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| logo = WMS icon.png | logo = WMS icon.png
| logo size = | logo size =
| screenshot = <!-- Deleted image removed: WMS screenshot.png --> | screenshot = WMS 10.1 screenshot.png
| screenshot size = 250px | screenshot size = 250px
| caption = WMS 8.0 screenshot | caption = WMS 10.1 screenshot
| latest_release_version = 10.0 | latest_release_version = 11.0.2
| latest_release_date = September 16, 2015 | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2019|02|03|df=no}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
| developer = ] | developer = ]
| status = Active
| operating_system = ]
| operating_system = ] and later
| platform = x86, x64
| size = {{Nowrap|1.1 GB}}
| genre = ] software | genre = ] software
| license = ] | license = ]
| website = http://www.aquaveo.com/wms | website = {{officialsite|http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-watershed-modeling-system-introduction}}
}} }}


'''WMS''' (Watershed Modeling System) is a complete program for developing ] ]. WMS supports ], ], and 2D ] modeling of watersheds, and can be used to model both water quantity and ]. It also supports river hydraulic and storm drain models. Currently supported models include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and other models. '''WMS''' (Watershed Modeling System) is a ] ] and modeling software application from ]. It was originally created in the early 1990s at the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at ].

The software supports a number of hydraulic and hydrologic models that can be used to create drainage basin simulations.

==Features==
The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is a proprietary water modeling software application used to develop ] ]. The software provides tools to automate various basic and advanced delineations, calculations, and modeling processes.<ref name="edsel 2011">{{cite journal | last=Edsel | first=B.D.| title=Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review | journal=The Open Hydrology Journal | volume=5 | pages=26–50 | date=2011 | url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/vector/wp-content/uploads/WatershedModeling_OpenHydrology2011.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It supports river hydraulic and storm drain models, ], ], 2D ] modeling of watersheds, and can be used to model both water quantity and ]. {{As of|January 2017}}, supported models include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and other models.<ref name="wms models">{{cite web|url=http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models|title=WMS Supported Models|publisher=]|accessdate=January 24, 2017|archivedate=January 24, 2017|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6nlRFRmfX?url=http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-models|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
WMS was initially developed by the ''Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory'' at ] in the early 1990s on ] workstations. The development of WMS was funded primarily by The ]. It was later ] to ] platforms in the mid 1990s. WMS 6.0 (2002) was the last supported version for ], ], ], and ] platforms. WMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at ] in the early 1990s on ] workstations. James Nelson, Norman Jones, and Woodruff Miller wrote a 1992 paper titled "Algorithm for Precise Drainage-Basin Delineation" that was published in the March 1994 issue of the '']''.<ref name="nelson 1994">{{cite journal |last=Nelson |first=E.J. |author2=Jones, N.L. |author3=Miller, A.W. |year=1994 |title=An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation |journal=ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245294040|format=PDF|volume=120|issue=3 |pages=298–312 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298)}}</ref> The paper described an algorithm that could be used to describe the flow of water in a drainage basin, thereby defining the drainage basin.


The development of WMS was funded primarily by The ] (COE). In 1997, WMS was used by the COE to model runoff in the ] basin in ].<ref name="sava river">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html|title=Sava River Basin, Bosnia|publisher=Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory|accessdate=January 23, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980208164729/http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/wms/overview/logo.html|archivedate=February 8, 1998}}</ref> The software was sold commercially by Environmental Modeling Systems.<ref name="wms 6.0 release"/>
Development of WMS was done by the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory (EMRL) at ] until April, 2007. At this time, the main software development team at EMRL entered private enterprise as .


It was later ] to ] platforms in the mid 1990s. WMS 6.0 (2000)<ref name="wms 6.0 release">{{cite web|url=http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html|title=WMS Home Page|publisher=Environmental Modeling Systems, Inc.|accessdate=January 23, 2017|archivedate=March 9, 2000|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000309134053/http://www.ems-i.com/wms/index.html}}</ref> was the last supported version for ], ], ], and ] platforms. Development of WMS was done by the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory (EMRL) at ] (BYU) until April 2007, when the main software development team at EMRL incorporated as ]. Royalties from the software are paid to the engineering department at BYU.<ref name="">{{cite web|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/ci_2781607|title=BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge|first=Todd |last=Hollingshead|date=June 6, 2005|publisher='']''|accessdate=January 24, 2017}}</ref>
==Examples of WMS Implementation==


The planners of the ], held in Salt Lake City, Utah, used WMS software to simulate terrorist attacks on water infrastructure such as the ].<ref name="byumag fall 2002">{{cite web|url=http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/|title=Modeling the World's Waters|first=Nathan K.|last=Chai|publisher='']''|date=Fall 2002|accessdate=25 February 2016|archivedate=25 February 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fZPVKbl2?url=http://magazine.byu.edu/article/modeling-the-worlds-waters/|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> A 2007 paper, "Demonstrating Floodplain Uncertainty Using Flood Probability Maps", used WMS to demonstrate a new method of floodplain mapping that included uncertainty in its calculations and results.<ref name="smemoe 2007">{{cite journal |last=Smemoe |first=C.M. |author2=Nelson, E.J. |author3=Zundel, A.K. |author4=Miller, A.W. |year=2007 |title=Demonstrating Floodplain Uncertainty Using Flood Probability Maps |journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=359–371 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00028.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230310644|format=PDF}}</ref>
*This article features “a new framework which integrates the Geographic Information System (GIS) with the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) for flood modeling is developed” (Sadrolashrafi, p. 149). The study focuses on the severe flash flooding that occurs commonly in the Dez River Basin in Khuzestan province, IRAN, focusing on “a major flood in autumn of 2001.” Using the WMS software, two models were created: “a rainfall-runoff model (HEC-1) that converts excess precipitation to overland flow and channel runoff” and “a hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) that simulates steady state flow through the river channel network based on the HEC-1, peak hydrographs.” Ultimately, “The modeling framework presented in this study demonstrates the accuracy and usefulness of the WMS software for flash flooding control.” <ref> {{cite journal | last=Sadrolashrafi | first=S.S.| title=Integrated Modeling for Flood Hazard Mapping Using Watershed Modeling System. | journal=American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science | volume=1 | pages=149–156. | date=2008 | url=http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajeassp.2008.149.156|display-authors=etal | doi=10.3844/ajeassp.2008.149.156}} </ref>


In 2008, the software was used in a study of severe ]ing common to the ] basin in ] in ]. Both a rainfall runoff model (HEC-1) and hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) were created to simulate a major flood scenario to allow future planning for flash flooding control.<ref name="sadrolashrafi 2008">{{cite journal | last=Sadrolashrafi | first=S.S.| title=Integrated Modeling for Flood Hazard Mapping Using Watershed Modeling System. | journal=American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science | volume=1 | issue=2| pages=149–156 | date=2008 |display-authors=etal | doi=10.3844/ajeassp.2008.149.156}}</ref>
*According to the article, “WMS includes powerful tools to automate modeling processes such as automated basin delineation, geometric parameter calculations, GIS overlay computations including curve numbers (CN), rainfall depth, roughness coefficients, etc., and cross-section extraction from terrain data” (Edsel, et al., 42). Specifically, “WMS provides an interface for a variety of hydrologic and hydraulic models within a GIS-based processing framework.” Moreover, “Typical applications involve use of the sub-models within WMS with the overarching system used for pre- and post-processing of information.” <ref>{{cite journal | last=Edsel | first=B.D.| title=Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review | journal=The Open Hydrology Journal | volume=5 | pages=26-50 | date=2011 | url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/vector/wp-content/uploads/WatershedModeling_OpenHydrology2011.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref>


A 2011 study to identify areas with potential groundwater in the Sinai Peninsula was performed using WMS by Hossam H. Elewa and Atef A. Qaddah. <ref name="hossam qaddah 2011">{{cite journal | last1=Hossam | first1=H.E. | last2=Qaddah | first2=A.A. | title=Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling | journal= Hydrogeology Journal | volume=19 |issue=3 | pages=613–628 | date=May 2011 | doi=10.1007/s10040-011-0703-8}}</ref> WMS was used in combination with the TOPAZ model by a group of researchers in 2012 to help determine the impact of land development on the tropical watershed in the Upper Bernam River Basin in Malaysia for the years 1989-1995. The study was done to find ways of preventing shortages of irrigation water and the occurrence of floods.<ref name="mustafa et al">{{cite journal | last=Mustafa | first=Y.M.| title=Evaluation of Land Development Impact on a tropical Watershed Hydrology Using Remote Sensing and GIS | journal=Journal of Spatial Hydrology | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=16–30 | date=Fall 2012 | url=http://www.spatialhydrology.net/index.php/JOSH/article/download/40/41|display-authors=etal|format=PDF}}</ref>
*This article focuses on how “systematic planning for groundwater exploration using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization, protection and management” of groundwater resources in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt (Hossam and Qaddah, 613). Along with several other models, WMS was used to identify the groundwater potential areas in the Sinai Peninsula.” As noted in the article, “the validity of this unbiased GIS-based model was tested by correlating its results with the published hydrogeological map of Egypt and the actual borehole yields, where a concordant justification was reached.”<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hossam | first1=H.E. | last2=Qaddah | first2=A.A. | title=Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling | journal= Hydrogeology Journal | volume=19 |issue=3 | pages=613-628 | date=May 2011 | url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-011-0703-8 | doi=10.1007/s10040-011-0703-8}}</ref>


Due to water shortages in Iraq, a group of engineers used WMS to study ways to optimize water collection and storage.<ref name="al-ansari et al 2013">{{cite journal | last=Al-Ansari | first=N.| title=Water Harvesting and Reservoir Optimization in Selected Areas of South Sinjar Mountain, Iraq | journal=Journal of Hydrologic Engineering | volume=18 | issue=12 | pages=1607–1616 | date=Dec 2013 | url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34477357/Water_Harvesting_and_Reservoir_Optimization_in_Selected.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1485299094&Signature=5VO%2BDX%2BMFepN6XjAFlHpw7DBVng%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DWater_harvesting_and_reservoir_optimizat.pdf | doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000712}}</ref>
*This article delves into “the need for spatial and temporal land-cover change detection at a larger scale” (Mustafa, et al., 16). “The digital contour map for the study area was processed through the Watershed Modeling System (WMS 7.0) software. …To generate flow direction, flow accumulation and stream network, a custom version of the TOPAZ model distributed with WMS was used.” (Mustafa, et al., 24). Notably, “The model can be run for any future land development plans to investigate the hydrological impacts in order to avoid the shortage of irrigation water and mitigate the risk of floods occurrence” (Mustafa, et al., 16).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mustafa | first=Y.M.| title=Evaluation of Land Development Impact on a tropical Watershed Hydrology Using Remote Sensing and GIS | journal=Journal of Spatial Hydrology | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=16-30 | date=Fall 2012 | url=http://www.spatialhydrology.net/index.php/JOSH/article/download/40/41|display-authors=etal}}</ref>


===Version history===
*This work focuses on the water shortages in Iraq, which will most likely worsen in the coming years. Rainwater harvesting is considered a possible solution. “A watershed modeling system (WMS) and linear programming (LP) optimization techniques were applied to maximize the irrigated area” (Al-Ansari, et al., 1607). As a result, “This technique proved to be efficient for solving large-scale water supply problems with multiple parameters and constraints, including the required input data for the model.” <ref>{{cite journal | last=Al-Ansari | first=N.| title=Water Harvesting and Reservoir Optimization in Selected Areas of South Sinjar Mountain, Iraq | journal=Journal of Hydrologic Engineering | volume=18 | issue=12 | pages=1607–1616 | date=Dec 2013 | url=http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000712|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000712}}</ref>
{{Version |t |show=11110}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ WMS Release History
|-
! Date Released
! Version
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Comments
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | References
<!--
|-
| {{dts|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| {{Version |o |1.0}}
| Only on Unix
|
-->
|-
| {{dts|1995||}}
| {{Version |o |1.0}}
|
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|-
| <!--{{dts|YYYY|MM|DD}}-->
| {{Version |o |2.0}}
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|-
| <!--{{dts|YYYY|MM|DD}}-->
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|-
| {{dts|1996||}}
| {{Version |o |4.0}}
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|-
| {{dts|1998||}}
| {{Version |o |5.0}}
| First release on ]: ]/]
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|-
| {{dts|2000||}}
| {{Version |o |6.0}}
| Last version to support ], ], ], and ] platforms
|
|-
| {{dts|2003|09|}}
| {{Version |o |7.0}}
| ]/]/]/]
|
|-
| <!--{{dts|YYYY|MM|DD}}-->
| {{Version |o |8.0}}
|
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|-
| {{dts|2008|10|}}
| {{Version |o |8.1}}
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|-
| {{dts|2009|04|}}
| {{Version |o |8.2}}
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|-
| {{dts|2010|01|}}
| {{Version |o |8.3}}
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| {{dts|2011|02|}}
| {{Version |o |8.4}}
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| {{dts|2012|10|}}
| {{Version |o |9.0}}
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| {{dts|2013|02|}}
| {{Version |o |9.1}}
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|-
| {{dts|2014|06|}}
| {{Version |o |10.0.4}}
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| {{dts|2016|06|}}
| {{Version |co |10.1.10}}
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| {{dts|2016|10|}}
| {{Version |co |10.1.11}}
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|-
| {{dts|2017|12|20}}
| {{Version |co |10.1.15}}
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| {{dts|2018|03|21}}
| {{Version |co |10.1.16}}
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| {{dts|2018|05|21}}
| {{Version |co |10.1.17}}
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| {{dts|2018|08|17}}
| {{Version |co |11.0}}
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| {{dts|2019|02|03}}
| {{Version |c |11.0.2}}
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|}

==See also==
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|2}}

==Additional References==
* {{cite journal |last=Nelson |first=E.J. |author2=Jones, N.L. |author3=Miller, A.W. |year=1994 |title=An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation |journal=ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=120|issue=3 |pages=298–312 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298) }}
* {{cite journal |last=Smemoe |first=C.M. |author2=Nelson, E.J. |author3=Zundel, A.K. |author4=Miller, A.W. |year=2007 |title=Demonstrating Floodplain Uncertainty Using Flood Probability Maps |journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association |volume=43 |pages=359–371 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00028.x }}


==External links== ==External links==
* – developers of WMS and other ''XMS'' software packages such as ] and ]. Also the main WMS distributor and technical support provider.
* – ] Research lab that developed WMS and other ''XMS'' software packages such as the ] until April, 2007
*
*
* *

]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
]
]
] ]
]
]

Revision as of 22:30, 19 March 2019

WMS
WMS 10.1 screenshot
Developer(s)Aquaveo
Stable release11.0.2 / February 3, 2019; 5 years ago (2019-02-03)
Operating systemWindows XP and later
Platformx86, x64
Size1.1 GB
TypeSurface-water hydrology software
LicenseProprietary
WebsiteOfficial website

WMS (Watershed Modeling System) is a watershed computer simulation and modeling software application from Aquaveo. It was originally created in the early 1990s at the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University.

The software supports a number of hydraulic and hydrologic models that can be used to create drainage basin simulations.

Features

The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is a proprietary water modeling software application used to develop watershed computer simulations. The software provides tools to automate various basic and advanced delineations, calculations, and modeling processes. It supports river hydraulic and storm drain models, lumped parameter, regression, 2D hydrologic modeling of watersheds, and can be used to model both water quantity and water quality. As of January 2017, supported models include HEC-1, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, TR-20, TR-55, NFF, Rational, MODRAT, HSPF, CE-QUAL-W2, GSSHA, SMPDBK, and other models.

History

WMS was initially developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University in the early 1990s on Unix workstations. James Nelson, Norman Jones, and Woodruff Miller wrote a 1992 paper titled "Algorithm for Precise Drainage-Basin Delineation" that was published in the March 1994 issue of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. The paper described an algorithm that could be used to describe the flow of water in a drainage basin, thereby defining the drainage basin.

The development of WMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE). In 1997, WMS was used by the COE to model runoff in the Sava River basin in Bosnia. The software was sold commercially by Environmental Modeling Systems.

It was later ported to Windows platforms in the mid 1990s. WMS 6.0 (2000) was the last supported version for HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of WMS was done by the Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory (EMRL) at Brigham Young University (BYU) until April 2007, when the main software development team at EMRL incorporated as Aquaveo. Royalties from the software are paid to the engineering department at BYU.

The planners of the 2002 Winter Olympics, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, used WMS software to simulate terrorist attacks on water infrastructure such as the Jordanelle Reservoir. A 2007 paper, "Demonstrating Floodplain Uncertainty Using Flood Probability Maps", used WMS to demonstrate a new method of floodplain mapping that included uncertainty in its calculations and results.

In 2008, the software was used in a study of severe flash flooding common to the Dez River basin in Khuzestan province in Iran. Both a rainfall runoff model (HEC-1) and hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) were created to simulate a major flood scenario to allow future planning for flash flooding control.

A 2011 study to identify areas with potential groundwater in the Sinai Peninsula was performed using WMS by Hossam H. Elewa and Atef A. Qaddah. WMS was used in combination with the TOPAZ model by a group of researchers in 2012 to help determine the impact of land development on the tropical watershed in the Upper Bernam River Basin in Malaysia for the years 1989-1995. The study was done to find ways of preventing shortages of irrigation water and the occurrence of floods.

Due to water shortages in Iraq, a group of engineers used WMS to study ways to optimize water collection and storage.

Version history

Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
WMS Release History
Date Released Version Comments References
1995 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1996 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0
1998 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 First release on Windows: 95/NT
2000 Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 Last version to support HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms
September 2003 Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0 Windows NT/Me/2000/XP
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0
October 2008 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.1
April 2009 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.2
January 2010 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.3
February 2011 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.4
October 2012 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0
February 2013 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.1
June 2014 Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0.4
June 2016 Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1.10
October 2016 Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1.11
December 20, 2017 Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1.15
March 21, 2018 Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1.16
May 21, 2018 Old version, yet still maintained: 10.1.17
August 17, 2018 Old version, yet still maintained: 11.0
February 3, 2019 Current stable version: 11.0.2

See also

References

  1. Edsel, B.D.; et al. (2011). "Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review" (PDF). The Open Hydrology Journal. 5: 26–50.
  2. "WMS Supported Models". Aquaveo. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. Nelson, E.J.; Jones, N.L.; Miller, A.W. (1994). "An algorithm for precise drainage basin delineation" (PDF). ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 120 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(298).
  4. "Sava River Basin, Bosnia". Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 8, 1998. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  5. ^ "WMS Home Page". Environmental Modeling Systems, Inc. Archived from the original on March 9, 2000. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  6. Hollingshead, Todd (June 6, 2005). "BYU prof's 3-D software makes an art out of the science of predicting a deluge". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 24, 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. Chai, Nathan K. (Fall 2002). "Modeling the World's Waters". BYU Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. Smemoe, C.M.; Nelson, E.J.; Zundel, A.K.; Miller, A.W. (2007). "Demonstrating Floodplain Uncertainty Using Flood Probability Maps" (PDF). Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 43 (2): 359–371. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00028.x.
  9. Sadrolashrafi, S.S.; et al. (2008). "Integrated Modeling for Flood Hazard Mapping Using Watershed Modeling System". American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science. 1 (2): 149–156. doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2008.149.156.
  10. Hossam, H.E.; Qaddah, A.A. (May 2011). "Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling". Hydrogeology Journal. 19 (3): 613–628. doi:10.1007/s10040-011-0703-8.
  11. Mustafa, Y.M.; et al. (Fall 2012). "Evaluation of Land Development Impact on a tropical Watershed Hydrology Using Remote Sensing and GIS" (PDF). Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 5 (2): 16–30.
  12. Al-Ansari, N. (Dec 2013). "Water Harvesting and Reservoir Optimization in Selected Areas of South Sinjar Mountain, Iraq" (PDF). Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 18 (12): 1607–1616. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000712.

External links

Categories: