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War on Terrorism
Two soldiers, one South Korean and the other American, provide security during a mission near Kabul, Afghanistan.
Date October 7, 2001 - (conflict still ongoing) Location Afghanistan, Iraq, Philippines, Pakistan more... Result Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
United States United Kingdom Pakistan Canada Israel South Korea Australia Italy Denmark Germany Norway Philippines Jordan Saudi Arabia New Iraqi Army NATO and others some of these forces may be allies	File:IEA-flag.png Taliban Ba'athist Iraq Ba'ath Loyalists File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg Hezbollah File:Flag of jihad.svg al-Qaeda Waziristan tribesmen Iraqi insurgency Jemaah Islamiyah, Abu Sayyaf some of these forces may be allies
Casualties and losses
Total Military Dead: 8,802	Total Military Dead/Jailed: 75,201 - 103,664
Civilian Deaths:

The War on Terrorism or War on Terror (also the "Global War on Terrorism" or "GWOT" ) is a campaign by the United States, enlisting the support of NATO members and other allies, with the stated goal of ending international terrorism by preventing those groups said to be terrorist in nature from posing a threat, and by putting an end to state sponsorship of terrorism. This campaign was launched by the United States following the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. by al-Qaeda. In addition to governmental actions in the War on Terrorism, several private organizations have played a role in gathering intelligence and supporting the effort.

Overview

Terrorist organizations had carried out attacks on the United States and allies throughout the latter part of the 20th century, prompting occasional responses. Following the 1998 embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, United States President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets associated with Al-Qaeda. Later, the USS Cole bombing in 2000 occurred, followed by the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. The scope of the attack was far larger than previous attacks, and created an immediate demand for a response against those responsible throughout the United States.

Historical usage of phrase

The phrase "War on Terrorism" was first widely used by the Western press to refer to the attempts by Russian and European governments, and eventually the U.S. government, to stop attacks by anarchists against international political leaders. (See, for example, New York Times, April 2 1881). Many of the anarchists described themselves as "terrorists", and the term had a positive valence for them at the time. When Russian Marxist Vera Zasulich shot and wounded a Russian police commander who was known to torture suspects on 24 January 1878, for example, she threw down her weapon without killing him, announcing, "I am a terrorist, not a killer" .

The next time the phrase gained currency was when it was used to describe the efforts by the British colonial government to end a spate of Jewish attacks in the British Mandate of Palestine in the late 1940s. The British proclaimed a "War on Terrorism" and attempted to crack down on Irgun, Lehi, and anyone perceived to be cooperating with them. The Jewish attacks, Arab attacks and revolts, and the subsequent British crackdown hastened the British evacuation from Palestine. The phrase was also used frequently by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. .

Operative definition in U.S. foreign policy

The United States has defined terrorism under the Federal Criminal Code. Chapter 113B of Part I of Title 18 of the United States Code defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with terrorism. In Section 2331 of Chapter 113b, terrorism is defined as:

"..activities that involve violent... <or life-threatening acts>... that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and... appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and ...<if domestic>...(C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States...<if international>...(C) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States..."

With respect to defining his policy known as the War on Terror, President Bush has stated that:

"...today's war on terror is like the Cold War. It is an ideological struggle with an enemy that despises freedom and pursues totalitarian aims....I vowed then that I would use all assets of our power to win the war on terror. And so I said we were going to stay on the offense two ways: one, hunt down the enemy and bring them to justice, and take threats seriously; and two, spread freedom" .

Objective and strategies

The United States has based its counterterrorist strategy on several steps :

1. Defeat terrorists and their organizations.
   1. Identify terrorists and terrorist organizations.
   2. Locate terrorists and their organizations.
   3. Destroy terrorists and their organizations.
2. Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists.
   1. End the state sponsorship of terrorism.
   2. Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism.
   3. Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism.

      Working with willing and able states.

      Enabling weak states.

      Persuading reluctant states.

      Compelling unwilling states.

   4. Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists.
   5. Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens.
3. Diminishing the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit.
   1. Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism.
   2. Win the war of ideals.
4. Defend U.S. citizens and interests at home and abroad.
   1. Implement the Nation Strategy for Homeland Security
   2. Attain domain awareness
   3. Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad.
   4. Integrate measures to protect U.S. citizens abroad.
   5. Ensure an integrated incident management capability.

Campaigns and theatres of operations

The "War on Terrorism" is being pursued in the following theaters of operation:

• Africa - Djibouti (OEF-HOA), Ethiopia (OEF-HOA), Eritrea (OEF-HOA), Kenya (OEF-HOA), Somalia (OEF-HOA), Sudan (OEF-HOA), and Tanzania (OEF-HOA)
• Middle East - Iraq (OIF), Lebanon (OCD)
• South Asia - Afghanistan (OEF-A) and Pakistan (Waziristan War)
• Southeast Asia - Philippines (OEF-P), Thailand and Indonesia

Africa

This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom, titled OEF-HOA, was initiated in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities.

In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in Djibouti at Camp Le Monier. It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Coalition Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force members consist of ships from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and areas of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali .

Middle East

Iraq War

Iraq had been listed as a State Sponsor of Terror by the United States since 1990, and maintained poor relations with the United States since the Gulf War. Tensions were high throughout the 1990's, with the United States launching Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections. After the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government claimed that Iraq was a threat to the United States because Iraq could begin to use its alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction to aid terrorist groups. Iraq had no role in the September 11 attacks and had no known history of a significant working relationship with Al Qaida. The George W. Bush administration called for the UNSC to send weapons inspectors to Iraq to find and destroy alleged weapons of mass destruction and for a UNSC resolution. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 was passed unanimously, which offered Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" or face "serious consequences." Resolution 1441 did not authorize the use of force by member states, thus Resolution 1441 had no effect on the UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force by member states against fellow member states. Saddam Hussein subsequently allowed UN inspectors to access Iraqi sites, while the U.S. government continued to assert that Iraq was being obstructionist. In October 2002, the United States Congress authorized the president to use force if necessary to disarm Iraq in order to "prosecute the war on terrorism." After failing to overcome opposition from France, Russia, and China against a UNSC resolution that would sanction the use of force against Iraq, and before the UN weapons inspectors had completed their inspections, the United States assembled a "Coalition of the Willing" composed of nations who pledged support for a war against Iraq. On March 20th, 2003, the invasion of Iraq was launched in what the Bush Administration said were the "serious consequences" spoken of in UNSC Resolution 1441.

Saddam Hussein's regime was quickly toppled and on May 1, 2003, George W. Bush stated major combat operations in Iraq had ended and claimed victory in Iraq. But the war continued on as an insurgency against the U.S.-led coalition forces and the Iraqi police units and governing structures they installed. Elements of the insurgency are led by Sunni loyalists, who are Iraqi nationalists and pan-arabists. Some insurgency leaders are strict Muslims and see themselves as fighting a religious war to liberate Iraq of foreign non-Muslim occupiers and their Iraqi collaborators. Nearly 3,000 soldiers from the coalition have been killed, with an estimated 67,000 Insurgents killed or detained.

Lebanon

In July 2006, following the killing of three Israeli soldiers and the kidnapping of two more by Hezbollah, Israel invaded southern Lebanon, intent on the destruction of Hezbollah. The conflict lasted over a month and caused the deaths of between 845 and 1300 Lebanese (most of whom were civilians) and 163 Israelis (119 military and 44 civilian) and wounding thousands more Israelis and Lebanese. Both the Lebanese government (including Hezbollah) and the Israeli government have agreed to the terms of the ceasefire agreement created by the United Nations that began at 0500 on August 14, 2006. Prior to the declaration of the ceasefire, the US government stated the conflict was a front in the "War on Terrorism" and President Bush reiterated it in a speech the day the ceasefire came into effect.

Please note that only the United States of America and Israel consider Hezbollah as, in contrast with the European Union, The Russian Federation, China and Japan, a terroristic organization.

Saudi Arabia

South Asia

Afghanistan

In October 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, the U.S and NATO members invaded the country of Afghanistan to remove al-Qaeda forces and punish the Taliban regime which had taken over the country. On September 20, 2001 George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban regime to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country. The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the September 11th attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such trial in an Islamic Court . As the invasion became more immenent the Taliban government offered to extradite bin Laden to a neutral nation. This offer was seen by Bush as insincere. On October 7, 2001 the official invasion began with British and American forces conducting aerial bombing campaigns .

Pakistan

The Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint US and Pakistan raids during the week of March 23, 2002. During the raid the suspect was shot three times while trying to escape capture by military personnel. Zubaydah is said to be a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. Later that year on September 14, 2002, Ramzi Binalshibh was arrested in Pakistan after a three-hour gunfight with police forces. Binalshibh is known to have shared a room with Mohammad Atta in Hamburg, Germany and to be a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations. It is said Binalshibh was supposed to be another hijacker, however the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services rejected his visa application three times, leaving him to the role of financier. The trail of money transffered by Binalshibh from Germany to the United States links both Mohammad Atta and Zacarias Moussaoui.

On March 1, 2003, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed was arrested during CIA-led raids on the suburb of Rawalpindi, nine miles outside of the Pakistani capital of Islamabad. Mohammed at the time of his capture was the third highest ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the September 11th attacks. Escaping capture the week before during a previous raid, the Pakistani government was able to use information gathered from other suspects captured to locate and detain Mohammed. Mohammed was indicted in 1996 by the United States government for links to the Oplan Bojinka, a plot to bomb a series of U.S. civilian airliners. Other events Mohammed has been linked to include: ordering the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, the USS Cole bombing, Richard Reid's attempt to blow up a civilian airliner with a shoe bomb, and the terrorist attack at the El Ghriba synagogue in Djerba, Tunisia. Khalid Shaikh Mohammed has described himself as the head of the al-Qaeda military committee.

Waziristan

In 2004 the Pakistani Army launched a campaign in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan's Waziristan region. The goal of the conflict is to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the region. After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army has captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing, Oplan Bojinka plot and the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. The Taliban resistance still operates in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas under the control of Haji Omar .

Southeast Asia

Indonesia

In 2002 and again in 2005, the Indonesian island of Bali has been struck by suicide and car bombings that killed over 200 people and injured over 300. The 2002 attack consisted of a bomb hidden in a backpack exploding inside of "Padds's Bar", a remote controlled car bomb exploding in front of the "Sari Club" and a third explosion in front of the American consulate in Bali. The 2005 attack consisted of 2 suicide bombings, the first near a food court in Jimbaran, the second in the main square of Kuta. The group Jemaah Islamiyah is suspected by Indonesian authorities of carrying out both attacks.

On September 9, 2004 a car bomb exploded outside of the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing 10 Indonesians and injuring over 140 others; despite conflicting initial reports there were no Australian casualties. Foreign Minister Alexander Downer reported that a mobile phone text message was sent to Indonesian authorities before the bombing warning of attacks if Abu Bakar Bashir was not released from prison. Abu Bakar Ba'asyir was imprisoned on charged of treason for his support of the 2002 and 2005 Bali bombings. Currently Jemaah Islamiyah is suspected of carrying out the attacks and Noordin Mohammed Top is a prime suspect. Top is a bomb maker and explosions expert for Jemaah Islamiyah.

Philippines

In January 2002 the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorism. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. The United States military has reported that they have removed over 80% of the Abu Sayyaf Group members from the region. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan to prevent the ability for members of the terrorist groups to reestablish themselves.

International support

On September 12, 2001, less than 24 hours after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries.

In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On November 22, 2002, the member states of the EAPC decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism which explicitly states that "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism" . NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.

The invasion of Afghanistan is seen as the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghani Northern Alliance. Since the initial invasion period, these forces have been augmented by troops from Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway. It was announced on January 27 2006 in the British Parliament that a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) would be replacing the U.S troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The British 16th Air Assault Brigade would be the core of the force in Southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The force will consist of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia . Canada also supported coalition efforts in Operation Archer, Operation Apollo, Operation Altair, and Operation Athena as part of the ongoing support for Operation Enduring Freedom . The Canadian government however, does not recognize Iraq as part of the informal network of support for the attacks of 9/11 and as such, has declined to send Forces to that theatre of operations, although scores of them are on assignment to US Forces - mostly assisting in AWACS operations.

Support for the United States cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighbouring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan is also currently engaged in the Waziristan War. Supported by US intelligence, Pakistan is attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.

U.S. domestic initiatives

A $40 billion emergency spending bill was quickly passed by the United States Congress, and an additional $20 billion bail-out of the airline industry was also passed.

Investigations have been started through many branches of many governments, pursuing tens of thousands of tips. Thousands of people have been detained, arrested, or questioned. Many of those targeted by the Bush administration have been secretly detained, and have been denied access to an attorney. Among those secretly detained are U.S. citizens.

The Justice Department launched a Special Registration procedure for certain male non-citizens in the U.S., requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Several laws were passed to increase the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States, notably the USA Patriot Act. Many civil liberties groups have alleged that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. No official legal challenges have been started as of 2004, but governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

In a speech on June 9, 2005, Bush claimed that the "Patriot Act" had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted. Meanwhile the American Civil Liberties Union quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act. The ACLU also maintains that many others do not know they have been subjected to a search because the law requires that searches be kept secret.

The Bush administration began an unprecedented and sweeping initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Information Awareness Office, designed to collect, index, and consolidate all available information on everyone in a central repository for perusal by the United States government.

Various government bureaucracies which handled security and military functions were reorganized. Most notably, the Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate "homeland security" efforts in the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense. There was a proposal to create an Office of Strategic Influence for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts, but it was cancelled due to negative reactions. For the first time ever, the Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government) to create a shadow government to ensure the executive branch of the U.S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances.

Military decorations

Since 2002, the United States military, has created several new military awards and decorations related to the "War on Terrorism" including:

• "Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal"
• "Afghanistan Campaign Medal"
• "Iraq Campaign Medal"
• "Global War on Terrorism Service Medal"

The US Department of Transportation created two awards related to the "War on Terrorism" which are authorized to be worn on U.S. military uniforms:

• "9-11 Medal"
• "9-11 Ribbon"

NATO has also created military decorations related to the "War on Terrorism":

• Article 5 NATO Medal
• Non-Article 5 ISAF NATO Medal

Criticisms of the "War on Terrorism"

Civilian deaths caused by United States and Coalition military action have been criticized. Estimates of civilian deaths vary greatly. Within Iraq, these estimates are between 4,000 to 98,000. The United States Department of Defense does not record the deaths of non-Coalition persons, a so-called "body count." Estimates prominently cited have come from IraqBodyCount, a database of deaths reported on the mass media; the Iraqi Ministry of Health; and the independent United States report "Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq" in The Lancet. In any estimate, non-Coalition civilian deaths exceed those of the United States in the attacks of 11 September 2001 from which the "war on terrorism" began.

U.S. President George W. Bush articulated the goals of the "War on Terrorism" in a September 20, 2001 speech, in which he said it "will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated". To critics, such goals create a state of perpetual war, and have argued that groups that are labeled terrorist organizations could continue to arise indefinitely .

Being that "terrorism" is a tactic rather than a country or entity, some have criticized the name "War on Terrorism", by arguing you cannot have a war against a tactic, you can only have a war with a country or an entity (like against Germany in World War Two or a state within a state like Al Qaeda after 9/11). In addition, since "terrorism" is difficult to define (for example, the United Nations still has not reached consensus on a definition of "terrorism") a "War Against Terrorism" has no tangible meaning. Further, this criticism that the title is a misnomer is linked to the argument that "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter."

Others have criticised the War on Terrorism as counterproductive. British Liberal Democrat politician Shirley Williams writes that the American and United Kingdom governments "must stop to think whether it is sowing the kind of resentment which is the seedbed of future terrorism." The United Kingdom ambassador to Italy, Ivor Roberts, said that U.S. President Bush is "the best recruiting sergeant ever for al Qaeda."

Further reading

• Brian Michael Jenkins, Unconquerable Nation, RAND Corporation, Fall 2006, ISBN 0-8330-3893-1 and 0833038915
• Igmade(Stephan Trüby et al, eds.), 5 Codes: Architecture, Paranoia and Risk in Times of Terror, Birkhäuser; 2006, ISBN 3-7643-7598-1
• Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror, Free Press; 2004, ISBN 0-7432-6024-4
• Michael Scheuer, Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror, ISBN 1-57488-849-8
• FROM 'COLD WAR' TO 'FULL-SPECTRUM DOMINANCE', on the MagMa Report
• Michelle Malkin, In Defense Of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on terror, September, 2004, National Book Network, hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0-89526-051-4
• Steven Emerson (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Free Press; 2003 paperback edition, ISBN 0-7432-3435-9
• Lyal S. Sunga, (2002) US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) 242-264, ISBN 981-4022-24-1
• Marina Ottoway, et al., Democratic Mirage in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20 2002). Internet, available online at: www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html
• Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, Think Again: Middle East Democracy,Foreign Policy (Nov./Dec. 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2705&print=1
• Chris Zambelis, The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East, Parameters, (Autumn 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05autumn/zambelis.htm
• Adnan M. Hayajneh, The U.S. Strategy: Democracy and Internal Stability in the Arab World,Alternatives (Volume 3, No. 2 & 3, Summer/Fall 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume3/number2/adnan.htm
• Gary Gambill, Jumpstarting Arab Reform: The Bush Administration's Greater Middle East Initiative, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (Vol. 6, No. 6-7, June/July 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.meib.org/articles/0407_me2.htm
• Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East, (November 6 2003). Internet, available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html
• Robert Blecher, Free People Will Set the Course of History: Intellectuals, Democracy and American Empire, Middle East Report (March 2003). Internet, available online at: http://www.merip.org/mero/interventions/blecher_interv.html
• Robert Fisk, What Does Democracy Really Mean In The Middle East? Whatever The West Decides, The London Independent (August 8 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article9888.htm
• Fawaz Gergez, Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream?,Yale Global Online (April 25 2005). Internet, available online at: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5622
• Donald Rumsfeld, Bureaucracy to Battlefield Speech, (September 10 2001) Internet, available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html
• Leon Hadar, The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat, (August 27 1992) Internet, available online at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-177.html
• George W. Bush, A Period of Consequences, (September 23 1999) Internet, available online at: http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/news99/92399_defense.htm
• George W. Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism, (November 19 1999) Internet, available online at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm
• Nicholas Lemann, Dreaming About War, (July 16 2001) The New Yorker, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0107lemann.html
• James Der Derian, The Illusion of a Grand Strategy, (May 25 2001) The New York Times, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0105DerDerian1.html
• Paul Wolfowitz, Briefing on the Defense Planning Guidance, (August 16 2001), Internet, available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/010816Wolfowitz.html
• Henry Shelton, Change, Troops and Transformation, (August 28 2001), Internet, available online at: http://www.hqusareur.army.mil/htmlinks/Press_Releases/2001/Aug/20010828-1.htm
• Project for the New American Century, Rebuilding America's Defenses, (September 2000), Internet, available online at: http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf
• Foreign Policy in Focus, The Bush Administration's Strategic Defense Review, (May 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.fpif.org/presentations/0105briefingbook/index_body.html
• Col. Daniel Smith and others, Reforging the Sword: Forces for the 21st Century Security Strategy, Center for Defense Information, (September 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.cdi.org/mrp/reforging-full.pdf
• BBC News, Stumbling towards Pentagon reform: Ambitious agenda, (August 16 2001), Internet, online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1495340.stm
• Philip Gold, Savaging Donald Rumsfeld, The Washington Times, (August 28 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=Defense&id=1045
• Condoleezza Rice, Life after the Cold War, Council on Foreign Relations, (September 2000), Internet, online at: web.archive.org
• Ashton Carter and William Perry, Preventive Defense, A New Security Strategy for America, Brooking Institution, (1999), Internet, online at: http://brookings.nap.edu/books/081571307X/html/R1.html
• Steven Metz, Asymmetry and U.S. Military Strategy: Definition, Background, and Strategic Concepts, US Army War College, (January 2001), Internet, online at: web.archive.org
• Kenneth McKenzie, The Revenge of the Melians: Asymmetric Threats and the next QDR, National Defense University, (November 2000), Internet, online at: http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair62/m62cvr.html
• L. Ali Khan, A Theory of International Terrorism (2006) & The Essentialist Terrorist (2006)

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17. "Bush's remarks after U.N. passes iraq resolution". CNN. 11.08.02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq". White House. 2002-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. "Bush:Join 'coalition of willing'". CNN. 11.20.02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
20. "British House of Commons Research Paper 02/64" (PDF). British House of Commons. 11-22-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
21. Lauren Frayer (2006-08-18). "Lebanese army greeted in south". Indianapolis Star. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
22. Robert Fisk (2006-08-17). "Robert Fisk: Lebanon's pain grows by the hour as death toll hits 1,300". The Independent. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
23. Ben Wedeman (2006-08-14). "Refugees stream back to southern Lebanon". CNN. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
24. "Lebanon part of 'war on terror', says Bush". ABC News. July 30, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
25. "Israel needs int'l support for war against terror: DM". People's Daily Online. August 10, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
26. "Bush: 'Hezbollah suffered a defeat'". CNN. 2006-08-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
27. "Transcript of President Bush's address". CNN. 9.20.01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
28. "Taliban rejects president Bush's demands". PBS. 09.21.01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
29. "Into Afghanistan: Rooting out the Taliban". United States Department of Defense. August 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
30. "Top al Qaeda operative caught in Pakistan". CNN. 03.01.03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
31. "JI 'claims Jakarta car bombing'". CNN. 09.09.04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. "Text 'warned of Jakarta bomb'". CNN. 09.10.04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
33. "Jihad warning over Indonesian cleric arrest". CNN. 10.10.02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
34. "'Walking bombs' are desperate". CNN. 11.01.03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
35. "Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism". NATO. November 22, 2002. Retrieved 2006-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
36. "UK troops take over Afghan duties". BBC. 2006-06-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
37. "Canada set for longer Afghan stay". BBC. 2006-06-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
38. "Australia outlines Afghan force". BBC. 2006-05-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
39. "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC. 2006-02-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
40. "Canadian Forces Operations in Afghanistan". Canada Department of National Defense. April 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
41. "New frontline in the war on terror". The Guardian. 05.04.06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
42. Davis, Matthew. "Counting the civilian cost in Iraq". BBC News Online, 22 September 2004.
43. "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". Speech delivered by George W. Bush to the United States Congress, 20 September 2001. Transcript by White House Office of the Press Secretary.
44. Richissin, Todd. "'War on terror' difficult to define". The Baltimore Sun, 2 September 2004.
45. Williams, Shirley. "The seeds of Iraq's future terror". The Guardian, 28 October 2004.
46. Richburg, Keith B. "Kerry Is Widely Favored Abroad". The Washington Post, p. A14, 29 September 2004.

See also

• Terrorist surveillance program
• Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
• Black sites (CIA secret detention centers)
• Crusade (modern)
• Criticisms of the "War on Terrorism"
• Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies, an Italian "parallel police" under investigations since July 2005
• Executive Order 12333
• Extraordinary rendition
• Guantánamo Bay
• Long War (21st century)
• McCain Detainee Amendment
• Operation Enduring Freedom
• NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
• Proactive and Preemptive Operations Group
• Unlawful combatant
• US anti-terror legislation:
  • USA Patriot Act
  • Ohio Patriot Act
• UK anti-terror legislation:
  • Terrorism Act 2006
  • Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (UK)

External links

Official sites by governments and international organizations

• FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
• Rewards for Justice - Most Wanted Terrorists
• Whitehouse FAQ about the "War on Terrorism"
• U.S. Dept. of Defense News on the "War on Terrorism"
• NATO and the scourge of terrorism
• UN action against terrorism

General "war on terrorism" news

• The Terrorism Index - The first comprehensive and regularly updated report card on the war on terrorism. Developed by Foreign Policy Magazine and the Center for American Progress
• The McNabb Associates Terrorism Crimes Blog
• The Guardian - Gunned down to impress America
• Killed in the name of Terror - Ansar Burney to sue Macedonian govt for killing 6 Pakistanis
• BBC News In Depth: Investigating al-Qaeda
• HavenWorks Terrorism News
• HavenWorks Military News
• CBS News "War on terror" coverage
• Cleveland Plain Dealer "War on terrorism" coverage
• FindLaw "War on terrorism" coverage
• The Washington Post "War on terrorism" coverage
• Alex Jones' popular underground news site, Prison Planet.
• Israel Terror Desk

Primary legal documents

• Findlaw Special Coverage "War on Terrorism" (court documents in .pdf)
• Authorization For Use of Military Force Against September 11 terrorists (AUMF) US Public Law 107-40, September 18 2001, 115 Stat. 224
• Report on Strategic Communication (pdf) Defense Science Board Task Force, September 2004

Specific articles

• Counteracting Terrorism, LNTV, August 13 2006
• "Pakistanis Arrest Qaeda Figure Seen as Planner of 9/11", The New York Times, March 2 2003

Other

• Terror-Free Oil Initiative.
• Documenting and fighting torture used in the "War on Terror".
• Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the "War on Terrorism"
• And the Gloves Came Off Douglas C. McNabb and Matthew R. McNabb,The European Lawyer, October 2005.
• The Power of Nightmares; A three-part BBC documentary
• Extraordinary renditions: the playwright and the president; Jeff Sommers, Khaled Diab and Charles Woolfson explore the dynamics between playwright and president as America's 'war on terror' stands in the dock.
• Richard Clarke Speech on Streaming Video; Speech by Richard Clarke, a former member of the National Security Council, US Department of State official, March 8 2005
• Seminar on the Global "War On Terrorism" by the Chairman of the Cold War Veterans Association - Vince Milum
• The Quadrennial Defense Review of 2001 by the Project for Defense Alternatives

Video

• The Dark Side – After 9/11 Vice President Cheney initiated an expansion of executive power, took on George Tenet's CIA for control over intelligence and brought the War on Terrorism to Iraq.
• Macedonia Killings Video - 2002 confrontation at the US embassy in Macedonia
• The Long War - Colbert highlights the new name for "war on terror" that the pentagon is now using.
• The Power of Nightmares

Recent events

• NPR Coverage
• Newspaper Article describing video and photographs

Template:Link FA

• 2001
• Counter-terrorism
• Political neologisms
• Terrorism
• War on something
• George W. Bush administration controversies
• Anti-terrorism policy of the United States
• Wars of the United States
• Modern history
• 21st century eras