| Revision as of 21:38, 8 September 2013 editBD2412 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, IP block exemptions, Administrators2,453,431 editsm →Systematics and taxonomy: minor fixes, mostly disambig links using AWB← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 15:33, 26 June 2019 edit undoPlantdrew (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers645,106 edits rcat | ||
| (30 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{Taxobox | |||
| | name = Typical waders | |||
| | image = Calidris-canutus.jpg | |||
| | image_width = 240px | |||
| | image_caption = ], ''Calidris canutus''.<br/>''Calidris ]'' are stout birds with bold pattern in breeding plumage | |||
| | regnum = ]ia | |||
| | phylum = ] | |||
| | classis = ] | |||
| | subclassis = ] | |||
| | infraclassis = ] | |||
| | ordo = ] | |||
| | subordo = Scolopaci<!-- redundant w/Scolopacidae --> | |||
| | familia = ] <small>(''partim'')</small> | |||
| | subdivision_ranks = ] | |||
| | subdivision = | |||
| ''Calidris''<br /> | |||
| and see ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| The '''calidrids''' or '''typical waders''' are a group of ]-breeding, strongly ] ] ]s. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. They are the typical "]s", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed. | |||
| Their ] have sensitive tips which contain numerous ]. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.<ref name=Nebel/> | |||
| As the common name "sandpiper" is shared by some calidrids with more distantly related birds such as the '']'' species, the term ''']''' is preferred in Britain for the smaller species of this group. | |||
| ==Systematics and taxonomy== | |||
| The calidrids' closest relatives are the two species of ], and if the calidrids were to be considered one or two ]s '''Calidriini''' and/or '''Arenariini''', and/or ] '''Eroliinae'''<!-- Calidriinae, Arenariinae are synonyms or nomna nuda? -->, the turnstones would be included in it.<ref name = thomasetal2004/> There exists a ] bone, a ] piece of ] found in the ] of ]. Dating from the mid-] some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a ], but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones.<ref name=Wetmore/> Depending on which traits are ]ic and ]ic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. It might also belong to some distinct prehistoric genus, as true calidriid sandpipers seem to have been present earlier (see below). | |||
| The interrelationships of the calidrid group are not altogether well resolved. Several former genera have been included in ''Calidris'', such as the ] (previously ''Micropalama himantopus''){{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, but the new placement was also not entirely satisfactory. It was suggested, for example, that the ] should be placed into a ] genus ''Crocethia'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Macwhirter, Bruce, Peter Austin-Smith, Jr. and Donald Kroodsma|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/653/articles/systematics|title=Sanderling (Calidris alba)|work=The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|published=2002|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref> and the other small ''Calidris'' species separated as ''Erolia''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. Alternatively, it was suggested that the monotypic ''Aphriza'', ''Limicola'' and ''Eurynorhynchus'' be also merged into ''Calidris''. | |||
| A comprehensive analysis in 2004 –, based on newly available ] data<ref name = thomasetal2004 /> – indicated that the extended ''Calidris'' is indeed ] (or ] if ''all'' calidrids are combined in it), but found the present ] data insufficient to resolve the relationships of some more unusual taxa such as the ]. In addition, it is known that the calidriid lineages are able to ] and in the past, this was probably even more frequent and more hybrids would have been viable; therefore studies based on ] data alone can be unreliable. | |||
| Still, three groups of close relatives emerge: | |||
| #The largest contains the smaller species, including the Sanderling, and probably also the ]. If this group is considered a distinct genus, the name ''Ereunetes'' would apply, first published in 1811. The ] might also belong here; it is the ] of ''Erolia'', first published in 1816. | |||
| #The genus ''Calidris sensu stricto'' contains the knots and the surfbird. | |||
| #Another small group contains somewhat aberrant species, namely the ], the ], and the ], which would use the name ''Philomachus''. | |||
| ===Genera and species=== | |||
| The species, according to updated / traditional taxonomy, are as follows: | |||
| ], a small sandpiper close to the ] group]] | |||
| ] (''Philomachus pugnax''), satellite male.<br/>This species seems to belong to a small divergent ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| * '''Genus ''Calidris''' sensu stricto'' – knots | |||
| ** ], ''Calidris tenuirostris'' | |||
| ** ], ''Calidris canutus'' | |||
| ** ], ''Calidris virgatus'' or ''Aphriza virgata'' | |||
| Other calidrids (all at some time placed in ''Calidris'' too) | |||
| * '''Genus N.N.''' (''Ereunetes''?) – ]s | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" pusilla'' or ''Ereunetes pusillus'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" minuta'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" minutilla'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" fuscicollis'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" bairdii'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" alpina'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" ruficollis'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" subminuta'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" melanotos'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" alba'' or ''Crocethia alba'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" mauri'' or ''Ereunetes mauri'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" maritima'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" ptilocnemis'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Calidris" temminckii'' | |||
| ** ], ''"Tryngites" subruficollis'' | |||
| *'''Genus ''Philomachus''''' | |||
| ** ], ''Philomachus pugnax'' | |||
| ** ], ''Philomachus falcinellus'' / ''Limicola falcinellus'' (''"Erolia falcinella"'') | |||
| ** ], ''Philomachus acuminatus'' / ''Calidris acuminata'' | |||
| *'''Genus ''Micropalama''''' (doubtfully valid; ''Erolius s.str.''?) | |||
| ** ], ''Micropalama himantopus'' / ''Calidris himantopus'' | |||
| *'''Genus ''Eurynorhynchus''''' (doubtfully valid) | |||
| ** ], ''Eurynorhynchus pygmeus'' / ''Calidris pygmeus'' | |||
| *'''''incertae sedis''''' (''Erolia s.str.''?) | |||
| ** ], ?''Calidris ferruginea'' | |||
| As mentioned above, there exists some material of birds essentially identical to calidriid sandpipers from before the ]. An undescribed species is known from the ] of ] (]). ''Tringa gracilis'' (Early Miocene of WC Europe) and ''Tringa minor'' (= ''Totanus minor'', ''Erolia ennouchii'') from the Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban (France) are scolopacids of rather uncertain affiliations; they might be charadriids.<ref name=Mlikovsky/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|refs= | |||
| <ref name=Mlikovsky>Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): . Ninox Press, Prague.<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 --></ref> | |||
| <ref name=Nebel>{{cite journal|author=Nebel, S.; Jackson, D.L. & Elner, R.W. |title=Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in calidrid sandpipers|doi=10.1163/1570756054472818|url=http://publish.uwo.ca/~snebel2/nebel05AnimBiol.pdf|year=2005|journal=Animal Biology|volume=55|issue=3|pages=235}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name = thomasetal2004>{{cite journal|author=Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28|pmid=15329156|year=2004|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|pages=28|title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny|pmc=515296}} </ref> | |||
| <ref name=Wetmore>{{cite journal|author=] |year=1937|title= The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas|journal=]|volume=39|issue=1|pages= 40|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v039n01/p0040-p0040.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:33, 26 June 2019
Redirect to:
- With history: This is a redirect from a page containing substantive page history. This page is kept as a redirect to preserve its former content and attributions. Please do not remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated), nor delete this page.
- This template should not be used for redirects having some edit history but no meaningful content in their previous versions, nor for redirects created as a result of a page merge (use {{R from merge}} instead), nor for redirects from a title that forms a historic part of Misplaced Pages (use {{R with old history}} instead).