| Revision as of 06:20, 3 June 2013 view sourceKauffner (talk | contribs)32,539 edits move refs to ref section← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 18:35, 17 August 2018 view source ONUnicorn (talk | contribs)Administrators19,805 edits per talk pageTag: Redirect target changed | ||
| (33 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| #Redirect ] | |||
| {{Merge to|Chữ nôm|discuss=Talk:Chữ nôm#Proposed merge|date=May 2013}} | |||
| {{pp-dispute|small=yes}} | |||
| ]'', a popular soup made from rice noodles. It is scheduled for inclusion in an upcoming extension of Unicode.<ref name=CJK-E2/> The radical {{vi-nom|{{linktext|米}}}} on the left suggests that the meaning is linked to rice. The remainder {{vi-nom|{{linktext|頗}}}} is a phonetic, a Chinese character used to indicate pronunciation.]] | |||
| {{Contains Nom text}} | |||
| '''Hán-Nôm''', or '''Sino-Vietnamese characters''',<ref name=Langenscheidt/> are characters that were commonly used in Vietnam from the second century BC until the early 20th century. The script could be used to write either ] ({{lang|vi|''Hán văn''}}), or a form of Vietnamese called ] ({{lang|vi|''chữ Nôm''}}).<ref name=Hoang/><ref name=Noboyuki/> It includes both ] and characters based on the principles of Chinese writing, but particular to Vietnam. | |||
| Han was used by the court and for other official purposes, following the practice of the Chinese government at that time. The ] in Hanoi was the best-known school for the study of Chinese. Students typically studied to pass the ] so that they might become magistrates. | |||
| In Nom, Chinese characters are used to write Vietnamese. A Vietnamese word can be written using a Chinese character for a word with a similar meaning or pronunciation. It is thus an ] script, although each character represents only one syllable. Vietnamese is a tonal language, and it has far more distinct syllables than other East Asian languages do.<ref name=Hanna/> Japanese and Korean, both non-tonal languages, developed phonetic scripts to supplement Chinese-based script long before Vietnam did. | |||
| In the 1920s, Han-Nom was replaced by ], a Latin-based script that indicates tone. Unlike ] and ], modern Vietnam does not require students to study the traditional characters.<ref name=Hoang/> Fewer than 100 scholars worldwide can read Nom.<ref name=whatisnom/> However, Han-Nom calligraphy remains popular as a home decoration and as a symbol of good luck.<ref name=Hoang/> The Han-Nom Research Institute in Hanoi, founded in 1970, collects and studies relevant manuscripts.<ref name=Noboyuki/> It has also created a standard for computer encoding. | |||
| {{Infobox Chinese | |||
| |qn= Hán Nôm | |||
| |hn= {{linktext|漢|喃}} | |||
| }} | |||
| == History == | |||
| ] | |||
| Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the ] conquered the country in 111 BC. Independence was achieved in 939, but the Chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010.<ref name="Hanna" /> A bell engraved in 1076 is the earliest known example of a Nom inscription.<ref name="Manh" /> ], who composed poetry in the 13th century, is sometimes given credit as the creator of Nom. However, none of his work has survived.<ref name="Hanna" /> The oldest surviving Nom text is the collected poetry of Emperor ] written in the 13th century.<ref name="Tong" /> The Ming occupation of Vietnam (1407-1428) was highly destructive, and few Nom inscriptions survive from earlier times.<ref name="McLeod" /> ] (1380–1442) wrote both Han and Nom literature in the 15th century.<ref name="McLeod" /> Trinh Thi Ngoc Truc, consort of King ], is given credit for a 24,000 character bilingual Han-to-Nom dictionary written in the 17th century.<ref name=chu/> | |||
| Unlike Han, Nom was not studied or classified systematically for most of its history.<ref name="Marr141" /> Instead, authors who had studied Chinese applied the principles of Chinese writing to their native language. In 1838, ] wrote a Nom dictionary that eventually gained wide acceptance and circulation.<ref name="Taberd" /> In the 19th century, there was a flowering of popular literature written in Nom, including such classics as ]'s '']'' and the poetry of ]. Although only 3 to 5 percent of the population was literate,<ref name="Hanna78" /> nearly every village had someone who could read Nom aloud for the benefit of other villagers.<ref name="Marr142A" /> | |||
| In Korea and Japan, the traditional writing system was simplified so it could be taught to the general public.<ref name="Marr141-2" /> These nations created only a few hundred original characters.<ref name="Hanna" /> Vietnam's educated class looked down on Nom as inferior to Han, so it was not interested in doing the work required to turn Nom into a form of writing suitable for mass communication.<ref name="Marr142" /> Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language and has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables.<ref name="Hanna" /> Neither the Korean nor the Japanese writing systems indicate tones, so they cannot be applied to the Vietnamese language.<ref name="Marr141" /> As in Chinese, a semantic meaning is attributed to every syllable. This characteristic of the language may be can considered a result of the traditional writing system.<ref name="Hanna77" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| As additional characters were created by combining pre-existing elements, Nom grew more complex.<ref name="Hanna" /> One element might suggest Vietnamese pronunciation, while the other could be derived from a Chinese character with similar meaning. For example, the reading ''ba'' is indicated by the character {{vi-nom|{{linktext|巴}}}}. In Chinese, this character indicates the same sound as in Vietnamese, but it's meaning is unrelated: "to long for". For the character {{vi-nom|{{linktext|𠀧}}}} (⿺{{vi-nom|{{linktext|巴|三}}}}), horizontal lines are added to indicate that the meaning is "three." "Father" is also ''ba'', but written as {{vi-nom|{{linktext|爸}} (⿰{{linktext|父|巴}}}}). "Turtle" is ''con ba ba'' ({{vi-nom|{{linktext|昆|蚆|蚆}}; ⿰{{linktext|虫巴}}}}). The Chinese also combined phonetic and semantic elements to create Han characters in ancient times. As the correspondence between sound and meaning is different in Vietnamese than it is in ancient Chinese, Nom involved the creation of thousands of additional characters. A set of nearly 20,000 characters has been proposed for a computer encoding standard, over 6,000 of these specific to Vietnam.<ref name="Ngo" /><ref name="KiemChar" /> | |||
| Beginning in the late 19th century, the French colonial authorities promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform movements in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the ] of 1905, Japan was increasingly cited as a model for modernization. The Confucian education system was compared unfavorably to the Japanese system of public education. According to a polemic by writer ], "so-called Confucian scholars" lacked knowledge of the modern world, as well as real understanding of Han literature. Their degrees showed only that they had learned how to write characters, he claimed.<ref name="phan"/> | |||
| The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived ] suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1917.<ref name="Chung" /> On December 28, 1918, Emperor ] declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status.<ref name="Chung" /> The civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of ] on January 4, 1919.<ref name="Chung" /> The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years.<ref name="Chung" /> China itself abandoned Han soon afterward as part of the ]. | |||
| In more recent times, Han-Nom has been a focus of calligraphy.<ref name="HoiAn"/> In 2012, manuscripts in Han were translated to support Vietnam's claim to the ].<ref name="VNN"/> | |||
| ==Most common characters== | |||
| The following are the fifty most common characters in Nom literature.<ref name=chunom/> The modern spelling is given in italics. | |||
| {{div col|colwidth=15em}} | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|羅}}}}</big> ''là'' to be | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|吧}}}}</big> ''và'' and | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|各}}}}</big> ''các'' each; every | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|没}}}}</big> ''một'' one | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|固}}}}</big> ''có'' there is | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𧵑}}}}</big> ''của'' of | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|得}}}}</big> ''được'' to get | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𥪝}}}}</big> ''trong'' in | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𤄯}}}}</big> ''trong'' clear | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𠊛}} (<small>or</small> {{linktext|𠊚}})}}</big> ''người'' people | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|忍}}}}</big> ''những'' (plural marker) | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|學}}}}</big> ''học'' to learn | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|如}}}}</big> ''như'' as | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|詞}}}}</big> ''từ'' word | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|會}}}}</big> ''hội'' to meet | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|咍}}}}</big> ''hay'' or; good | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|空}}}}</big> ''không'' not | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|体}}}}</big> ''thể'' body | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|四}}}}</big> ''tư'' four | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|拱}}}}</big> ''cũng'' also | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𠇍}}}}</big> ''với'' with | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|朱}}}}</big> ''cho'' to give | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|社}}}}</big> ''xã'' society, company | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|尼}}}}</big> ''này, nơi'' place | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|底}}}}</big> ''để'' to place | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|關}}}}</big> ''quan'' frontier, barrier, gate | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|觀}}}}</big> ''quan'' to see | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|場}}}}</big> ''trường'' school | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|本}}}}</big> ''bản'' composition | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𧗱}}}}</big> ''về'' to return; about | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|經}}}}</big> ''kinh'' classic works | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|行}}}}</big> ''hàng, hãng, hành, hạnh'' company, firm | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|航}}}}</big> ''hàng'' sail; navigate | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|産}}}}</big> ''sản'' to give birth | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𠚢}}}}</big> ''ra'' to get out | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|世}}}}</big> ''thế'' world; era | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|替}}}}</big> ''thế'' to replace | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|勢}}}}</big> ''thế'' position, power; like that, so | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|常}}}}</big> ''thường'' frequent; common, normal, usual | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|事}}}}</big> ''sự'' matter; event | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|妬}}}}</big> ''đó'' there; that | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|濟}}}}</big> ''tế'' to run | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|濟}}}}</big> ''tế'' border | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|頭}}}}</big> ''đầu'' head; top (of a multitude) | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|投}}}}</big> ''đầu'' to throw, to send | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𦓡}}}}</big> ''mà'' but | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|恪}}}}</big> ''khác'' another; further | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|一}}}}</big> ''nhất'' first | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|旦}}}}</big> ''đến, đán'' day, morning | |||
| * <big>{{vi-nom|{{linktext|家}}}}</big> ''gia'' home; family. | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| ==Han texts== | |||
| ]'' by ]. This novel was first published in 1820, and it is the best-known work in Nom. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century.]] | |||
| *], ''Gia huấn ca'' ("The Family Training Ode"), a Confucian morality poem written in the 1420s. | |||
| * Đặng Trần Côn, '']'' | |||
| * Ngô Sĩ Liên, '']'' | |||
| * Trần Thế Pháp, '']'' | |||
| * ], ''Vân đài loại ngữ'' (an encyclopedia) | |||
| * Lê Quý Đôn, ''Frontier Chronicles'' | |||
| ==Nom texts== | |||
| *Nguyễn Du, ''The Tale of Kieu'' (1820) | |||
| *Nguyễn Trãi, ''Quốc âm thi tập'' ("National Language Poetry Compilation") | |||
| *Phạm Đình Hồ, ''Nhật Dụng Thường Đàm'' (1851). A Hán-to-Nôm dictionary for Vietnamese speakers. | |||
| *], ''Lục Văn Tiên'' (19th century) | |||
| *], ''Chinh Phụ Nghâm Khúc'' (18th century) | |||
| *] (18th century) female poet | |||
| ==Computer encoding== | |||
| In 1993, the Vietnamese government released an 8-bit coding standard for alphabetic Vietnamese (TCVN 5712:1993, or VSCII), as well as a 16-bit standard for Nom (TCVN 5773:1993).<ref name=Phan/> This group of glyphs is referred to as "V0." In 1994, the ] agreed to include Nom characters as part of ].<ref name=unicode/> A revised standard, TCVN 6909:2001, defines 9,299 glyphs.<ref name=Hong/> About half of these glyphs are specific to Vietnam.<ref name=Hong/> Nom characters not already encoded were added to ].<ref name=Hong/> (These characters have five-digit ] codepoints. The characters that were encoded earlier have four-digit hex.) | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- style="color:#fcf;"| | |||
| !Code!!Characters!!Unicode block!!Standard!!Date!!V Source!!Sources | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V0||2,246||Basic Block (593), A (138), B (1,515)||TCVN 5773:1993||2001||V0-3021 to V0-4927||5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V1||3,311||Basic Block (3,110), C (1)||TCVN 6056:1995||1999||V1-4A21 to V1-6D35||2, 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V2||3,205||Basic Block (763), A (151), B (2,291)||VHN 01:1998||2001||V2-6E21 to V2-9171||2, 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V3||535||Basic Block (91), A (19), B (425)||VHN 02:1998||2001||V3-3021 to V3-3644||Manuscripts | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V4||785 (encoded)||Extension C||Defined as sources 1, 3, and 6||2009||V4-4021 to V4-4B2F||1, 3, 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V04||1,028||Extension E||Unencoded V4 and V6 characters||Projected||V04-4022 to V04-583E||V4: 1, 3, 6;<br>V6: 4, manuscripts | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:center;"|V5||~900||colspan="2"|Proposed in 2001, but already coded||2001||None||2, 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | colspan="7"|<small>'''Sources''': Nguyễn Quang Hồng,<ref name=Hong/> "," Unicode,Inc., "Code Charts - CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A).<ref name=CJK-E/></small> | |||
| |} | |||
| Characters were extracted from the following sources: | |||
| # Hoàng Triều Ân, ''Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày'' , 2003. | |||
| # Institute of Linguistics, ''Bảng tra chữ Nôm'' , Hanoi, 1976. | |||
| # Nguyễn Quang Hồng, editor, ''Tự điển chữ Nôm'' , 2006. | |||
| # Father Trần Văn Kiệm, ''Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt'' , 2004. | |||
| # Vũ Văn Kính & Nguyễn Quang Xỷ, ''Tự điển chữ Nôm'' , Saigon, 1971. | |||
| # Vũ Văn Kính, ''Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam'' , 1994. | |||
| # Vũ Văn Kính, ''Bảng tra chữ Nôm sau thế kỷ XVII'' , 1994. | |||
| # Vũ Văn Kính, ''Đại tự điển chữ Nôm'' , 1999. | |||
| # Nguyễn Văn Huyên, ''Góp phần nghiên cứu văn hoá Việt Nam'' , 1995.<ref name=Hong/> | |||
| The V2, V3, and V4 proposals were developed by a group at the Han-Nom Research Institute led by Nguyễn Quang Hồng.<ref name=Hong/> V4, developed in 2001, includes over 400 ideograms formerly used by the ] of northern Vietnam.<ref name=Hong/> This allows the Tay language to get its own registration code.<ref name=Hong/> V5 is a set of about 900 characters proposed in 2001.<ref name=Hong/> As these characters were already part of Unicode, the IRG concluded that they could not be edited and no Vietnamese code was added.<ref name=Hong/> (This is despite the fact that national codes were added retroactively for version 3.0 in 1999.) The Nom Na Group, led by Ngô Thanh Nhàn, published a set of nearly 20,000 Nom characters in 2005.<ref name=Ngo/> This set includes both the characters proposed earlier and a large group of additional characters referred to as "V6".<ref name=Hong/> These are mainly Han characters from Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary which were already assigned codepoints. Character readings were determined manually by Hồng's group, while Nhàn's group developed software for this purpose.<ref name=VNPF/> The work of the two groups was integrated and published in 2008 as the ''Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire''.<ref name=VNPF/> | |||
| <center> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- style="color:#fcf;"| | |||
| !Character!!Composition!!Nom reading!!Han Viet!!English!!Codepoint!!V Source!!Other sources | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">{{vi-nom|{{linktext|吧}}}}</span>||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|口|巴}}}}||ba||ba||||U+5427||V0-3122||G0,J,KP,K,T | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">{{vi-nom|{{linktext|傷}}}}</span>||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|忄|昜}}}}||thương||thương||to love||U+50B7||V1-4C22||G1,J,KP,K,T | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𠊛}}}}</span>||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|㝵|人}}}}||người||ngại ({{vi-nom|碍}})||people||U+2029B||V2-6E4F||None | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">{{vi-nom|{{linktext|㤝}}}}</span>||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|忄|充}}}}||suông||song||to become interested in||U+391D||V3-313D||G3,KP,K,T | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">{{vi-nom|{{linktext|𫋙}}}}</span>||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|虫|強}}}}||càng||cường ({{vi-nom|強}})||more, less||U+2B2D9||V4-536F||None | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:center;"|]||⿰{{vi-nom|{{linktext|朝|乙}}}}||giàu||trào ({{vi-nom|朝}})||wealth||Not assigned||V04-405E||None | |||
| |- | |||
| | colspan="8"|<small>'''Key:''' G0 = China (]); G1 = China (GB 12345); G3 = China (GB 7589); GHZ = '']''; J = Japan; KP= North Korea; K = South Korea; T = Taiwan.<br/>'''Sources''': , , "Code Charts - CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A).<ref name=CJK-E/>. The Han-Viet readings are from ''''.</small> | |||
| |}</center> | |||
| The characters that do not exist in Chinese have Han-Viet readings that are based on the characters given in parenthesis. The common character for ''càng'' ({{vi-nom|強}}) contains the radical {{vi-nom|虫}} (insects).<ref name=kiem/> This radical is added redundantly to create {{vi-nom|𫋙}}, a rare variation shown in the chart above. The character ] (''giàu'') is specific to the Tay people.<ref name=An/> It is not yet part of the Unicode character set.<ref name=CJK-E2/> It is a variation of {{vi-nom|朝}}, the corresponding character in Vietnamese.<ref name=NomFoundation/> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|1|refs= | |||
| <ref name=mother>A diacritic is off. It should be, ''Mẹ tôi thường ăn chay ở chùa '''mỗi''' chủ Nhật.''</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Langenscheidt>'''', p. 126. 2002. "'''Hán-Nôm''' Sino-Vietnamese characters."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Hoang>Hoang Trang-Lan Nguyen, "", ''Viet Nam News'', February 14, 2012.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Noboyuki>Noboyuki, Matsuo, "The Han Nom Institute, Hanoi", '''' Yunesuko Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Japan), 1998, No. 8-10, p. 140, "Most of the source materials from premodern Vietnam are written in Chinese, obviously using Chinese characters; however, a portion of the literary genre is written in Vietnamese, using ''chu nom''. Therefore, ''han nom'' is the term designating the whole body of premodern written materials."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="phan">Châu Trinh Phan, "Monarchy and Democracy", '''', SEAP Publications, 2009, p. 126. This is a translation of a lecture Chau gave in Saigon in 1925. "Even at this moment, the so-called "Confucian scholars (i.e. those who have studied Chinese characters, and in particular, those who have passed the degrees of ''cử nhân'' (bachelor) and ''tiến sĩ'' ) do not know anything, I am sure, of Confucianism. Yet every time they open their mouths they use Confucianism to attack modern civilization -- a civilization they do not comprehend even a tiny bit."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Chung>{{vi}} Phùng Thành Chủng, "", November 12, 2009.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Hanna>Hanna, Wm C., '''', University of Hawaii Press (1997), pp. 78-79, 82.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Hanna77>Hanna, p. 77. "As a matter of fact, Vietnamese is no more monosyllabic than Chinese or other languages....What Vietnamese does share with Chinese is a monosyllabic morphology that, in my view, evolved in both languages under the influence of Chinese characters."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Hanna78>Hanna, p. 78.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Tong>{{vi}} Trần Nhân Tông, '']''</ref> | |||
| <ref name=McLeod>Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen, '''', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 68.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=chu>Viết Luân Chu, '''', 2003, p. 52</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Marr141>Marr, pp. 141. "Some of the problem lay in the tonal and nonagglutinative nature of Vietnamese as contrasted with Japanese or Korean."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=whatisnom>"", Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=KiemChar>Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary has a total of 17,761 characters (See "".) Lê Quý Ngưu's ''Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm'' (2007) has over 19,000 characters.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Ngo>Thanh Nhàn Ngô, '''', Nôm Na Group, Hanoi, 2005. The set contains 19,981 characters.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=VNPF>Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies and Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, '''' (2008).</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Manh>Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, "", Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Marr141-2>Marr, David, '''', 1984, pp. 141-142. "Known subsequently as ''nom'', this unique Vietnamese script unfortunately remained even more unwieldy than the Chinese from which it was spawned. Unlike Japanese ''kana'' or Korean ''hangul'', there was no process of character simplification that resulted in a basic set of phonemes or syllables."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Taberd>Taberd, J.L., '''', 1838. This is a revision of a dictionary by Pierre-Joseph Pigneau de Béhain published in 1772-1773. A reprint in 1884 was quite successful.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Marr142A>Marr, p. 142.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Marr142>Marr, p. 142. "More important, however, was the attitude of most Vietnamese literati, who continued to regard Chinese as the ultimate in civilized communication and thus considered ''nom'' a form of recreation...Meanwhile, the minority of the literati who took ''nom'' writing seriously had to be careful not to offend the fraternity or be accused of subversion through circulating 'vulgar' texts."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=chunom>"", ''Chunom.org''</ref> | |||
| <ref name="HoiAn">"",''VietnamNet'', 18 July 2011, "Hoi An, a central ancient city recognized as UNESCO’s World Heritage site, will hold free monthly classes on Han – Nom calligraphy to promote its cultural root."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="VNN">"", ''Viet Nam News'', Sept., 27 2012. "Da Nang's Study Encouragement Association introduced ancient documents translated from Han Chinese script into Vietnamese at their new Han Nom centre on Monday."</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Phan>Luong Van Phan, "". The character list for the 1993 standard is given in by Ngô Thanh Nhàn.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=unicode>"", ''The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0'' (2006).</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Hong>{{vi}} Nguyễn Quang Hồng, "" , ''Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation''.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=CJK-E>"", (N4358-A), JTC1/SC2/WG2, Oct. 10, 2012.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=kiem>{{vi}} Trần Văn Kiệm, '''' , 2004, "Entry càng", p. 290.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=CJK-E2>The character is part of the proposed set for Extension E. See "", (N4358-A), JTC1/SC2/WG2, Oct. 10, 2012, p. 5.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=NomFoundation>, Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation.<br/>"", VNPF.<br/>Kiệm, 2004, p. 424, "Entry giàu."<br/>", VDict.com.</ref> | |||
| <ref name=An>Hoàng Triều Ân, ''Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày'' , 2003, p. 178.</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Portal|Vietnam|Languages}} | |||
| * "This site is about Chu Nom, the old writing system of Vietnam." | |||
| *. Features a character dictionary. | |||
| *, digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam. | |||
| *{{vi}} | |||
| *{{vi}} Software to allow the entry of Han-Nom characters by reading. | |||
| *{{zh icon}} ] for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all ] by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations. | |||
| ===Fonts=== | |||
| Some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly: | |||
| * –This Japanese font supports nearly 90,000 characters, including those in Unicode CJK Extension C. | |||
| * – This font, created by the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, is based on characters found in traditional Vietnamese wood-block prints. | |||
| * – This open source font supports over 70,000 Unicode CJK codepoints. | |||
| *. How to display and use Han-Nom characters. | |||
| {{Writing systems}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Han-Nom}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:35, 17 August 2018
Redirect to: