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==Title==<!-- Sources and consensus have determined that the album was released WITHOUT A TITLE. Please do not add "Led Zeppelin IV," "ZoSo," "Four Symbols," or any other designation in this field. Thanks. --> | ==Title==<!-- Sources and consensus have determined that the album was released WITHOUT A TITLE. Please do not add "Led Zeppelin IV," "ZoSo," "Four Symbols," or any other designation in this field. Thanks. --> | ||
After the lukewarm, if not confused and sometimes dismissive, critical reaction '']'' had received in late 1970, Page decided that the next Led Zeppelin album would not have a title, but would instead feature four hand-drawn symbols on the inner sleeve and record label, each one chosen by the band member it represents.<ref name =leonard/> "We decided that on the fourth album, we would deliberately play down the group name, and there wouldn't be any information whatsoever on the outer jacket," Page explained. "Names, titles and things like that do not mean a thing."<ref name="straightdope"> | After the lukewarm, if not confused and sometimes dismissive, critical reaction '']'' had received in late 1970, Page decided that the next Led Zeppelin album would not have a title, but would instead feature four hand-drawn symbols on the inner sleeve and record label, each one chosen by the band member it represents.<ref name =leonard/> "We decided that on the fourth album, we would deliberately play down the group name, and there wouldn't be any information whatsoever on the outer jacket," Page explained. "Names, titles and things like that do not mean a thing."<ref name="straightdope"> | ||
{{cite web| last = Adams| first = Cecil| authorlink = Cecil Adams| title = What Do the Four Symbols on Led Zeppelin's 4th Album Mean?| work = straightdope.com| url = http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mledzeppelin.html| accessdate =11 August 2008}}</ref> | {{cite web| last = Adams| first = Cecil| authorlink = Cecil Adams| title = What Do the Four Symbols on Led Zeppelin's 4th Album Mean?| work = straightdope.com| url = http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mledzeppelin.html| accessdate =11 August 2008}}</ref>{{better source}} | ||
Page has also stated that the decision to release the album without any written information on the album sleeve was contrary to strong advice given to him by a press agent, who said that after a year's absence from both records and touring, the move would be akin to "professional suicide."<ref name = Schulps /> |
Page has also stated that the decision to release the album without any written information on the album sleeve was contrary to strong advice given to him by a press agent, who said that after a year's absence from both records and touring, the move would be akin to "professional suicide."<ref name = Schulps /> Page thought, "We just happened to have a lot of faith in what we were doing."<ref name = Schulps /> He recalled the record company were insisting that a title had to be on the album, but held his ground, as he felt it would be an answer to critics who could not review one Led Zeppelin album without point of reference to earlier ones.<ref name=jackson2>{{cite news|first=James|last=Jackson|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6979690.ece|title=Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV, the band's peak and their reunion|work=]|date=January 8, 2010}}</ref> | ||
{{quote|It wasn't easy. The record company were sort of insisting that the name go on it. There were eyes looking towards heaven if you like. It was hinted it was professional suicide to go out with an album with no title. The reality of it was that we'd had so many dour reviews to our albums along the way. At the time each came out it was difficult sometimes for the reviewers to come to terms with what was on there, without an immediate point of reference to the previous album. But the ethic of the band was very much summing up where we were collectively at that point in time. An untitled album struck me as the best answer to all the critics — because we knew the way that the music was being received both by sales and attendance at concerts.<ref name=jackson2>James Jackson, ", '']'', January 8, 2010 .</ref>}} | |||
Releasing the album without an official title has made it difficult to consistently identify. While most commonly called ''Led Zeppelin IV'', Atlantic Records catalogues have used the names ''Four Symbols'' and ''The Fourth Album''. It has also been referred to as ''ZoSo'' (which Page's symbol appears to spell), ''Untitled'' and ''Runes''.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|p=51}} Page frequently refers to the album in interviews as "the fourth album" and "Led Zeppelin IV",<ref name=Schulps>Dave Schulps, , '']'', October 1977.</ref><ref name="JP93">, '']'' magazine, 1993</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3 |title=Led Zeppelin Assorted Info |author=Led-Zeppelin.org |accessdate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005812/http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3 |archivedate=16 February 2012 |df= }}</ref> and Plant thinks of it as "the fourth album, that's it".<ref name="Q&A">], , '']'', 5 May 2005. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717052103/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/robertplant/articles/story/7287549/qa_robert_plant |date=17 July 2009 }}</ref> Not only does the album have no title, but there is no text anywhere on the front or back cover, or even a catalogue number on the original LP's spine.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|p=51}} | Releasing the album without an official title has made it difficult to consistently identify. While most commonly called ''Led Zeppelin IV'', Atlantic Records catalogues have used the names ''Four Symbols'' and ''The Fourth Album''. It has also been referred to as ''ZoSo'' (which Page's symbol appears to spell), ''Untitled'' and ''Runes''.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|p=51}} Page frequently refers to the album in interviews as "the fourth album" and "Led Zeppelin IV",<ref name=Schulps>Dave Schulps, , '']'', October 1977.</ref><ref name="JP93">, '']'' magazine, 1993</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3 |title=Led Zeppelin Assorted Info |author=Led-Zeppelin.org |accessdate=15 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005812/http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3 |archivedate=16 February 2012 |df= }}</ref> and Plant thinks of it as "the fourth album, that's it".<ref name="Q&A">], , '']'', 5 May 2005. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717052103/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/robertplant/articles/story/7287549/qa_robert_plant |date=17 July 2009 }}</ref> Not only does the album have no title, but there is no text anywhere on the front or back cover, or even a catalogue number on the original LP's spine.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|p=51}} |
Revision as of 22:40, 9 July 2018
"Zoso" redirects here. For the character from the TV series Once Upon a Time, see List of Once Upon a Time characters. "The Untitled Album" redirects here. For other uses, see Untitled. 1971 studio album by Led ZeppelinUntitled | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Studio album by Led Zeppelin | ||||
Released | 8 November 1971 | |||
Recorded | December 1970 – February 1971 July 1971 (mixing) | |||
Studio | ||||
Genre | ||||
Length | 42:34 | |||
Label | Atlantic | |||
Producer | Jimmy Page | |||
Led Zeppelin chronology | ||||
| ||||
Singles from Led Zeppelin IV | ||||
| ||||
The untitled fourth studio album by English rock band Led Zeppelin, commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV, was released on 8 November 1971 by Atlantic Records. Produced by guitarist Jimmy Page, it was recorded between December 1970 and February 1971 at several locations, most prominently the 18th-century house Headley Grange.
After the band's previous album Led Zeppelin III received lukewarm reviews from critics, they decided their fourth album would officially be untitled. This, along with the inner sleeve's design featuring four symbols that represented each band member, led to the album being referred to variously as , Four Symbols, The Fourth Album, Untitled, Runes, The Hermit, and ZoSo (which was derived from Page's symbol). In addition to lacking an album title, the cover featured no band name, as the group wished to be anonymous and to avoid easy pigeonholing by the press.
Led Zeppelin IV was a commercial and critical success, featuring many of the band's best-known songs, including "Stairway to Heaven". The album is one of the best-selling albums of all time with more than 37 million copies sold. It is tied for third highest-certified album in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America at 23× Platinum. Writers and critics have regularly placed it on lists of the greatest albums of all time.
Recording sessions
Recording sessions for the album began at Island Records' newly opened Basing Street Studios, London, at the same time as Jethro Tull's Aqualung in December 1970. Upon the recommendation of Fleetwood Mac, the band moved the following month to Headley Grange, a country house in Hampshire, England, using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio. Jimmy Page later recalled: "We needed the sort of facilities where we could have a cup of tea and wander around the garden and go in and do what we had to do." This relaxed, atmospheric environment at Headley Grange also provided other advantages for the band, as they were able to capture spontaneous performances immediately, with some tracks arising from the communal jamming.
Once the basic tracks had been recorded, the band added overdubs at Island Studios in February. Page then took the completed master tapes to Sunset Sound in Los Angeles for mixing. However, he was unsatisfied with the results, and so after touring through the spring and early summer, he remixed the whole album in July. The album was delayed again over the choice of cover, whether it should be a double album, with a possible suggestion it could be issued as a set of EPs.
Songs
Side one
"Black Dog" was named after a dog that hung around Headley Grange during recording. The riff was written by Page and Jones, while the a cappella section was influenced by Fleetwood Mac's "Oh Well". Plant wrote the lyrics, and later sang portions of the song during solo concerts.
"Rock and Roll" was a collaboration with Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart that came out of a jam session between the musicians. Bonham wrote the drum intro, which was based on "Good Golly Miss Molly". The track became a live favourite in concert, being performed as the opening number or an encore. It was released as a promotional single in the US, with stereo and mono mixes on either side of the disc.
"The Battle of Evermore" was written by Page on the mandolin, borrowed from Jones. Plant added lyrics inspired by a book he was reading about the Scottish Independence Wars. The track features a duet between Plant and Fairport Convention's Sandy Denny.
"Stairway to Heaven" was mostly written by Page, and most of the chord sequence was already worked out when recording started at Basing Street Studios. The lyrics were written by Plant at Headley Grange, while the whole group contributed to the arrangement, such as Jones playing recorders on the introduction, and Bonham's distinctive drum entry halfway through the piece. The song was the standout track on the album and featured prominently on radio, but the group resisted all suggestions to release it as a single. It became the centrepiece of the group's live set from 1971 onwards; in order to replicate the changes between acoustic, electric and twelve-string guitar on the studio recording, Page played a Gibson EDS-1275 double neck guitar during the song.
Side two
"Misty Mountain Hop" was written at Headley Grange and featured Jones playing electric piano. Plant later played the track on solo tours.
"Four Sticks" took its title from Bonham playing the drum pattern that runs throughout the song with four drum sticks. The track was difficult to record compared to the other material on the album, requiring numerous takes. It was reworked for Page and Plant's 1994 album No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded.
"Going to California" is a quiet acoustic number. It was written by Page and Plant about Californian earthquakes, and musically influenced by Joni Mitchell. The track was originally titled "Guide To California"; the final title comes from the trip to LA to mix the album.
"When the Levee Breaks" comes from a blues song recorded by Memphis Minnie and Kansas Joe McCoy in 1929. The track opens with Bonham's heavy unaccompanied drumming, which was recorded using a single microphone in the hall of Headley Grange. This introduction was later extensively sampled for hip hop music in the 1980s.
Other songs
Three other songs from the sessions, "Down by the Seaside", "Night Flight" and "Boogie with Stu" (featuring Stewart on piano), were included four years later on the double album Physical Graffiti. An early version of "No Quarter" was also recorded at the sessions.
Title
After the lukewarm, if not confused and sometimes dismissive, critical reaction Led Zeppelin III had received in late 1970, Page decided that the next Led Zeppelin album would not have a title, but would instead feature four hand-drawn symbols on the inner sleeve and record label, each one chosen by the band member it represents. "We decided that on the fourth album, we would deliberately play down the group name, and there wouldn't be any information whatsoever on the outer jacket," Page explained. "Names, titles and things like that do not mean a thing."
Page has also stated that the decision to release the album without any written information on the album sleeve was contrary to strong advice given to him by a press agent, who said that after a year's absence from both records and touring, the move would be akin to "professional suicide." Page thought, "We just happened to have a lot of faith in what we were doing." He recalled the record company were insisting that a title had to be on the album, but held his ground, as he felt it would be an answer to critics who could not review one Led Zeppelin album without point of reference to earlier ones.
Releasing the album without an official title has made it difficult to consistently identify. While most commonly called Led Zeppelin IV, Atlantic Records catalogues have used the names Four Symbols and The Fourth Album. It has also been referred to as ZoSo (which Page's symbol appears to spell), Untitled and Runes. Page frequently refers to the album in interviews as "the fourth album" and "Led Zeppelin IV", and Plant thinks of it as "the fourth album, that's it". Not only does the album have no title, but there is no text anywhere on the front or back cover, or even a catalogue number on the original LP's spine.
Symbols
Page decided instead of a title, each member could choose a personal emblem for the cover. In an interview he gave in 1977, he recalled:
After all this crap that we'd had with the critics, I put it to everybody else that it'd be a good idea to put out something totally anonymous. At first I wanted just one symbol on it, but then it was decided that since it was our fourth album and there were four of us, we could each choose our own symbol. I designed mine and everyone else had their own reasons for using the symbols that they used.
Page stated that he designed his own symbol and has never publicly disclosed any reasoning behind it. It has been argued that his symbol appeared as early as 1557 to represent Saturn. The symbol is sometimes referred to as "ZoSo", though Page has explained that it was not in fact intended to be a word at all.
Bassist John Paul Jones' symbol, which he chose from Rudolf Koch's Book of Signs, is a single circle intersecting three vesica pisces (a triquetra). It is intended to symbolise a person who possesses both confidence and competence.
Drummer John Bonham's symbol, the three interlocking (Borromean) rings, was picked by the drummer from the same book. It represents the triad of mother, father and child, but, inverted, it also happens to be the logo for Ballantine beer.
Singer Robert Plant's symbol of a feather within a circle was his own design, being based on the sign of the supposed Mu civilisation.
A fifth, smaller symbol chosen by guest vocalist Sandy Denny represents her contribution to "The Battle of Evermore"; the figure, composed of three equilateral triangles, appears on the inner sleeve of the LP, serving as an asterisk.
During Led Zeppelin's tour of the United Kingdom in winter 1971, which took place shortly following the release of the album, the band visually projected the four symbols on their stage equipment. Page's symbol was put onto one of his Marshall amplifiers, Bonham's three interlinked circles adorned the outer skin of his bass drum, Jones had his symbol stencilled onto material which was draped across his Fender Rhodes keyboard, and Plant's feather symbol was painted onto a side speaker PA cabinet. Only Page's and Bonham's symbols were retained for subsequent Led Zeppelin concert tours.
Cover
The 19th-century rustic oil painting on the front of the album was purchased from an antique shop in Reading, Berkshire by Plant. The painting was then juxtaposed and affixed to the internal, papered wall of a partly demolished suburban house for the photograph to be taken. The block of flats seen on the album is "Salisbury Tower" in the Ladywood district of Birmingham, England.
Page has explained that the cover of the fourth album was intended to bring out a city/country dichotomy that had initially surfaced on Led Zeppelin III:
It represented the change in the balance which was going on. There was the old countryman and the blocks of flats being knocked down. It was just a way of saying that we should look after the earth, not rape and pillage it.
However, regarding the meaning of the album cover, he has also stated:
The cover was supposed to be something that was for other people to savour rather than for me to actually spell everything out, which would make the whole thing rather disappointing on that level of your own personal adventure into the music.
The album cover was among the 10 chosen by the Royal Mail for a set of "Classic Album Cover" postage stamps issued in January 2010.
The inside illustration, entitled "The Hermit", painted by Barrington Coleby (credited to Barrington Colby MOM on the album sleeve), was influenced by the design of the card of the same name in the Rider-Waite tarot deck. This character was later portrayed by Page himself in Led Zeppelin's concert film, The Song Remains the Same (1976). The inner painting is also referred to as View in Half or Varying Light and was sold at auction under that name in 1981.
Varied versions of the artwork within the album exist. Some versions depict a longhaired and bearded supplicant climbing at the base of the mountain, while some others do not show the six pointed star within the hermit's lantern. If the inside cover of the album is held vertically against a mirror, a man's face can be seen hidden in the rocks below the hermit. Speculation exists that the face is actually that of a black dog.
The typeface for the lyrics to "Stairway to Heaven", printed on the inside sleeve of the album, was Page's contribution. He found it in an old arts and crafts magazine called The Studio which dated from the late 19th century. He thought the lettering was interesting and arranged for someone to create a whole alphabet.
Release
The album was promoted via a series of teaser advertisements showing the individual symbols on the album artwork. It was a massive instant seller. It entered the UK chart at No. 10, rising to No.1 the following week and stayed on the chart for 62 weeks. In the US it stayed on the charts longer than any other Led Zeppelin album and became the highest selling album in the US not to top the Billboard album chart, peaking at #2 behind There's a Riot Goin' On by Sly and the Family Stone and Music by Carole King. "Ultimately," writes Lewis, "the fourth Zeppelin album would be the most durable seller in their catalogue and the most impressive critical and commercial success of their career". At one point, it was ranked as one of the top five best-selling albums of all time.
The album was reissued several times throughout the 1970s, including a lilac vinyl pressing in 1978 and a box set package in 1988. It was first issued on CD in 1983, but Page criticised the lack of quality control, saying first-generation master tapes were not used and there was excessive tape hiss. He remastered several tracks for the 1990's compilation Led Zeppelin Remasters using original master tapes, in an attempt to update the catalogue. The whole album was reissued on CD in 1994.
2014 reissue
A remastered version of Led Zeppelin IV was reissued on 27 October 2014, along with Houses of the Holy. The reissue comes in six formats: a standard CD edition, a deluxe two-CD edition, a standard LP version, a deluxe two-LP version, a super deluxe two-CD plus two-LP version with a hardback book, and as high resolution 96k/24-bit digital downloads. The deluxe and super deluxe editions feature bonus material. The reissue was released with an inverted color version of the original album's artwork as its bonus disc's cover. The album's remastered version received widespread acclaim from critics, including Rolling Stone, who found Page's remastering "illuminative".
Reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
AllMusic | |
Blender | |
Christgau's Record Guide | A |
Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
Entertainment Weekly | A+ |
Mojo | |
MusicHound Rock | 5/5 |
Pitchfork | 9.1/10 |
Q | |
The Rolling Stone Album Guide |
Led Zeppelin IV received overwhelming praise from critics. In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Lenny Kaye called it the band's "most consistently good" album yet and praised the diversity of the songs: "out of eight cuts, there isn't one that steps on another's toes, that tries to do too much all at once." Billboard magazine called it a "powerhouse album" that has the commercial potential of the band's previous three albums.
Robert Christgau originally gave Led Zeppelin IV a lukewarm review in The Village Voice, but later called the album a "genre masterpiece", and wrote that it showed the band at the pinnacle of their songwriting. Even though he found their Medieval ideas limiting as usual, he said that it is "the definitive Led Zeppelin and hence heavy metal album". In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine credited the album for "defining not only Led Zeppelin but the sound and style of '70s hard rock", while "encompassing heavy metal, folk, pure rock & roll, and blues". In his album guide to heavy metal, Spin magazine's Joe Gross cited Led Zeppelin IV as a "monolithic cornerstone". BBC Music's Daryl Easlea said that the album made the band a global success and effectively combined their third album's folk ideas with their second album's hard rock style, while Katherine Flynn and Julian Ring of Consequence of Sound felt it featured their debut's blues rock, along with the other styles from their second and third albums. Led Zeppelin's Rock Hall biography described the album as "a fully realized hybrid of the folk and hard-rock directions". Music journalist Chuck Eddy named it the number one metal album of all time in his 1991 book Stairway to Hell: The 500 Best Heavy Metal Albums in the Universe.
Awards and recognition
In 2000, Led Zeppelin IV was named the twenty-sixth greatest British album in a list by Q magazine. In 2002, Spin magazine's Chuck Klosterman named it the second greatest metal album of all time and said that it was "the most famous hard-rock album ever recorded" as well as an album that unintentionally created metal—"the origin of everything that sounds, feels, or even tastes vaguely metallic". In 2003, the album was ranked number 69 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", which described it as "the peak of Seventies hard rock". It was also named the seventh-best album of the 1970s in a list by Pitchfork. In 2016, Classic Rock magazine ranked Led Zeppelin IV as the greatest of all Zeppelin albums.
Publication | Country | Accolade | Year | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mojo | United Kingdom | "The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made" | 1996 | 24 |
Grammy Awards | United States | Grammy Hall of Fame Award | 1999 | * |
The Guitar | United States | "Album of the Millennium" | 1999 | 2 |
Classic Rock | United Kingdom | "100 Greatest Rock Albums Ever" | 2001 | 1 |
Rolling Stone | United States | "500 Greatest Albums Ever" | 2012 | 69 |
Pitchfork | United States | "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s" | 2004 | 7 |
Q | United Kingdom | "The Greatest Classic Rock Albums Ever" | 2004 | * |
Robert Dimery | United States | 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die | 2005 | * |
Q | United Kingdom | "100 Best Albums Ever" | 2006 | 21 |
Classic Rock | United Kingdom | "100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever" | 2006 | 1 |
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | United States | "The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time" | 2007 | 4 |
NME | United Kingdom | NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time | 2013 | 106 |
(*) designates unordered lists.
Track listing
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|
1. | "Black Dog" | 4:54 | |
2. | "Rock and Roll" |
| 3:40 |
3. | "The Battle of Evermore" |
| 5:51 |
4. | "Stairway to Heaven" |
| 8:02 |
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|
5. | "Misty Mountain Hop" |
| 4:38 |
6. | "Four Sticks" |
| 4:44 |
7. | "Going to California" |
| 3:31 |
8. | "When the Levee Breaks" |
| 7:07 |
No. | Title | Length |
---|---|---|
1. | "Black Dog" (Basic track with guitar overdubs) | 4:34 |
2. | "Rock and Roll" (Alternate mix) | 3:39 |
3. | "The Battle of Evermore" (Mandolin/Guitar mix from Headley Grange) | 4:13 |
4. | "Stairway to Heaven" (Sunset Sound mix) | 8:03 |
5. | "Misty Mountain Hop" (Alternate mix) | 4:45 |
6. | "Four Sticks" (Alternate mix) | 4:33 |
7. | "Going to California" (Mandolin/Guitar mix) | 3:34 |
8. | "When the Levee Breaks" (Alternate UK mix) | 7:08 |
Total length: | 40:32 |
Personnel
- John Bonham – drums, percussion
- John Paul Jones – bass guitar, electric piano, mandolin on "Going to California", recorders, EMS VCS 3, acoustic guitar on "The Battle of Evermore"
- Jimmy Page – electric and acoustic guitars, mandolin on "The Battle of Evermore", production, mastering, digital remastering
- Robert Plant – lead and overdubbed backing vocals, tambourine, harmonica on "When the Levee Breaks"
- Sandy Denny – vocals on "The Battle of Evermore"
- Ian Stewart – piano on "Rock and Roll"
- Barrington Colby M.O.M. – The Hermit illustration
- George Chkiantz – mixing
- Peter Grant – executive production
- Graphreaks – design coordination
- Andy Johns – engineering, mixing
- Joe Sidore – mastering (original 1984 Compact Disc release)
- George Marino – remastering (1990 Compact Disc re-release)
Charts
Chart (1971–72) | Peak position |
---|---|
Australian Albums Chart | 2 |
Canadian Albums Chart | 1 |
Danish Albums Chart | 2 |
French Albums Chart | 2 |
German Albums Chart | 9 |
Japanese Albums Chart | 2 |
Norwegian Albums Chart | 3 |
Italian Albums Chart | 2 |
Spanish Albums Chart | 8 |
UK Albums Chart | 1 |
US Billboard 200 | 2 |
Cash Box Album Charts | 1 |
Record World Album Charts | 1 |
Chart (2014) | Peak position |
Polish Albums (ZPAV) | 18 |
Certifications
Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Argentina (CAPIF) | Platinum | 60,000 |
Australia (ARIA) | 9× Platinum | 630,000 |
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | Gold | 100,000 |
Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Diamond | 2,000,000 |
France (SNEP) | 2× Platinum | 970,866 |
Germany (BVMI) | 3× Gold | 750,000 |
Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 100,000 |
Netherlands (NVPI) | Platinum | 100,000 |
New Zealand (RMNZ) | 7× Platinum | 105,000 |
Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Platinum | 100,000 |
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 50,000 |
United Kingdom (BPI) | 6× Platinum | 1,800,000 |
United States (RIAA) | 23× Platinum | 23,000,000 |
Sales figures based on certification alone. |
See also
References
Notes
- In 1990, Jason Bonham confirmed that the symbol was chosen as a representation of man, woman and child.
Citations
- ^ Led Zeppelin IV, Led Zeppelin, Atlantic Records, R2-536185, Super Deluxe Edition Box, 2014 Liner Notes, page 3
- Lewis 1990, pp. 51, 89.
- Davis, Stephen (2008). "Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga". p.234. HarperCollins, 2008
- Wall 2008, pp. 269–270.
- Bukszpan 2003, p. 128.
- Brown 2001, p. 480.
- "Top 100 Albums". RIAA. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- "Their Time is Gonna Come". Classic Rock Magazine. December 2007.
- ^ Michael Leonard, "Heaven Sent", Q Led Zeppelin Special Edition, 2003.
- ^ Lewis 1990, p. 16.
- Lewis 1990, p. 89.
- Lewis 1990, pp. 16, 89.
- ^ Lewis 1990, p. 51.
- Lewis 1990, p. 96.
- ^ Lewis 1990, p. 52.
- "No Quarter". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
- Adams, Cecil. "What Do the Four Symbols on Led Zeppelin's 4th Album Mean?". straightdope.com. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, Trouser Press, October 1977.
- Jackson, James (8 January 2010). "Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV, the band's peak and their reunion". The Times.
- Interview with Jimmy Page, Guitar World magazine, 1993
- Led-Zeppelin.org. "Led Zeppelin Assorted Info". Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - Austin Scaggs, Q&A: Robert Plant, Rolling Stone, 5 May 2005. Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- "Zoso Jimmy Page's symbol". Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- "Jimmy Page's Led Zeppelin symbol".
{{cite web}}
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(help) - Gettings, Fred (1981). The Dictionary of Occult, Hermetic, and Alchemical Sigils and Symbols. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 201. ISBN 0-7100-0095-2. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- Lewis, Dave; Pallett, Simon (2007). Led Zeppelin: The Concert File. London: Omnibus Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4.
- ^ Tolinski, Brad; Di Bendetto, Greg (January 1998). "Light and Shade". Guitar World.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - "Led Zeppelin IV photo location – mystery solved". Led Zeppelin Official Forum. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- James Jackson, Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin's good times, bad times and reunion rumours, The Times, 8 January 2010 .
- Michaels, Sean (8 January 2010). "Coldplay album gets stamp of approval from Royal Mail". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
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Bibliography
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Bukszpan, Daniel (2003). The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-4218-9.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Lewis, Dave (1990). Led Zeppelin : A Celebration. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-711-92416-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wall, Mick (2008). When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin. London: Orion. ISBN 978-1-4091-0319-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
External links
- Led Zeppelin IV at Discogs (list of releases)
- Led Zeppelin IV ⚠ "
mbid
" is missing! at MusicBrainz
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