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| ::'''''This article is a redesign by ] of the ] Misplaced Pages article.''''' | |||
| ]", dated 1888.]] | |||
| '''Architectural drawing''' is ] of ] and drawing for architectural projects.<ref> The Rooms Provincial Archives. Accessed 10 Feb 2009.</ref> Architectural drawing are a means of communicating ideas, concepts and details, and require drafting skills in modern and traditional methods of architectural drawing. | |||
| The term ''Architectural plans'' is often used as ], but this term has other meaning as well. It can mean a ''Floor plan''; more general any ''Scale drawing of a structure'' <ref></ref>; the complete Documentation of a building project <ref></ref> or the ] to implement an architectural project. | |||
| Architectural drawing can includes all architectural ]s and ]s such as ]s, ]s, ]s, sections, details, ]s, etc., and any architectural drawing that forms a part of the contract documents. Exceptions can include mechanical, electrical and structural drawings, as well as specialized data that are normally handled by specialists in those fields.<ref>. triangleofficeguide.com. Accessed 10 Feb 2009.</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| Although drawing to communicate technical ideas may predate the written language, the use of drawing in architectural practice, as we know today, is relatively recent.<ref name="RoCu94"> Edward Robbins and Edward Cullinan (1994) Why Architects Draw. MIT Press, ISBN 0262181576. p.10.</ref> | |||
| === Early civilizations === | |||
| ] (c. 334 BC), contained a set of construction plans carved in marble.]] | |||
| The oldest architectural drawing known is a temple plan in scripted on a drawing board, part of a statue, dates from the 3th millennium BC from the city of ] in ]. From ] more ground plans have survived based on squared grids, as well as pictural images of the building. Sketch plans incised on flat flakes of limestone probably have been used as working guides for foremen on the job. Actual production was probably based on a mix of working form drawing and working with actual projections done to scale with cords and stakes on site.<ref name="RoCu94"/> | |||
| The ancient Greeks influenced drawing through their work in geometry, and tools such as the compass and triangles used in engineering were then developed.<ref name="Bert02">Gary R. Bertoline et al. (2002) ''Technical Graphics Communication''. p.12.</ref> Drawing might have been a part of the Greek architectural design and construction. For example a set of construction plans have been found scratched into the marble for the ] at ].<ref>Lothar Haselberger (1985). "The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma" In: ''Scientific American''. 253(6), 126-132.</ref> On the construction site ]s also worked with detailed verbal descriptions set down by the architect. In Roman architecture the plan, the ], and some kind of ] were used by architects and patrons in their communication. But all together architural drawing didn't play a dominent role in design and building construction.<ref name="RoCu94"/> | |||
| === Middle Ages === | |||
| ], early 9th century.]] | |||
| From Ancient times drawing was one of the techniques architects used to design buildings, and this probably did not shift much after the fall of Rome. In the work of he medieval master mason drawing remained one of it's significant skills.<ref name="RoCu94"/> Roman and Byzantine architects have made project drawings from which buildings could be constructed, but it remains questionable whter they were used in early medieval west.<ref name="Turn00"> David Turnbull (2000). ''Masons, tricksters and cartographers : comparative studies in the sociology of scientific and indigenous knowledge''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9057024993 p.61.</ref> | |||
| One of few surviving medieval architectural drawing from the period between the ] and the 13th century is the ], a ] drawing of a ] compound dating from the early 9th century. The Plan depicts an entire ] monastic compound including churches, houses, stables, kitchens, workshops, brewery, infirmary, and even a special house for ]. The Plan was never actually built, and was so named because it was kept at the famous medieval monastery library of the ], where it remains to this day. | |||
| Modern architectural drawing and the use of drawings to record and transmit architectural ideas came into being at the time when Gothic construction began to decline<ref name="Turn00"/>. When Chartres was build architectural drawings as controlling documents in the design process had only just come into use.<ref>Lon R. Shelby (1981) "The Contractors of Chartres." Gesta 20.1 (1981): 173-78.</ref> | |||
| === Renaissance === | |||
| The beginning of contemporary technical drawing originates from 15th century renaissance artists like the Italian Architect ], who in about 1415 demonstrated the geometrical method of ], used today by artists, by painting the outlines of various ] buildings onto a mirror. ] further developed perspective and technical drawing, using geometric principles from famous Greek mathematicians like ], and ]. In the 18th century the mathematician ] developed ], when designing a complicated fortress in a star shape using orthographic projection. Early 19th century isometric drawing was introduced by the Englishman William Farish.<ref name="Bert02"/> | |||
| === 18th century === | |||
| The 18th century ] practice technical drawing had become the normal medium for design. Architects were among the first design discipline to make use of conventions of plan, elevation and section in design and production control. It was the scale of the projects and number of crafts involved, that called for a separation between ] and ]. By the time the ] began, these architectural conventions were readily available to engineers.<ref>Ken Baynes, Francis Pugh (1981) ''The Art of the Engineer''. James Clarke & Co., 1981. ISBN 0718825063. p.31.</ref> | |||
| Eventually the development of the ] had a mayor impact on the methods used to design and create technical drawings.<ref name="Bert02"/> | |||
| == Types of Architectural drawings == | |||
| === Site plan === | |||
| ].]] | |||
| A ] is an architectural plan, and a detailed ] of proposed improvements to a given ]. A site plan usually shows a building footprint, travel ways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping.<ref>. Loudoun County Government. Accessed 11 Feb 2009.</ref> | |||
| Such a ] of a site is a graphic ] of the arrangement of buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of a ] ].<ref> Miami Township. Accessed 11 Feb 2009.</ref> | |||
| A site plan is a set of ]s that a builder or contractor uses to make improvements to a property. Counties can use the site plan to verify that development codes are being met and as a historical resource. Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either an licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land survey.<ref> Chesterfield County, Virginia Planning Department. Accessed 11 Feb 2009.</ref> | |||
| === Floor plan === | |||
| ] for a single-family home.]] | |||
| A ] in architecture and building engineering is a diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor plans will also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans will include notes to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items. | |||
| Similar to a ] in an floor plan the orientation of the view is downward from above, but unlike a conventional ], a plan is understood to be drawn at a particular vertical position (commonly at about 3 feet above the floor). Objects below this level are seen, objects at this level are shown 'cut' in plan-section, and objects above this vertical position within the structure are omitted or shown dashed. ] or "]" is defined as a vertical ] of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map. | |||
| === Architectural elevation === | |||
| ] of the principal façade of the ]]] | |||
| Architectural ] are ]s of a 3-dimensional obuildings and structures from the position of a horizontal plane beside an object. In other words, an elevation is a side-view as viewed from the front, back, left or right. An elevation is a common method of depicting the external configuration and detailing of a 3-dimensional object in two dimensions. Building façades are shown as elevations in architectural and ]. | |||
| Elevations are the most common orthographic projection for conveying the appearance of a building from the exterior. ] are also commonly used for this purpose. A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the compass direction it faces; the direction from which a person views it. E.g. the North Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true north on the compass.<ref>{{Citation | first = Frank| last = Clit | author-link = | title = Architectural Graphics - Second Edition | place = New Wank | publisher = Van Norstrand Reinhold | year = 1985 | isbn = 0442218621 }}</ref> | |||
| === Architectural cutaway === | |||
| ] of the Dome of ].]] | |||
| ] are architectural drawings of buildings or ensembles, where parts of the facade are not shown in order to allow to show the inside. The convention of the rough architectural cutaway can be used to create a more intense dialogue between exterior and interior.<ref>Andreas C. Papadakis (1988). ''Deconstruction in Architecture: In Architecture and Urbanism''. p.65.</ref> This can often possess a far richer visual experience than the facade it excises. Architectural cutaway illustrate architectural details with 3D sketches and annotations. | |||
| Technical details are often represented in a ]. This is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object. A ] is a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object in front of the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper portion of the walls may be omitted. | |||
| === Architectural diagram === | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Architectural diagrams are ]s, that simple graphic explaining certain architectural subjects or elements, for example a ]. Diagrams are essential representations for thinking, problem solving, and communication in the design disciplines, in particular those concerned with making physical form. <ref name="YiGr01"> Ellen Yi-Luen Do†& Mark D. Gross (2001). . In: ''Artificial Intelligence Review'' 15: 135-149, 2001.</ref> | |||
| Architectural design is ultimately about the configurations, connections, shape, and orientations of physical forms. Diagrams can be used to resolve spatial layout concerns, but can also represent forces and flows. For example the forces of sun and wind, or the flows of people and materials through a building. In the early phases of the design architects can use these diagrams to develop, explore, and communicate ideas and solutions.<ref name="YiGr01"/> | |||
| === Architectural isometrie === | |||
| ] is a form of graphical projection—more specifically, a form of ]. It is a method of visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two of them are 120°. Isometric projection is one of the projections used in drafting engineering drawings. | |||
| An ] is a transformation which leaves all distances between points unchanged. If a motif (or pattern) is acted on by an isometry its 'basic shape' is preserved, only its position and orientation are altered. Geometric figures which can be related by an isometry are called congruent. Isometries can be used to create ]s. In particular reflections and rotations applied to a simple motif can produce interesting designs, which can then be translated to produce an attractive ], or tiling effect. Many architectural features can be analyzed in terms of isometries.<ref>Barbara De La Rue & Frances Goldman (2000), Web article University of Glasgow. Accessed 11 Feb 2009.</ref> | |||
| ] plan ].]] | |||
| === Architectural perspective === | |||
| ] in drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface of an image as it is perceived by the eye. Of the many types of perspective drawings, the most common categorizations of artificial perspective are:\ | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| The names of these categories refer to the number of vanishing points in the perspective drawing. | |||
| ] refers to the effect on the appearance of an ordinary object of being viewed through the atmosphere. In daylight, as an ordinary object gets further from the eye, its contrast with the background is reduced, its colour saturation is reduced, and its colour becomes more blue. | |||
| === Architectural sketch === | |||
| ] for a government building.]] | |||
| A ] is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not intended as a finished work. In general, a sketch is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish a composition before undertaking a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time consuming. | |||
| Architectural sketches are a kind of ]s.<ref name="BoCo04"> Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). ''Managing as designing''. p.69.</ref> These sketches, like ]s, are used by architects as a mean of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patters, hereby enhancing the design process.<ref name="BoCo04"/> | |||
| === Other types === | |||
| <gallery widths="150px" heights="150px"> | |||
| File:Spånga stuga.JPG|Layout plan with elevations and floor plans | |||
| File:L-Observatorium.png|Architectural ] | |||
| File:Cgi1 big.jpg|Architectural visualization drawings | |||
| File:Persepolis Colonne flandin.jpg|Detail drawing | |||
| File:Indian Trading Post--Measurments.jpg|Survey drawing | |||
| File:Cathedral schematic section.PNG|Schematic architectural drawings | |||
| File:Paramount_mezzanine_plan.jpg|Construction prints | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| == Drawing styles and techniques == | |||
| The range of hand-rendered and computer-generated drawing styles and techniques for architectural drawing contains.<ref>Rendow Yee (2002). ''Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods''. 2th Edition. Wiley, 2002.</ref> | |||
| * Tools as ], ], ], | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ], ], and line types | |||
| * ] development | |||
| * Light, shade, and shadow | |||
| * ] and rendering entourage | |||
| * ] is the art of creating two-dimensional images showing the attributes of a proposed architectural design. | |||
| * ] is usually a short architectural movie created on a computer. A computer-generated building(s) is created along with landscaping and sometimes moving people and vehicles. Unlike an architectural rendering, which is a single image from a single camera point of view, an architectural animation is a series of hundreds or even thousands of still images made by a moving camera. | |||
| * Presentation formats | |||
| == Related topics == | |||
| === Architectural model === | |||
| ] promoting highrise condominium.]] | |||
| An ] is a type of a ], tangible (also called sometimes physical) representation of a structure built to study aspects of an ] or to communicate design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public. Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising, obtaining permits, and sale purposes. | |||
| Rough study models can be made quickly using cardboard, wooden blocks, polystyrene, foam, foam boards and other materials. Such models are an efficient tool for three-dimensional understanding of a design, used by architects, interior designers and exhibit designers. For a highly detailed presentation model, architects would employ a professional model maker or model making company. | |||
| === Architectural reprography === | |||
| ] covers a variety of technologies, media, and supports typically used to make multiple copies of original ]s and related records created by ], ]s, ], ], ] and other professionals in building and engineering trades. | |||
| Within the context of ], the custodians of architectural records must consider many aspects of identification and care when managing the artifactual nature of these materials. Storage containers, handling, paper and chemical compositions and interactions, ultraviolet light exposure, humidity, mold, and other agents of potential harm all interact to determine the longevity of these documents. As well, architectural reprographic drawings are often in very large formats, making storage and handling decisions especially complex. | |||
| === Computer-aided architectural design === | |||
| ].]] | |||
| ] (CAAD) : software programs are the repository of accurate and comprehensive records of buildings and are used by architect]s and architectural companies. The first program was installed back in the 1960’s, to help architects save time instead of drawing their ]s. ] (CAD) was originally the type of program that architects used, but since CAD couldn’t offer all the tools that architects needed to complete a project, CAAD developed as a distinct class of ]. | |||
| == Employment == | |||
| An ] is an artist who creates imagery for the design professional that accurately portray the details of an architectural project. These images are used to communicate design ideas to clients, owners, committees, customers, and the general public. | |||
| A career as an architectural illustrator combines the traditional skills of rendering with advanced computer graphics. The profession of architectural illustration challenges creative individuals who enjoy working with architects and other design professionals, who are interested in an increasing understanding of the design and building process, who recognize the value of high quality design, and who are proactive in applying a complete visual communications spectrum to achieve the design goals | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Commonscat|Architectural drawings}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
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