol maintains dental unit waterline output at better than potable quality: A 2-year longitudinal study", Journal of Dentistry, 37: 748–762, doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.001
  8. Kemi Adeyeye (3 March 2014). Water Efficiency in Buildings: Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-118-45657-6.
  9. Robina Ang (2012), Up the Pipe: A literature review of the leaching of copper and zinc from household plumbing systems (PDF), Cawthron Institute

Further reading

  • Method of treating fluids {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |description=, |inventor2-first=, |inventorlink2=, |inventor2-last=, and |inventorlink= (help); Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |issue-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)

External links

  1. ^ Daniel Fourness (2015), Evaluation of decentralized alternatives for separate treatment and supply of indoor water: Fort Collins case study (PDF), Colorado State University, Master of Science Thesis
  2. ^ "KDF Process Media". Lenntech. 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2015.
  3. "KDF filter". Hyundai Wacortec. 2003. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
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