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#REDIRECT |
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<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled -->{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Special:Undelete| |{{#if:{{{nosubst|}}}|<div style="display:none;">}} {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|= |#default={{error:wrong namespace}}<div style="display:none;">}}|{{error:not substituted|AFD}}<div style="display:none;">}}}} {{#if:{{{nosubst|}}}|</div></div>}} |
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<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="afd" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #EDF1F1; border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"> |
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'''This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Misplaced Pages's ]]'''<br /> |
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Please share your thoughts on the matter at ''']''' on the Articles for deletion page.<br /> |
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Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the ].<br/> |
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<small>'']: {{subst:afd}} • ''OR'' {{subst:afd2|pg={{PAGENAME}}|cat=|text=}} • {{subst:afd3|pg={{PAGENAME}}}} |
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</small></div> |
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{{{category|]}}} |
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{{TOCright}} |
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There has been controversy about '''who invented radio'''. |
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There was a long dispute, including a court action, between ] and ] as to who "invented radio" and therefore had the rights to the founding patents of radio transmission of messages. Their work and discoveries are described at length in ] and ]. |
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The other main claimant is ]: see ]. |
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The general history of the discovery of radio, including about other people who are claimed as inventors of radio, is in ]. |
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==Tesla's early work== |
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Tesla's work started in or before March ]. In March 1981 he patented a ], which from available description seems to have reliably emitted radio waves, but seems not to have been intended to do that. |
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Around July 1891 Tesla established his laboratory in New York. See ] for more information. |
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==Maroni's early work and patent== |
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Marconi started ] in or before January 1896. (Some say that in 1894 he read about Hertz's work.) Marconi developed and commercialized his work into a practical communications system, which Tesla did not. He got his patent {{US patent|586193}} in 13 July ]. See ]. |
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==Case against Marconi: priority== |
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By 1895, Marconi introduced to the public a device in ], asserting it was his invention. Despite Marconi's statements to the contrary, though, the apparatus resembles Tesla's descriptions in the widely translated articles. <ref> P.J.Papadopoulos, ""</ref> Marconi's later practical four tuned system was pre-dated by N. Tesla, ], and J. S. Stone. Tesla was the first, though, to expound the principles of the four tuned system. The earlier two tuned systems were not practical for commercial activity (as found in the United States court case). In addition, other prior work was conducted by others (such as by Hertz and Bruan, but not excluding others) from which many of Marconi's devices and methods were derived. Marconi's {{US patent|676332}} ''Apparatus for wireless telegraphy'' , in which a more developed system was disclosed than in his earlier patents, was well after contributions made by other investigators. |
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Marconi’s late-1895 transmission of signals was for around a mile. This was small when put against Tesla's early-1895 transmissions of up to 50 miles. |
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==Tesla's first two radio patents== |
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] initially held the rights to radio. Later these patents were withdrawn. See ]. |
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==The Poldhu experiment== |
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In 1901, Marconi in ] claimed to have received daytime transatlantic radio short wave (HF) frequency signals at a ] (820 kHz) transmitted at ] in ] in ], but some say that he merely detected natural static that resembled the signal. For more information, see ]. |
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==Tesla's patents withdrawn== |
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Shortly after the turn of the 20th century, the US Patent Office reversed its decision on the priority of radio and awarded Marconi the patent for radio. Tesla fought to re-acquire his radio patent, but failed. |
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==Court decision== |
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In 1943 a lawsuit regarding Marconi's numerous other radio patents was resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court, who overturned most of these. At the time, the ] was involved in a patent infringement lawsuit with Marconi's company regarding radio, leading various observers to posit that the government nullified Marconi's other patents in order to moot any claims for compensation (as, it is ], the government's initial reversal to grant Marconi the patent right in order to nullify any claims Tesla had for compensation). |
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The court decision was based on the proven prior work conducted by others, such as by Tesla, ], and ], from which some of Marconi patents (such as {{US patent|763772}}) stemmed. The U. S. Supreme Court stated that, |
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: "''The Tesla patent No. 645,576, applied for September 2, 1897 and allowed March 20, 1900, disclosed a four-circuit system, having two circuits each at transmitter and receiver, and recommended that all four circuits be tuned to the same frequency. '''' recognized that his apparatus could, without change, be used for wireless communication, which is dependent upon the transmission of electrical energy.''" <ref>U.S. Supreme Court, "''''". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued April 9-12, 1943. Decided June 21, 1943.</ref> |
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In making their decision, the court noted, |
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: "''Marconi's reputation as the man who first achieved successful radio transmission rests on his original patent, which became reissue No. 11,913, and which is not here in question. That reputation, however well-deserved, does not entitle him to a patent for every later improvement which he claims in the radio field. Patent cases, like others, must be decided not by weighing the reputations of the litigations, but by careful study of the merits of their respective contentions and proofs''." <ref>''Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States''.</ref> |
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The court also stated that, |
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: "''It is well established that as between two inventors priority of invention will be awarded to the one who by satisfying proof can show that he first conceived of the invention''." <ref>''Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States''.</ref> |
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==Case for Marconi== |
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Marconi supporters have stated that Marconi was not aware of the works of ] in the United States. See ]. |
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==Case for Tesla== |
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Tesla's system can produce a variety of wave propagations, pending the driving apparatus. See ]. |
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==Case against Tesla== |
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Tesla never completed his "worldwide wireless system", primarily because of financial difficulties. See ]. |
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==Music group album== |
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The band named "]" has an album, ], which is titled after this controversy of the identity of the inventor of radio. The album inner sleeve recounts the story where the Serbian-American engineer Tesla (who the band is named after) is the true inventor of radio, while the Italian Marconi took the credit and is widely regarded with the title. |
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==Footnotes and citations== |
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<references/> |
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] |
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] |
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