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| {{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| |conflict= Battle of Gadara | |conflict = Battle of Gadara | ||
| |date= 93 |
|date = 93 BCE | ||
| |partof= | |partof= | ||
| |map_type = Jordan | |map_type = Jordan | ||
| |map_relief |
|map_relief= | ||
| |coordinates = {{coord|32.650000|35.683333|type:event|display=inline}} | |coordinates = {{coord|32.650000|35.683333|type:event|display=inline}} | ||
| |image= File:Alexander Jannaeus.jpg | |image = File:Alexander Jannaeus.jpg | ||
| |caption= Alexander Jannaeus minted on a coin. | |caption = Alexander Jannaeus minted on a coin. | ||
| |place= ], ] | |place = ], ] | ||
| |result= Nabataean victory | |result = Nabataean victory | ||
| |territory= Loss of territories in Transjordan previously gained by the Hasmoneans to the Nabataeans | |territory = Loss of territories in Transjordan previously gained by the Hasmoneans to the Nabataeans | ||
| |combatant1= ] | |combatant1 = ] | ||
| |combatant2= ] | |combatant2 = ] | ||
| |commander1 |
|commander1 = ] | ||
| |commander2 |
|commander2 = ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Battle of Gadara''' was fought between the Judaean ] and the Arab ] around 93 |
'''Battle of Gadara''' was fought between the Judaean ] and the Arab ] around 93 BCE in ] in modern-day ].<ref name="batt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|page=78|title=The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East|publisher=Princeton University Press|author=Javier Teixidor|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
| The battle came after the Nabataeans felt threatened by the Hasmonean King ]'s territorial acquisitions of ] and several towns north of ] in ], along the road to ] where the Greek ] were stationed (the Seleucids were in ] at the time).<ref name="namter"/> | The battle came after the Nabataeans felt threatened by the Hasmonean King ]'s territorial acquisitions of ] and several towns north of ] in ], along the road to ] where the Greek ] were stationed (the Seleucids were in ] at the time).<ref name="namter"/> | ||
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| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| The Nabataeans had maintained a friendly relationship with the neighboring Jewish ] to the west, whose successors founded the Hasmonean dynasty.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> ], the Hasmonean king, had besieged and captured ] around 100 |
The Nabataeans had maintained a friendly relationship with the neighboring Jewish ] to the west, whose successors founded the Hasmonean dynasty.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> ], the Hasmonean king, had besieged and captured ] around 100 BCE. Jannaeus is thought to have punished the Gazans for their support to the Greek ] in Egypt over the Hasmoneans during their wars.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> Jannaeus then continued his father ]'s conquests in ],<ref name="lost kingdom"/> where he captured ], ], ] and ].<ref name="namter">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdKCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|page=74|title=The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest|accessdate=23 July 2016|author=Peter Schäfer|publisher=Routledge|date=2 September 2003}}</ref> | ||
| The Nabataeans felt threatened by these acquisitions as they had obstructed their access to the ], which was the last stop for goods that came from Nabataea before being shipped to European markets.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> The acquisition of Transjordanian towns laid another threat to Nabataean interests, and to the Seleucids in Damascus too.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> | The Nabataeans felt threatened by these acquisitions as they had obstructed their access to the ], which was the last stop for goods that came from Nabataea before being shipped to European markets.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> The acquisition of Transjordanian towns laid another threat to Nabataean interests, and to the Seleucids in Damascus too.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> | ||
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| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| After the death of the Nabataean king ] in 96 |
After the death of the Nabataean king ] in 96 BCE, his son ] rose to power.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> Around 93 BCE, Obodas managed to ambush Jannaeus and his forces in a hilly area where Jannaeus was "lucky to escape alive".<ref name="lost kingdom"/><ref name="batt"/> The Nabataean army used a large number of camels to push the Hasmonean forces deep into a valley.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> The area surrounding the ] is thought to be the location of this engagement.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t05okj1LB3QC&pg=PA117|page=117|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State|accessdate=23 July 2016|date=31 July 2008|author=Hanan Eshel|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}</ref> | ||
| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
| Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> | Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> | ||
| The Seleucids, based in Syria, were concerned with the growing influence of the Nabataeans, who now controlled the territories just to their south.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> In 87 |
The Seleucids, based in Syria, were concerned with the growing influence of the Nabataeans, who now controlled the territories just to their south.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> In 87 BCE, the Seleucid king ] waged the ] against the Nabataeans in Gadara.<ref name="ttoe">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hblTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|page=65|title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire|publisher=Routledge|author=Warwick Ball|date=23 July 2016|accessdate=11 July 2016}}</ref> Antiochus was slain during combat, demoralizing his army and turning the battle into a decisive Nabataean victory.<ref name="ttoe"/> The Seleucid army fled and largely perished from starvation in the desert afterwards.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> | ||
| After Obodas's victories over the Hasmoneans and the Seleucids, he became the first Nabataean king to be worshipped as a god by the Nabataean people.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> In ], in the Negev desert, a temple was built by the Nabataeans to commemorate Obodas. Inscriptions have been found inside referring to "Obodas the god".<ref name="lost kingdom">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans |first= Taylor|last=Jane|pages=46–47|year=2001|publisher=]|location=London, United Kingdom|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref> | After Obodas's victories over the Hasmoneans and the Seleucids, he became the first Nabataean king to be worshipped as a god by the Nabataean people.<ref name="lost kingdom"/> In ], in the Negev desert, a temple was built by the Nabataeans to commemorate Obodas. Inscriptions have been found inside referring to "Obodas the god".<ref name="lost kingdom">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans |first= Taylor|last=Jane|pages=46–47|year=2001|publisher=]|location=London, United Kingdom|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 07:19, 21 December 2019
| Battle of Gadara | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Alexander Jannaeus minted on a coin. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Hasmonean dynasty | Nabataean Kingdom | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Alexander Jannaeus | Obodas I | ||||||||
  class=notpageimage| Location within Jordan | |||||||||
Battle of Gadara was fought between the Judaean Hasmoneans and the Arab Nabataeans around 93 BCE in Gadara in modern-day Jordan.
The battle came after the Nabataeans felt threatened by the Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus's territorial acquisitions of Gaza and several towns north of Nabataea in Transjordan, along the road to Damascus where the Greek Seleucids were stationed (the Seleucids were in terminal decline at the time).
Jannaeus was "lucky to escape alive" back to Jerusalem after the Nabataean King Obodas I managed to ambush his forces on a steep hill, thought to be the hills surrounding the Yarmouk River. Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.
Background
The Nabataeans had maintained a friendly relationship with the neighboring Jewish Maccabees to the west, whose successors founded the Hasmonean dynasty. Alexander Jannaeus, the Hasmonean king, had besieged and captured Gaza around 100 BCE. Jannaeus is thought to have punished the Gazans for their support to the Greek Ptolemies in Egypt over the Hasmoneans during their wars. Jannaeus then continued his father John Hyrcanus's conquests in Transjordan, where he captured Gadara, Amathus, Moab and Gilead.
The Nabataeans felt threatened by these acquisitions as they had obstructed their access to the Port of Gaza, which was the last stop for goods that came from Nabataea before being shipped to European markets. The acquisition of Transjordanian towns laid another threat to Nabataean interests, and to the Seleucids in Damascus too.
Battle
After the death of the Nabataean king Aretas II in 96 BCE, his son Obodas I rose to power. Around 93 BCE, Obodas managed to ambush Jannaeus and his forces in a hilly area where Jannaeus was "lucky to escape alive". The Nabataean army used a large number of camels to push the Hasmonean forces deep into a valley. The area surrounding the Yarmouk River is thought to be the location of this engagement.
Aftermath
Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.
The Seleucids, based in Syria, were concerned with the growing influence of the Nabataeans, who now controlled the territories just to their south. In 87 BCE, the Seleucid king Antiochus XII Dionysus waged the Battle of Cana against the Nabataeans in Gadara. Antiochus was slain during combat, demoralizing his army and turning the battle into a decisive Nabataean victory. The Seleucid army fled and largely perished from starvation in the desert afterwards.
After Obodas's victories over the Hasmoneans and the Seleucids, he became the first Nabataean king to be worshipped as a god by the Nabataean people. In Avdat, in the Negev desert, a temple was built by the Nabataeans to commemorate Obodas. Inscriptions have been found inside referring to "Obodas the god".
See also
References
- ^ Javier Teixidor (8 March 2015). The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 78. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ Peter Schäfer (2 September 2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge. p. 74. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ Jane, Taylor (2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. London, United Kingdom: I.B.Tauris. pp. 46–47. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- Hanan Eshel (31 July 2008). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 117. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ Warwick Ball (23 July 2016). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. p. 65. Retrieved 11 July 2016.