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| {{redirect5|9/11|other uses|911 (disambiguation)}} | |||
| ] crashed into the ] on the left. In the foreground is the still smoking ].]] | |||
| {{Sep11}} | |||
| The '''September 11, 2001, attacks''' (often referred to as '''9/11'''—pronounced "''nine eleven''") consisted of a series of coordinated ] ]<ref>The September 11 attacks were described by the ] as "horrifying ] attacks". {{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms' Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations|date=September 12, 2001|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> attacks upon the ], predominantly targeting ]s, carried out on Tuesday, ], ]. | |||
| That morning, ]<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |last = Grunwald | |||
| |first = Michael | |||
| |year = 2001 | |||
| |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033107980.html | |||
| |title = Terrorists Hijack 4 Airliners, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead | |||
| |work = Remembering September 11 | |||
| |publisher = Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive | |||
| |accessdate = 2006-09-11 | |||
| }}</ref> affiliated with ]<ref name="CBC">{{cite news | title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 | publisher = CBC News | date = 2004-10-29 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> ] four commercial passenger ]s. Each team of hijackers included a trained ]. Two planes (] and ]) crashed into the ] in ], one plane into each tower (] and ]). Both towers ] within two hours. The pilot of the third team crashed ] into ] in ]. Passengers and members of the ] on the fourth aircraft (]) attempted to retake control of their plane from the hijackers; that plane crashed into a field near the town of ] in rural ]. As well as the 19 hijackers, a confirmed ] died and another 24 are missing but presumed killed as a result of these attacks. | |||
| ==The attacks== | |||
| {{clearleft}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for the day of the attacks}} | |||
| The attacks began with the hijacking of four commercial airliners departing from ] airports, fueled for flights to California. With ] capacities of nearly 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 liters) or 144,000 pounds (65,455 kilograms),<ref name="Boeing">{{cite web | author= | title= Technical Characteristics Boeing 767-200ER | publisher= Boeing| date= | work=767 Family | url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/767family/pf/pf_200prod.html | accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> each aircraft effectively became an ] ]. | |||
| *], a Boeing 767-223<ref name="FAA">{{cite web | author= |title=N-Number Inquiry Results, N334AA |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=334AA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24 |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref>, wide-body aircraft crashed into the north side of the North Tower of the ] (WTC) at 8:46:30 a.m. local time (which was ], or 12:46:30 ]). | |||
| *], a Boeing 767-222<ref name="FAA2">{{cite web |title=N-Number Inquiry Results, N612UA |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=612UA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24 |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref>, crashed into the South Tower at 9:02:59 a.m. local time (13:02:59 UTC), an event covered live by television broadcasters from around the world who had their cameras trained on the buildings after the earlier crash. | |||
| *], a Boeing 757-223<ref name="FAA3">{{cite web |title=N-Number Inquiry Results, N644AA |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=644AA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24 |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref>, crashed into ] at 9:37:46 a.m. local time (13:37:46 UTC). | |||
| *], a Boeing 757-222<ref name="FAA4">{{cite web|title=N-Number Inquiry Results, N591UA |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=591UA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24 |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref>, crashed in a field in southwest Pennsylvania just outside of Shanksville, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., at 10:03:11 a.m. local time (14:03:11 UTC), with parts and debris found up to eight miles away. The crash in Pennsylvania resulted from the passengers of the airliner attempting to regain control from the terrorists. | |||
| No one on board any of the hijacked aircraft survived.<ref name="Chrono">{{cite web |url= http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/index.html | title = September 11: Chronology of terror| publisher = CNN | accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| The fatalities were in the thousands, with 2,973 people killed, including 246 on the four planes, 2,602 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released|date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref>Among the fatalities were 343 ] firefighters, 23 ] officers, and 37 ] police officers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorkmetro.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers.htm|title=9/11 by the Numbers|date=September 5, 2002 |publisher=NeyYorkMag.com|accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref> An additional 24 people remain listed as missing in the attack on the World Trade Center to this day.<ref name="hirschkorn">{{cite news |url=http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/STATISTIC.asp|title=24 Remain Missing|date=2006, August 12 |publisher=September 11 Victims|accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, five other buildings at the World Trade Center site, including ] and the ], two ] stations, and ] were destroyed or badly damaged. In total, in ], 25 buildings were damaged and all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex had to be razed. Later, an eighth building, the ] across ] from the World Trade Center complex had to be condemned as well, due to the uninhabitable, toxic conditions inside the office tower (it is, as of September 2006, waiting to be ]). Communications equipment such as broadcast radio, television and ] antenna towers were damaged beyond repair. In ], a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed.<ref name="CBS">{{cite web | last = | first = | title = New WTC Death Toll Is 2,752| publisher= CBS News |date= October 30, 2003| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/29/attack/main580620.shtml | accessdate = 2006-09-07 }}</ref> | |||
| Some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls from the hijacked flights. They reported that several ] were aboard each plane. A total of 19 were later identified by the FBI, four on United 93 and five each on the other three flights. | |||
| ] was severely damaged during the attack, and 125 lives were lost]] | |||
| The hijackers reportedly took control of the aircraft by using ] to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger. The ] could only establish that two of the hijackers had recently purchased ] multi-function hand tools. But some form of noxious chemical spray, such as ] or ], was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin.<ref name="CNN1">{{cite web | last = Ahlers| first = Mike M. | title = 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives | publisher= CBS News |date= January 27, 2004| url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife | accessdate = 2006-09-07 }}</ref> ]s were made on three of the aircraft, but not on American 77. According to the Commission Report the bombs were probably fake. | |||
| In the fourth aircraft, ] recordings revealed that—after discovering on their phones that planes had been deliberately crashed into buildings—crew and passengers attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers, who then rocked the plane in a failed attempt to subdue the passengers. According to ] tapes, one of the passengers, ], had asked for the operator to pray with him before the passengers attempted to retake the aircraft. After praying, he simply said, "]." (The 9/11 Commission stated that Beamer later said "Roll it," most likely referring to a drink cart being used as a battering ram. This was, however, a separate incident, which took place after he had hung up on the operator. It is evidenced by cockpit recorders) The term "Let's roll" would later become the war cry for those fighting Al Qaeda in ]. Soon afterward, the aircraft crashed into a field near ] in ], ], at 10:03:11 a.m. ] (14:03:11 UTC). There is a dispute about the exact timing of the crash as the ] indicates that the impact occurred at 10:06 a.m. The 9/11 Panel reported that captured al-Qaeda leader ] said that Flight 93's target was the ], which was given the code name "the Faculty of Law." | |||
| ] of the Pentagon, before its wall collapsed]] | |||
| The attacks created widespread confusion across the United States. During the course of the day, unconfirmed and often contradictory reports were aired and published. One of the most prevalent of these reported that a ] had been detonated at the ] headquarters, the ] in ], Washington, D.C. This erroneous report, picked up by the wire services, was reported in CNN and made it into a number of ] published that day. Soon after reporting for the first time on the Pentagon crash, CNN and other media also briefly reported that a fire had broken out on the ]. Another report went out on the ] wire, claiming that a ] ]–Flight 1989–had been hijacked. This report, too, turned out to be in error; the plane was briefly thought to represent a hijack risk, but it responded to controllers and landed safely in ]. | |||
| {{seealso|Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| ===Fatalities=== | |||
| {{clearright}} | |||
| {| class="bordered infobox" width="280px" | |||
| |- | |||
| !colspan="3"| Fatalities (Not including the 19 hijackers) | |||
| |- | |||
| !rowspan="3"| New York City | |||
| | ] | |||
| | 2,602 died and another 24 remain listed as missing<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/25/moussaoui.trial/ |title=2006 9/11 Death Toll |date=2006, April 26 |publisher=CNN|accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref><ref name="hirschkorn"/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] | |||
| | 88<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] | |||
| | 59<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| !rowspan="2"| Pentagon | |||
| | Building | |||
| | 125<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page88.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 59<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page96.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Shanksville | |||
| | ] | |||
| | 40<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.asp |title=Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=2001, October 28 |author=Roddy, Dennis B.|accessdate=2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| !colspan="2"| Total | |||
| | 2,973 died and another 24 remain listed as missing. | |||
| |} | |||
| At the World Trade Center, faced with a desperate situation of smoke and burning heat from the jet fuel and ignited building contents, an estimated 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as depicted in the photograph "]"), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm |title=Desperation forced a horrific decision |publisher=USATODAY |date=September 2, 2002 |author=Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> In addition, some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue. No rescue plan existed for such an eventuality. Fleeing occupants instead encountered locked access doors upon reaching the roof. In any case, thick smoke and intense heat prevented rescue helicopters from landing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/18/terror/main618174.shtml |title=Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue|publisher=CBS News |date=May 18, 2004|accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> | |||
| 1366 people were at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower (1 WTC); according to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact while the rest were trapped and died later.<ref name="National">{{cite web | title = Heroism and Honor | work = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States | publisher = U.S. Congress | date = August 21, 2004 | url = http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| As many as 600 people were killed instantly or trapped at and above the floors of impact in the South Tower (2 WTC). Only about 18 managed to escape in time from above the impact zone and out of the South Tower before it collapsed. The captain of Flight 11, ], is said to have been killed by hijackers before the impact. There were a number of reports, some contradictory, from callers aboard the hijacked aircraft that suggest the hijackers killed several people aboard the planes before impact.<ref>{{cite web | title = We have some Planes | work = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States | publisher = U.S. Congress | date = August 21, 2004 | url =http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-10 }}</ref> | |||
| ].]] | |||
| As the suburbs around New York City learned of the destruction so close to home, many schools closed for the day, evacuated, or were locked down. Other school districts shielded students from watching television because many of their parents held jobs in the World Trade Center towers. In ] and ], private schools were evacuated. ] schools closed for the day. In ], about 20 miles north of the city, hundreds of school children had direct ties to victims of the attacks. Greenwich and nearby ], two of the wealthiest towns in the area along with neighboring Darien, had more residents killed, as a percentage of total population, than any other Connecticut towns. After New York, New Jersey was the hardest hit state, with the town of ] sustaining the most fatalities. | |||
| According to the ], the city identified over 1,600 bodies but was unable to identify the rest (about 1,100 people). They report that the city has "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead."<ref name="CBS2">{{cite web| title = Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends | publisher = CBS News| date = Feb. 23, 2005 | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/23/national/main675839.shtml| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the damaged ] for demolition. The average age of all the dead in New York City was 40. The youngest victims were two 3 year-old children on Flight 175, the oldest was an 82 year-old passenger on Flight 11. In the buildings, the youngest victim was 17 and the oldest was 79. <ref>{{cite web | |||
| | publisher = Lewis Mumford Center for comparative urban and regional research | |||
| | url = http://www.albany.edu/mumford/wtc/age.htm | |||
| | title = Victims of the World Trade Center attack, listed by age | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-11 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ], an investment bank on the 101st-105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer. ], located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93-101 (the ] of ]'s impact), lost 295 employees, including one on Flight 175. Additionally, Marsh lost 38 consultants. Approximately 400 rescue workers, most of them of the ], died when the towers collapsed. The fatalities included 8 children, 5 on American 77 of ages of ages 3, 8, and 11, 3 of ages 2, 3, and 4 on United 175.<ref name="World">{{cite web| last = Lynne| first = Diana | title = Littlest victims largely overlooked| publisher = World Net Daily| date = December 21, 2001| url = http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25771| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| Almost all the fatalities were civilians, except some of the 125 victims in the Pentagon. | |||
| ===Survivors=== | |||
| According to the 9/11 Commission, approximately 16,000 people were below the impact zones in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. The vast majority of those below the impact areas survived, by evacuation before the towers collapsed. | |||
| {{seealso|Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| ===The hijackers=== | |||
| {{see also|Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| Nineteen Arab men boarded the four planes, five on each, except for ], which had four hijackers. Of the attackers, fifteen were from ], two were from the ], one was from ], and one was from ]. | |||
| The group consisted of six core organizers, including the four pilots, and the thirteen others. Unlike many stereotypes of hijackers or terrorists, most of the attackers were educated and came from well-to-do backgrounds. | |||
| ===Other potential hijackers=== | |||
| 27 members of al-Qaeda attempted to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks. In the end, only 19 participated. Other would-be hijackers are often referred to as the ]: | |||
| *] allegedly meant to take part in the attacks, but he was repeatedly denied a ] for entry into the U.S. | |||
| *], a ]n citizen, may also have been planning to join the hijackers but ] authorities at ] refused his entry into the U.S. in August, 2001. He was later captured in ] and imprisoned at the U.S. military prison known as ] at ], ]. | |||
| *] was reportedly considered as a replacement for ], who at one point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because of tensions amongst the plotters. Plans to include Moussaoui were never completed because the al-Qaeda hierarchy allegedly had doubts about his reliability. He was arrested on ], ], about four weeks before the attacks, ostensibly for an immigration violation, but FBI agents suspected he had violent intentions after receiving flight training earlier that year. In April 2005, Moussaoui pleaded guilty to conspiring to hijack planes, and to involvement with al-Qaeda, but he denies foreknowledge of the 9-11 attacks. Moussaoui, at his sentencing hearing in March 2006, claimed that, upon the personal directive of Osama bin Laden, he and ] were due to hijack a fifth plane and fly it into the White House.<ref>{{cite news | title = Moussaoui lies 'let 9/11 happen' | publisher = BBC News| date = March 27, 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4850988.stm| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| His defense lawyers dismissed this as fantasy on the part of Moussaoui, saying that he was not an operative in al Qaeda, but only a "hanger-on." In a video tape released in May 2006, Osama bin Laden claimed that Moussaoui had "no connection whatsoever with the events of September 11" and that he knows this because "I was responsible for entrusting the 19 brothers" who carried out the attacks.<ref>{{cite news | last = Markon| first = Jerry| coauthors = Karen DeYoung| title = Bin Laden: Moussaoui Played No Role in 9/11| publisher = Washington Post| date = May 24, 2006| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301262.html| accessdate =2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| On ], ], a federal jury rejected the ] and sentenced Moussaoui to 6 life terms in ] without ].<ref>{{cite news | title = Moussaoui is spared death penalty | publisher = BBC News| date = May 4, 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4943196.stm| accessdate =2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| At Moussaoui's sentencing trial, FBI agent ] testified that prior to the attacks, he urged his supervisor, ], "to prevent Zacarias Moussaoui from flying a plane into the World Trade Center." Maltbie had refused to act on 70 requests from another agent, ], to obtain a warrant to search Moussaoui's computer. | |||
| ] | |||
| Other al-Qaeda members who may have attempted, but were unable, to take part in the attacks include ] (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), ], ], ], and ]. According to the ], ], the attack's mastermind, wanted to remove at least one member—]—from the operation, but he was overruled by ]. | |||
| ===Other potential attacks=== | |||
| ] was convicted in ] in 2005 after confessing to being involved in planning an attack on the ] in ] and ]. The attack was aborted at the last minute when the would-be hijackers, waiting to board the planes they were to hijack, saw the damage in the U.S., panicked, and fled. His lawyer claimed that the confession was obtained through ]. <ref>{{cite news | title = London 9/11 plotter jailed| publisher = The Times, London| date = July 23, 2005| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1705386,00.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | title = Tower Bridge 9/11 plotter jailed| publisher = The Guardian| date = July 23, 2005| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/india/story/0,12559,1534709,00.html| accessdate = 2006-09-12}}</ref> | |||
| In February 2006, President Bush stated that al-Qaeda had initially planned to crash a plane into the tallest building in the western United States, the ] in ], on the same day. However, this attack was postponed by bin Laden, and subsequently foiled.<ref>{{cite news | title = Al Qaeda Tried to Outsource L.A. Skyscraper Terror Plot| publisher = ABC News| date = February 9, 2006| url = http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=1600806&page=1| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| The U.S. government initially claimed that the White House and Air Force One were also targeted, although the source and nature of these threats was not disclosed.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bush calls attacks 'acts of war' | publisher = BBC News| date = September 12, 2001| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1537534.stm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> President Bush flew on Air Force One to ] in Louisiana, and then flew to ] in Nebraska, before returning to Washington. After criticism that Bush did not return immediately to Washington, the White House claimed the next day that a terrorist threat, "using code words," had been phoned in against Air Force One. White House Spokesman ] quoted the caller as saying, "Air Force One is a target." The White House later backed away from this claim after no evidence of the phone call was found.<ref>{{cite news | title = White House Drops Claim of Threat to Bush| publisher = Washington Post| date = September 27, 2001| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A32319-2001Sep26| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ==Responsibility and motives== | |||
| ===Responsibility=== | |||
| {{main|Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| The ] working together with the ] identified 19 deceased hijackers. The suspects were identified within 72 hours. Few had made any attempt to disguise their names on flight and credit card records, and they were some of the few people of Arabic descent on the flights. Within hours the FBI was able to determine their names and in many cases details such as dates of birth, known and/or possible residences, visa status, and specific identity of the suspected pilots. <ref>{{cite web| title = FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers | publisher = Federal Bureau of Investigation| date = September 14, 2001| url=http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel01/091401hj.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> The FBI released photos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about the possible nationalities and aliases of many. At this time, the FBI investigation into the September 11, 2001 attacks, code named operation ], is still pursuing leads to identify the sources of the plot. | |||
| The ] determined that ] and ] bore responsibility for the attacks. Bin Laden initially denied, but later admitted involvement in the incidents. His declaration of a ] against the United States, and a ] ] and others calling for the killing of American civilians in 1998, are seen by many as evidence of his motivation to commit such acts. | |||
| On ], ], bin Laden denied any involvement with the attacks by reading a statement which was broadcast by ]'s ] satellite channel: "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation."<ref>]. "Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border." ], ].</ref> This denial was broadcast on U.S. news networks and worldwide. | |||
| In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in ], Afghanistan, in which Osama bin Laden is talking to ]. In the tape bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'| publisher = CNN| date = December 14, 2001| url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/| accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> The tape was broadcast on various news networks from ], ]. | |||
| On ], ], a second bin Laden video was released. In the video he stated "Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for ], which kills our people," but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news | title = Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts | |||
| | publisher = BBC News| date = December 27, 2001| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1729882.stm| accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> | |||
| Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004 in a ], bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U.S, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because, "We are a free people who do not accept injustice, and we want to regain the freedom of our nation." | |||
| In an audiotape aired on Al Jazeera on ], ], bin Laden said he had personally directed the 19 hijackers.<ref>{{cite news | title = Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan| publisher = MSNBC | date = Oct 30, 2004 | url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6363306/| accessdate = 2006-09-07}}</ref> Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows Osama bin Laden with ], as well as two hijackers, ] and ], as they make preparations for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2006/09/07/al-qaeda-tape.html |title=Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired |publisher=CBC News |date=2006, September 7}}</ref> | |||
| ] ]]] | |||
| The ''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States'' was formed by the United States government and was commonly called the ]. It released its report on ], ], concluding that the attacks were conceived and implemented by members of al-Qaeda. The Commission stated that, "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack, but that the specific origin of the funds used to execute the attacks remained unknown.<ref>{{cite web | title =National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States | publisher = U.S. Congress | date = August 21, 2004 | url = http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted in connection with the attacks. | |||
| In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheik Mohammed" from the trial of ], five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operations details. They are: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite conference| title = Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheik Mohammed| booktitle = U.S. of America vs. Zacarias Moussaoui|pages = 24| url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/defense/941.pdf| year = 2006 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Motive=== | |||
| According to official U.S. government sources, the September 11th attacks were consistent with the mission statement of ]. The overarching motivation for the present al-Qaeda campaign was set out in a 1998 ] issued by ], ], ], ], and Fazlur Rahman (Amir of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh, ]).<ref>{{cite web| title = Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement| date = February 23, 1998| url = http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| The fatwa lists three "crimes and sins" committed by the Americans: | |||
| * U.S. support of Israel. | |||
| * U.S. military occupation of the Arabian Peninsula. | |||
| * U.S. aggression against the Iraqi people. | |||
| The fatwa states that the United States: | |||
| * Plunders the resources of the ]. | |||
| * Dictates policy to the rulers of those countries. | |||
| * Supports abusive regimes and monarchies in the ], thereby oppressing their people. | |||
| * Has military bases and installations upon the ], which violates the Muslim holy land, in order to threaten neighboring Muslim countries. | |||
| * Intends thereby to create disunion between Muslim states, thus weakening them as a political force. | |||
| * Supports ], and wishes to divert international attention from (and tacitly maintain) the occupation of ]. | |||
| The Persian Gulf War, the ensuing ] and the bombing of Iraq by the United States were cited in 1998 as further proof of these allegations. To the disapproval of moderate and liberal Muslims, the fatwa uses ] texts to exhort violent action against American military and citizenry until the alleged grievances are reversed: Stating "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the ] is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries." | |||
| ] in ] (])]] | |||
| Statements of al-Qaeda recorded after 9/11 add weight to the U.S account of who was responsible for the attacks. In a ], apparently acknowledging responsibility for the attacks, bin Laden states that he was motivated by the ], for which he held the U.S. partially responsible. In the video, bin Laden also claims that he wants to, "restore freedom to our nation," to "punish the aggressor in kind," and to inflict economic damage on America. He declared that a continuing objective of his ] was to, " America to the point of bankruptcy."<ref>{{cite web| title = Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech| publisher = Aljazeera| date = November 11, 2004| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm| accessdate =2006-09-08}}</ref> Bin Laden said, "We swore that America wouldn't live in security until we live it truly in Palestine. This showed the reality of America, which puts Israel's interest above its own people's interest. America won't get out of this crisis until it gets out of the Arabian Peninsula, and until it stops its support of Israel." | |||
| The ] determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by ], the "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "not from his experiences there as a student, but rather from his violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel." The same motivation has been imputed to the two pilots who flew into the WTC: ] was described by Ralph Bodenstein—who traveled, worked and talked with him—as "most imbued actually about... U.S. protection of these Israeli politics in the region." ] is said to have explained his humorless demeanor with the words: "How can you laugh when people are dying in Palestine?" | |||
| By contrast, the Bush administration says that Al-Qaeda was motivated by hatred of the freedom and democracy exemplified by the United States. | |||
| According to counter-terrorism expert ], internal political conflicts within the Muslim world are the primary causal factors for the attacks of 9/11. Specifically, ] and other residents of Saudi Arabia and Egypt, among other countries of the Middle East, believe that the vast majority of governments in the Middle East are ] governments.<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book| last = Clarke| first = Richard| title = Against All Enemies| publisher = Free Press| date = 2004| location = New York| pages = 122-124| id = ISBN 0743260244}}</ref> That is, these governments' collective religiosity does not meet bin Laden's standard of Muslim piety. The primary reason that bin Laden gives for this assertion is that none of these governments is a ]. Inspired by the Egyptian theologian and writer ], Bin Laden believes that it is his duty as a Muslim to establish a caliphate in the Middle East.<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book| last = Clarke| first = Richard| title = Against All Enemies| publisher = Free Press| date = 2004| location = New York| pages = 131-132| id = ISBN 0743260244}}</ref> | |||
| Arising directly from these beliefs, bin Laden designed a strategy of attacking the United States in order to establish this caliphate. Terming the United States as the "Far Enemy," bin Laden designed the attacks of 9/11 to cause the U.S. to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bergen| first = Peter| title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader| publisher = Free Press| date = 2006| location = New York| pages = 229| id = ISBN 0743278917 }}</ref> Bin Laden believes that once Muslim citizens of the Middle East confront the evils of a non-Muslim government, one that is not a caliphate, a popular social and political movement will catalyze around the desire for very conservative and zealous Muslim governments in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bergen| first = Peter| title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader| publisher = Free Press| date = 2006| location = New York| pages = 233-235| id = ISBN 0743278917 }}</ref> | |||
| According to Michale Doran, this goal is further demonstrated by bin Laden's use of the term "spectacular" as a noun when talking about the attacks of 9/11. For example, "This spectacular will greatly anger America." He hoped these attacks would provoke a visceral emotional response from the government and citizens of the United States. In so doing, he was attempting to ensure that Muslim citizens in the Middle East would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region.<ref>{{cite book| last = Doran| first = Michael Scott| title = Understanding the War on Terror| publisher = Norton| date = 2005| location = New York| pages = 72-75| id =ISBN 0876093470}}</ref> | |||
| ==Reactions== | |||
| {{main|Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| ===International reaction=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The attacks had major ]. They were denounced by mainstream media and governments worldwide, with the headline of ]'s '']'' newspaper summing up the international mood of sympathy: "We Are All Americans" (''Nous sommes tous Américains'').<ref>{{cite web| title = International Reaction| publisher = September11News.com| url = http://www.september11news.com/InternationalReaction.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad ] of international forces to invade ] in pursuit of al-Qaeda forces in order to topple the ] regime for harboring what it referred to as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web| title = Remarks by the President to the United Nations General Assembly| work = USUN Press Release #162| publisher = United Nations| date = November 10, 2001| url = http://www.un.int/usa/01_162.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> The ]i authorities moved decisively to align themselves with the United States in a war against Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Pakistan provided the U.S. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on the Taliban regime, and arrested over 600 supposed al-Qaeda members, whom it handed over to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web| last = Khan| first = Aamer Ahmed| title = Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man| publisher = BBC| date = May 4, 2005| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4513281.stm| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| Numerous countries, including the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] introduced "anti-terrorism" legislation<ref>{{cite web| last = Hamilton| first = Stuart| title = September 11th, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries| work = 68th IFLA Council and Conference| date = August 18-24, 2002| url = http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf| format = pdf| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> and froze the ]s of businesses and individuals they suspected of having al-Qaeda ties. | |||
| Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries, including ], ], ], and the ] arrested people they labeled terrorist suspects for the stated purpose of breaking up militant cells around the world.<ref>{{cite web| last = Walsh| first = Courtney C| title = Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot| publisher = Christian Science Monitor| date = March 7, 2002| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html | accessdate =2006-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = SE Asia unites to smash militant cells| publisher = CNN| date = May 8, 2002 | |||
| | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> In the U.S., this aroused some controversy, as critics such as the ] argued that traditional restrictions on federal surveillance (e.g. ]'s monitoring of public meetings) were "dismantled" by the ];<ref>{{cite web| last = Talanian| first = Nancy| title = A Guide to Provisions of the USA Patriot Act and Federal Executive Orders that threaten civil liberties| publisher = Bill of Rights Defense Committee| date = 2002| url = http://www.bordc.org/resources/repeal.pdf| format = pdf| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> ] organizations such as the ] and ] argued that certain ] protections were also being circumvented. | |||
| The United States set up a detention center at ], ], to hold what they termed "]s". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by, among others, member states of the ], the ], and ]. {{see|Camp Delta}} | |||
| In the ] outrage swelled in the media over a ]'s attempt to capitalise on the tragedy. ], then serving ] ], sent an email to staff suggesting that it would be a good time to publish anything that may prove unpopular in the hope that it would be overshadowed by events in the U.S. This political storm became known as the ]. | |||
| ===Public response=== | |||
| ]'' on September 12, 2001, the first issue of that paper to be released following the attacks]] | |||
| The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the United States population. Gratitude toward uniformed public-safety workers (dubbed "]"), and especially toward firefighters, was widely expressed in light of both the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high death toll among the workers. Many police officers and rescue workers elsewhere in the country took leaves of absence to travel to New York City to assist in the grim process of recovering bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers. ]s also saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite web| last = Glynn| first = Simone A| title = Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience| publisher = Journal of the American Medical Association| date = May 7, 2003| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/289/17/2246?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1119520325357_713&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=289&firstpage=2246&journalcode=jama | doi = Vol. 289 No. 17| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| There were some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and other, "Middle Eastern-looking" people, particularly ]s, due to the fact that Sikh males usually wear ]s, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims in the United States. At least nine people were murdered within the United States as a result. ], one of the first victims of this phenomenon, was fatally shot on ]. He, like others, was a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim.<ref>{{cite web| title = Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks| publisher = CNN| date = September 17, 2001| url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, ]'s job approval rating soared to 86% <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/16/poll.htm |title=Poll finds a united nation |date=September 16, 2001 |publisher=USA Today |author=Benedetto, Richard and Patrick O'Driscoll|accessdate=2006-09-08}}</ref>. On September 20, 2001, the president spoke before the nation and a ], regarding the events of that day, the intervening nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and his intent in response to those events. In addition, the highly visible role played by ] ] won him high praise nationally and in New York.<ref>{{cite web| last = Pooley| first = Eric| title = Mayor of the World| work = Time 2001 Person of the Year| publisher = Time| url = http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Alternate theories=== | |||
| {{main|9/11 conspiracy theories}} | |||
| Since the attacks, various ] have emerged. These include speculation that individuals in the ] knew of the impending attacks and failed to act on that knowledge, or that they actually planned the attacks. ] have claimed that the ] was caused by explosives. Some also contend that a commercial airliner did not crash into ], and that ] was shot down. | |||
| ==U.S. Government response== | |||
| ===Rescue, recovery, and compensation=== | |||
| {{main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks}} | |||
| Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to simply put out the fires burning in the rubble of the buildings, and the clean-up was not completed until May, 2002. Temporary wooden, "viewing platforms" were set up for tourists to view construction crews clearing out the gaping holes where the towers once stood. All of these platforms were closed on ], ]. | |||
| Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing ] to the ] and the families of victims. At the deadline for victim's compensation, ] ], 2,833 applications were received from the families of those killed.<ref>{{cite web| last = Barrett | |||
| | first = Devlin| title = 9/11 Fund Deadline Passes| publisher =CBS News | date = December 23, 2003| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ===The War on Terrorism=== | |||
| {{main|War on Terrorism}} | |||
| In the aftermath of the attacks, many U.S. citizens held the view that they had "changed the world forever." The Bush administration declared a ], with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing. The second-biggest operation outside of the United States was the overthrow of Afghanistan's oppressive ] regime, by a U.S.-led coalition. The U.S. was not the only nation to increase its military readiness, with other notable examples being the ] and ], countries that have their own internal conflicts with ]. | |||
| Because the attacks on the United States were judged to be within the parameters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, ] declared Article 5 of the military alliance to be met on ], ], making the US war on terror the first time since its inception that NATO would actually participate in a "hot" war.<ref>{{cite web| title = Statement by the North Atlantic Council| publisher = NATO| date = September 15, 2001| url = http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2001/p01-124e.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ===Domestic response=== | |||
| ]Within the United States, President Bush created the ], representing the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history. Congress passed the ], stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes. Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates judicial oversight of law-enforcement and domestic intelligence gathering. The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret ] ], "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant."<ref>{{cite web| last = VandeHei| first = Jim| coauthors = Dan Eggen| title = Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping| publisher = Washington Post| date = January 5, 2006| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| Following the attacks, 80,000 Arab and Muslim immigrants were fingerprinted and registered under the ] of 1940. 8,000 Arab and Muslim men were interviewed, and 5,000 foreign nationals were detained under Joint Congressional Resolution 107-40 authorizing the use of military force "to deter and prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States."<ref>{{cite web| title = Authorization for Use of Military Force| work = Public Law 107-40 | publisher = U.S. Congress| date = September 18, 2001| url = http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/sjres23.es.html| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ===Investigations=== | |||
| ====Collapse of the World Trade Center==== | |||
| {{main|Collapse of the World Trade Center}} | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural failure on the day of the attack. The south tower (2 WTC) fell at approximately 9:59 a.m., after burning for 58 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m.. The north tower (1 WTC) fell at 10:28 a.m., after burning approximately 103 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:45 a.m.. A third building, ] (7 WTC) also collapsed at 5:20 p.m., after burning for at least 70 minutes and being heavily damaged by debris from the Twin Towers a short distance away.<ref>{{cite web| title = September 11: Chronology of terror| work = | publisher = CNN| date = September 12, 2001| url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States ]'s ] (]). The goals of this investigation, completed on ], ], were to investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster. The investigation was to serve as the basis for: | |||
| *Improvements in the way in which buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used | |||
| *Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety officials | |||
| *Revisions to building and fire codes, standards, and practices | |||
| *Improved public safety | |||
| ], ]: A New York City firefighter looks up at what remains of the South Tower.]] | |||
| The report concludes that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' ] infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, if this had not occurred, the towers would likely have remained standing. The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. In addition, the report asserts that the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones. NIST stated that the final report on the collapse of 7 WTC will appear in a separate report.<ref>{{cite web| title = Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology| date = October 26, 2005| url = http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ====9/11 Commission Report==== | |||
| {{main|9/11 Commission Report}} | |||
| The ''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'' (]), chaired by former New Jersey Governor ], was formed in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for, and the immediate response to, the attacks. On ], ], the report was released. The commission has been subject to ]. | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Civilian aircraft grounding=== | |||
| For the first time in history, all nonemergency civilian aircraft in the United States and several other countries including Canada were immediately grounded, stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web| title = Wartime| work = National Commission on Terrorists Attacks upon the United States| publisher = U.S. Congress| url = http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ===Invocation of the continuity of government=== | |||
| Contingency plans for the ] and the evacuation of leaders were implemented almost immediately after the attacks.<ref name="Commission"/> Congress, however, was not told that the US was under a continuity of government status until February 2002.<ref>{{cite web| title = 'Shadow Government' News To Congress| publisher = CBS News| date = March 2, 2002| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml| accessdate =2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ==Long-term effects== | |||
| ===Economic aftermath=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets. The ] temporarily had reduced contact with banks because of outages of switching equipment in the lower NY financial district. Contact and control over the money supply, including immediate liquidity for banks, was restored within hours. The ] (NYSE), the ] and ] did not open on ] and remained closed until ]. NYSE facilities and remote data processing sites were not damaged by the attack, but member firms, customers and markets were unable to communicate due to major damage to the telephone exchange facility near the World Trade Center. When the stock markets reopened on ], ], after the longest closure since the ] in 1929, the ] (“DJIA”) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8920, its biggest-ever one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1369.7 points (14.3%), its largest one-week point drop in history. U.S. stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for the week. ] ] and ] near the New York Stock Exchange remained barricaded and guarded to prevent a physical attack upon the building. | |||
| ] | |||
| The economy of ], which by itself is the third-largest business district in the United States (after ] and the ]) was devastated in the immediate aftermath. Thirty percent (28.7 million sq ft, 2.7 million m³) of ] office space was either damaged or destroyed. The 41-story ], neighboring the ], was subsequently closed because extensive damage made it unfit for habitation and beyond repair; it was scheduled for demolition. Power, telephone, and gas were cut off in much of ]. Citizens were not permitted to enter the ] and ] area without extensive inspection. Much of what was destroyed was valuable ] space. The pre-2001 trend of moving jobs out of Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey was accelerated. Many questioned whether these lost jobs would ever be restored, and whether the damaged tax base could ever recover.<ref>{{cite web| last = Parrott| first = James| title = The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data| publisher = The Fiscal Policy Institute| date = March 8, 2002| url = http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf| format = pdf| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| The rebuilding has been inhibited by a lack of agreement on priorities. For example, ] had made New York's bid for the ] the core of his capital development plan from 2002 until mid-2005, and Governor Pataki largely delegated his role to the ] which has been widely criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts.<ref>{{cite web| last = Lubell| first = Sam| coauthors = Charles Linn| title = Power Struggle Heats Up While Development Moves Slowly at Ground Zero| publisher = Architectural Record| date = December 5, 2005| url = http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/051205groundzero.asp| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Buettner| first = Russ| title = Fat cats milked Ground Zero | publisher = Daily News| url = http://www.nydailynews.com/news/local/story/371361p-315964c.html| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| On the sites of the totally destroyed buildings, one, ], has a new office tower which was completed in 2006. The ] is currently under construction at the site and at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2010, will become the tallest building in North America and one of the tallest in the world. Three more towers are expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site, and will be located one block east of where the original towers stood. | |||
| North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased significantly upon its reopening. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and severely exacerbated financial problems in the struggling U.S. ] industry.<ref>{{cite web| last = Bhadra| first = Dipasis| coauthors = Pamela Texter | |||
| | title = Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel | publisher = U.S. Department of Transportation| date = 2004| url = http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ===Potential health effects=== | |||
| The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of: 50% nonfibrous material and construction debris; 40% glass and other fibers; 9.2% cellulose; and 0.8% ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |publisher=] |date=September 5, 2006|accessdate=2006-09-08}}</ref> ], and ]. There were also unprecedented levels of ] and ] from the fires which burned for three months.<ref>Dr. Dennis Charney, in the September 2006 edition of ''Environmental Health Perspectives'', the journal of the Natioanl Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</ref> This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, and the death of NYPD officer James Zadroga.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/408217p-345459c.html |title=WTC air doomed ex-cop |author=Schapiro, Rich |publisher=New York Daily News |date=April 12, 2006|accessdate=2006-09-08}}</ref> Health effects also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby ].<ref>{{cite web| title = Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens| publisher = Sierra Club | |||
| | date = 2006| url = http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| There is scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative effects on fetal development. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. The staff of this study assesses the children using psychological testing every year and interviews the mothers every six months. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is significant difference in development and health progression of children whose mothers were exposed, versus those who were not exposed after the WTC collapse.<ref>{{cite web| title = CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns| work = World Trade Center Pregnancy Study| publisher = Columbia University| date = 2006| url = http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/sph/ccceh/research/wtc_pregnancy.html| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> | |||
| ==Memorials== | |||
| {{main|September 11, 2001 attack memorials and services}} | |||
| ] on the memorial of the attacks in 2004]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Memorials to the victims and heroes of the attacks of September 11 have been planned. An ] was lit by the Mayor on the first anniversary of the disaster. An outdoor public ] at the Pentagon is scheduled for completion in Fall 2006. Within the Pentagon itself, the ''America's Heroes Memorial'' was added in September, 2002 when the building repairs were completed. However, public access to this memorial is restricted to group tours. | |||
| The proposed design for ] is called, "Crescent of Embrace," which has created some controversy due to its large red ] that also points toward ]. Recently, due to the amount of public pressure, it has been announced that the memorial will be redesigned so as to avoid any confusion with the sign of ]. | |||
| Construction of the ] began in March 2006. The winning design of the ] was ''Reflecting Absence'' created by ]. It is expected to open in 2009. | |||
| Many permanent memorials are being constructed around the world and a list is being updated as new ones are completed.<ref>{{cite web| coauthors = | title = 911 Memorials List| work = List of 911 and World Trade Center Memorials Across U.S. and the World| url = http://911memorials.org/usa/| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref> In addition to physical monuments, a number of September 11th family members and friends have set up memorial funds, scholarships, and charities in honor of lost loved ones. | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| {{seealso|September 11, 2001 attacks in arts and literature}} | |||
| ==Media== | |||
| {{commons|Category:9/11}} | |||
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| {{multi-listen item|filename=George W. Bush Speech - September 12, 2001.ogg|title=President George W. Bush's September 12, 2001 speech about the attacks|description=|format=]}} | |||
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| * (Streaming Windows Video) | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| *] | |||
| *'']'' (film) | |||
| *] | |||
| *] (1993) | |||
| *'']'' (film) | |||
| *] | |||
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| ===Victims=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| |} | |||
| == References == | |||
| <!-- How to add a footnote: NOTE: There is a new reference system on Misplaced Pages, which should be easier to use. For details, please see "Misplaced Pages:Footnotes" and http://meta.wikimedia.org/Cite.php--> | |||
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| </div> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks|September 11}} | |||
| <!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --> | |||
| * - 'National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States' (Official Website – ''archived'') | |||
| * - 'September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11th, 2001' (in partnership with the ]) | |||
| * - Repository of documents relating to the 9/11 attacks and War on Terrorism | |||
| * - 'America's Day of Terror' | |||
| * | |||
| * - 'September 11, 2001, Documentary Project', The ] | |||
| * - New York Fire Department audio tapes from ] ]. | |||
| * | |||
| * - New York One News Television, 'World Trade Center Special Section' (], ]) | |||
| * - More than 15,000 free newspaper articles related to the 9/11/2001 attacks. | |||
| * - Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world. | |||
| * - 'Terrorists Unleash Assault on US' | |||
| * - September 11, 2001 | |||
| ===Multimedia=== | |||
| <!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --> | |||
| * | |||
| * - Chronology of events according to 9/11 Commission Report presented in 4-way split screen. | |||
| * - Video archive, including the first and second planes. | |||
| * - ] | |||
| *{{cite web | |||
| | title = Defense Department Releases Two Videos of Flight 77 Crashing Into Pentagon | |||
| | work = | |||
| | url =http://www.judicialwatch.org/flight77.shtml | |||
| | accessdate=2006-07-30 | |||
| }} | |||
| * | |||
| * - 'Shattered: a remarkable collection photographs', James Nachtwey | |||
| * | |||
| * (see ]) | |||
| * | |||
| ===Memorials=== | |||
| <!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --> | |||
| * - List of victims, and photos. | |||
| ** | |||
| * - 'In-Depth Special: War Against Terror Damage report from the city of New York' | |||
| * - 9/11 Memoirs | |||
| * - 9/11 by the Numbers: Death, destruction, charity, salvation, war, money, real estate, spouses, babies, and other September 11 statistics', '']'' | |||
| * | |||
| === Conspiracy theories === | |||
| * {{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304,00.html | title=Why the 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Won't Go Away | publisher=] | date=2006-09-03}} | |||
| * {{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531315,00.html | title=Setting the Record Straight | publisher=] | date=2006-09-03}} Skepticism regarding the Pentagon attack and other conspiracy theories | |||
| * {{cite web | url=http://www.nypost.com/postopinion/opedcolumnists/conspiracy_cranks_opedcolumnists_james_b__meigs.htm | title=Conspiracy Cranks: Creating Crazed 9/11 Truth | publisher=] | date=2006-09-12}} By the editor of the ] edition which debunked the conspiracy theories | |||
| * {{cite web | url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/06-09-11.html| title=The 9/11 Truth Movement in Perspective}} eSkeptic Magazine article debunking the conspiracy theories | |||
| <br> | |||
| {{War on Terrorism}} | |||
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Revision as of 15:18, 13 September 2006
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