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#REDIRECT ]
{{accuracy|date=November 2012}}
A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 50 hypothetical ]s (] through unhexoctium) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name=EB/><ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp|593|date=November 2012}}


{{Redirect category shell|
If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref><ref name=EB/> This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name=EB/>
{{R from merge}}
{{R with possibilities}}
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R printworthy}}
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]
The names given to these unattested elements are all ].
]

==History==
There are currently seven ]s in the ] of ], culminating with ] 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to have an additional so-called ], containing 18 elements with partially filled g-]s in each period. An eight-period table containing this block was suggested by ] in 1969.<ref name="LBNL">{{ cite web |url=http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Nobelists/Seaborg/65th-anniv/29.html |title= An Early History of LBNL |first=Glenn |last=Seaborg |date=August 26, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3963006 | last1 = Frazier | first1 = K. | title = Superheavy Elements | journal = Science News | volume = 113 | issue = 15 | pages = 236–238 | year = 1978 | jstor = 3963006}}</ref> No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature.{{#tag:ref|] was claimed to exist naturally in April 2008, but this claim was widely believed to be erroneous.<ref name="RSC-Ubb"/>|name=natural-122|group=note}} While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, other models do not. ], for example, used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to '']'' = 172, and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.<ref name="rsc.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp |title=Extended elements: new periodic table |year=2010}}</ref>

==Elements==
Period 8 is divided into five ], and it is the first period that includes the g-block; however, ] effects reduce the validity of the orbital approximation substantially for elements of high ].<ref name="rsc.org"/>

===Aufbau principle model===
This model would hold if electron configurations always followed the ] exactly, which is not always the case.{{#tag:ref|For example, ] may indeed have exactly one valence-shell g-electron, but it is also possible that it would have more, or none at all.<ref name="pyykko"/><ref name="transactinides">{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last1 = Hoffman|first1 = Darleane C.| last2=Lee|first2=Diana M. |last3=Pershina|first3=Valeria | chapter = Transactinides and the future elements| publisher = ]| year = 2006 | isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref>|name=|group=note}}<ref group="note">See ].</ref> ] may cause many of these elements to be displaced from their positions in the periodic table below.<ref name="rsc.org"/><ref name="pyykko"/>

{{Wide template|Periodic table (Aufbau principle model)}}

===Pyykkö model===
Pekka Pyykkö predicts that the orbital shells will fill up in this order:
{{Wide template|Periodic table (Pyykkö model)}}
*8s,
*5g,
*the first two spaces of 8p,
*6f,
*7d,
*9s,
*the first two spaces of 9p,
*the rest of 8p.<ref name="pyykko"/>
He also suggests that period 8 be split into three parts:
*8a, containing 8s,
*8b, containing the first two elements of 8p,
*8c, containing 7d and the rest of 8p.<ref name="pyykko">{{Cite journal |last1=Pyykkö |first1=Pekka |title=A suggested periodic table up to Z≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=161 |year=2011 |pmid=20967377 |doi=10.1039/c0cp01575j |bibcode = 2011PCCP...13..161P }}</ref>

===Attempts at synthesis===
The following is organized by blocks according to the Aufbau principle.

====s-block elements====
{{main|Ununennium|Unbinilium}}
The elements in the s-block of period 8 have atomic numbers 119 and 120. The necessary condition for synthesising the s-block elements of period 8, ] and ], is to have a sensitivity on the order of ], which is currently out of reach of even the most advanced facilities.

The synthesis of ] was attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of ]-254 with ]-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Search for superheavy elements using <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>254</sup>Es<sup>g</sup> reaction |author=R. W. Lougheed, J. H. Landrum, E. K. Hulet, J. F. Wild, R. J. Dougan, A. D. Dougan, H. Gäggeler, M. Schädel, K. J. Moody, K. E. Gregorich, and ] |journal=Physical Reviews C |year=1985 |pages=1760–1763 |url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v32/p1760 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |volume=32 |issue=5 |bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L }}</ref>

:<math>\,^{254}_{99}\mathrm{Es} + \,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \to \,^{302}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} ^{*} \to \mathrm{no\ atoms}</math>

It is highly unlikely that this reaction will be useful given the extremely difficult task of making
sufficient amounts of Es-254 to make a large enough target to increase the sensitivity of the experiment to the required level, due to the rarity of the element, and extreme rarity of the isotope.

In March–April 2007, the synthesis of ] was attempted at the ] in ] by bombarding a ]-244 target with ]-58 ]s.<ref></ref> Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 ] for the cross section at the energy studied.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |volume=73 |page=024603 |year=2009 |title=Attempt to produce element 120 in the <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>58</sup>Fe reaction |author=Oganessian et al. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.73.014612 |last2=Samanta |first2=C. |last3=Basu |first3=D. |bibcode=2006PhRvC..73a4612C |arxiv = nucl-th/0507054 }}</ref>

:<math>\,^{244}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \,^{58}_{26}\mathrm{Fe} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \mathrm{fission\ only}</math>

The Russian team are planning to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.

In April 2007, the team at ] attempted to create unbinilium using ]-238 and ]-64:

:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \mathrm{fission\ only}</math>

No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, Jan–March 2008, and Sept–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.

====g-block elements====
{{main|Superactinide}}
Period 8 is the first period to have ] elements, which have atomic numbers from 121 onwards, but it is not clear when the filling of the 5g subshell ends. These elements belong to the ] of ]s, characterised by the filling of the 5g and 6f subshells, and they could therefore have different chemical properties that are reminiscent of the ]s; however, the proximity of the 5g and 6f subshells and the small gap between them and the 7d and 8p subshells could lead to a large number of elements whose properties are independent of their position in the periodic table.<ref name="EB"/>

These elements would only be detectable if they lie near the hypothesised ]. The stability of these elements depends on the location of the island of stability; if the island is centred around a low ''Z'', most superactinides would be too unstable to be detected, but if it is centred around a higher ''Z'', there is a possibility of detecting the lower superactinides.

The only elements in this region of the periodic table that have had attempts to synthesise them are elements 122, 124, 126 and 127.

The first attempt to synthesize ] was performed in 1972 by Flerov ''et al.'' at ], using the hot fusion reaction:

:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{66}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{304}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \mathrm{no\ atoms}.</math>

No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 ] (5,000,000 ]){{Dubious|reason=5mb=5,000,000,000 pb, so one of the values must be wrong |date=August 2010}} was measured. Current results (see ]) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude.

In 2000, the ] performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity:

:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{70}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{308}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \mathrm{no\ atoms}.</math>

These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required. The sensitivity should be increased to 1 ].

Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI, where a natural ] target was bombarded with ] ions:<ref name="emsley"/>{{Rp|588|date=November 2012}}

:<math>\,^{nat}_{68}\mathrm{Er} + \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{298,300,302,303,304,306}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>

The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring.<ref name="emsley"/>{{Rp|588|date=November 2012}}

Several experiments have been performed between 2000–2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>306</sup>Ubb. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely <sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>58</sup>Fe and <sup>242</sup>Pu+<sup>64</sup>Ni. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling ] nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between <sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.<ref>see Flerov lab annual reports 2000–2004 inclusive http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html</ref>

On April 24, 2008, a group led by Amnon Marinov at the ] claimed to have found single atoms of unbibium in naturally occurring ] deposits at an abundance of between 10<sup>−11</sup> and 10<sup>−12</sup>, relative to thorium.<ref name="arxiv">{{cite journal |last=Marinov |first=A. |coauthors=Rodushkin, I.; Kolb, D.; Pape, A.; Kashiv, Y.; Brandt, R.; Gentry, R. V.; Miller, H. W. |title=Evidence for a long-lived superheavy nucleus with atomic mass number A=292 and atomic number Z=~122 in natural Th |journal= International Journal of Modern Physics E|year=2008 |arxiv=0804.3869 |bibcode = 2010IJMPE..19..131M |doi = 10.1142/S0218301310014662 |volume=19 |pages=131 }}</ref> The claim of Marinov ''et al.'' was criticized by a part of the scientific community, and Marinov says he has submitted the article to the journals '']'' and '']'' but both turned it down without sending it for peer review.<ref name="RSC-Ubb">], "", Chemical World.</ref>

A criticism of the technique, previously used in purportedly identifying lighter ] isotopes by mass spectrometry,<ref name="thorium1">{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |title=Existence of long-lived isomeric states in naturally-occurring neutron-deficient Th isotopes |year=2007 |volume=76 |page=021303(R) |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.021303 |author=A. Marinov; I. Rodushkin; Y. Kashiv; L. Halicz; I. Segal; A. Pape; R. V. Gentry; H. W. Miller; D. Kolb; R. Brandt |arxiv = nucl-ex/0605008 |bibcode = 2007PhRvC..76b1303M |issue=2 }}</ref><ref name="thorium2">{{cite journal |arxiv=nucl-ex/0605008 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.021303 |title=Existence of long-lived isomeric states in naturally-occurring neutron-deficient Th isotopes |year=2007 |author=Marinov, A. |journal=Physical Review C |volume=76 |pages=021303 |last2=Rodushkin |first2=I. |last3=Kashiv |first3=Y. |last4=Halicz |first4=L. |last5=Segal |first5=I. |last6=Pape |first6=A. |last7=Gentry |first7=R. |last8=Miller |first8=H. |last9=Kolb |first9=D. |bibcode = 2007PhRvC..76b1303M |issue=2 }}</ref>
was published in Physical Review C in 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |title=Comment on "Existence of long-lived isomeric states in naturally-occurring neutron-deficient Th isotopes" |year=2009 |volume=79 |pages=049801 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.049801 |author=R. C. Barber; J. R. De Laeter |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79d9801B |issue=4 }}</ref> A rebuttal by the Marinov group was published in Physical Review C after the published comment.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |title=Reply to "Comment on 'Existence of long-lived isomeric states in naturally-occurring neutron-deficient Th isotopes'" |year=2009 |volume=79 |pages=049802 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.049802 |author=A. Marinov; I. Rodushkin; Y. Kashiv; L. Halicz; I. Segal; A. Pape; R. V. Gentry; H. W. Miller; D. Kolb; R. Brandt |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79d9802M |issue=4 }}</ref>

A repeat of the thorium-experiment using the superior method of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) failed to confirm the results, despite a 100-fold better sensitivity.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |title=Search for long-lived isomeric states in neutron-deficient thorium isotopes |year=2008 |volume=78 |page= 064313 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.78.064313 |author=J. Lachner; I. Dillmann; T. Faestermann; G. Korschinek; M. Poutivtsev; G. Rugel |bibcode = 2008PhRvC..78f4313L |issue=6 |arxiv = 0907.0126 }}</ref> This result throws considerable doubt on the results of the Marinov collaboration with regards to their claims of long-lived isotopes of ],<ref name="thorium1"/><ref name="thorium2"/> ]<ref name="roentgenium">{{cite journal |last1=Marinov |first1=A. |last2=Rodushkin |first2=I. |last3=Pape |first3=A. |last4=Kashiv |first4=Y. |last5=Kolb |first5=D. |last6=Brandt |first6=R. |last7=Gentry |first7=R. V. |last8=Miller |first8=H. W. |last9=Halicz |first9=L. |year=2009 |title=Existence of Long-Lived Isotopes of a Superheavy Element in Natural Au |journal=] |volume=18 |number=3 |pages=621–629 |publisher=] |doi= 10.1142/S021830130901280X|url=http://www.phys.huji.ac.il/~marinov/publications/Au_paper_IJMPE_73.pdf |accessdate=February 12, 2012 |arxiv = nucl-ex/0702051 |bibcode = 2009IJMPE..18..621M }}</ref> and unbibium.<ref name="arxiv"/>

In a series of experiments, scientists at GANIL have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with '']'' = ], ], and ] in order to probe shell effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell. In 2006, with full results published in 2008, the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions:

:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{nat}_{32}\mathrm{Ge} \to \,^{308,310,311,312,314}\mathrm{Ubq} ^{*} \to \mathrm{fission}.</math>

The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei of ] fissioning with half-lives > 10<sup>−18</sup> s. Although very short, the ability to measure such decays indicated a strong shell effect at Z=124. A similar phenomenon was found for ] but not for ].<ref>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/12/91/31/PDF/WAPHE06_EPJ_preprint1.pdf</ref>

The first attempt to synthesize ] was performed in 1971 by Bimbot ''et al.'' using the hot fusion reaction:

:<math>\,^{232}_{90}\mathrm{Th} + \,^{84}_{36}\mathrm{Kr} \to \,^{316}_{126}\mathrm{Ubh} ^{*} \to \mathrm{no\ atoms}</math>

A high energy ] was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent research suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding. To date, no other attempt has been made to synthesize unbihexium.

] has had one failed attempt at synthesis in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural ] target with ] ions. No atoms were detected.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp|593|date=November 2012}}

:<math>\,^{nat}_{73}\mathrm{Ta} + \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{316, 317}\mathrm{Ubs} ^{*} \to \mbox{no atoms}.</math>

All other elements in this region of the periodic table and beyond have not received any attempts to synthesise them.

=====Feynmanium=====
], element 137, is sometimes called '''feynmanium''' (symbol Fy) because ] noted<ref>
{{cite web
|author=G. Elert
|date=
|title=Atomic Models
|url=http://physics.info/atomic-models/
|work=The Physics Hypertextbook
|accessdate=2009-10-09
}}</ref> that a simplistic interpretation of the ] ] runs into problems with electron orbitals at ''Z'' > 1/α = 137, suggesting that neutral atoms cannot exist beyond untriseptium, and that a periodic table of elements based on electron orbitals therefore breaks down at this point. However, a more rigorous analysis calculates the limit to be ''Z'' ≈ 173.<ref group="note">See ].</ref>

The ] exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137, for the speed of an electron in a ], ''v'', is given by

:<math>v = Z \alpha c \approx \frac{Z c}{137.036}</math>

where ''Z'' is the ], and ''α'' is the ], a measure of the strength of electromagnetic interactions.<ref>{{cite book
|author=R. Eisberg, R. Resnick
|year=1985
|title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles
|publisher=]
|isbn=
}}</ref> Under this approximation, any element with an atomic number of greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than ''c'', the ]. Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is clearly inaccurate when applied to such an element.

The ] ] also has problems for ''Z''&nbsp;>&nbsp;137, for the ground state energy is

:<math>E=m c^2 \sqrt{1-Z^2 \alpha^2}</math>

where ''m'' is the rest mass of the electron. For ''Z''&nbsp;>&nbsp;137, the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory, rather than bound, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in the ].<ref>
{{cite book
|author=J.D. Bjorken, S.D. Drell
|year=1964
|title=Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
|publisher=]
|isbn=
}}</ref>

More accurate calculations including the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds 2''mc''<sup>2</sup> for ''Z''&nbsp;>&nbsp;''Z''<sub>cr</sub>&nbsp;≈&nbsp;173. For ''Z''&nbsp;>&nbsp;''Z''<sub>cr</sub>, if the innermost orbital is not filled, the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum, resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=W. Greiner, S. Schramm
|year=2008
|title=]
|volume=76 |pages=509
|doi=
}}, and references therein.</ref>

====f-block elements====
{{main|Superactinide}}
The ] and ] for the electron clouds of these elements are expected to be even greater than those for the g-block elements, because these elements have higher atomic number. If these elements could actually be observed, they would likely be observed to have similar chemical properties, but the effect of the closeness of the 5g and 6f (and possibly also the 7d and 8p) subshells is unclear and difficult to predict because of the relativistic and quantum effects. These orbitals, being so close in energy, may fill together all at the same time, resulting in a series of very similar elements with many barely distinguishable ]s. The basis of ] based on ]s may thus no longer hold.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|publisher=Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica|date=ca. 2006|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref>

The existence of such atoms is probably theoretically possible as the upper limit for atomic number is likely ''Z'' = 173 due to the ],<ref name=Greiner>{{cite journal |author=Walter Greiner and Stefan Schramm |title=Resource Letter QEDV-1: The QED vacuum |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=76 |page=509 |year=2008 |doi=10.1119/1.2820395 |bibcode = 2008AmJPh..76..509G |issue=6 }}, and references therein.</ref> after which assigning electron shells would be nonsensical and elements would only be able to exist as ions, but it is not clear if our technology will ever be enough to synthesise them.<ref name="LBNL"/>

====d-block and p-block elements====
Although element 153 would likely be taken to be the last superactinide based on previous periods, the electron configurations for the d-block and p-block period 8 elements would likely be nothing more than mathematical extrapolation because of the extreme ] and ] the electron clouds will experience. In the unlikely case that their chemical properties may eventually be studied, it is likely that all existing classifications will be inadequate to describe them. Due to the breakdown of periodic trends expected in this region due to the closeness of energy of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p orbitals and other ], it seems likely that the properties and placement in the periodic table of these elements may be of only formal significance.<ref name=EB />

==Characteristics==
===Chemical===
{{expand section|date=March 2012}}
]s may not continue to hold at such high atomic number, and in fact may already break down in the late ]. For example, chemical studies performed in 2007 indicate that ] may possess some non-] properties and may behave as the first superheavy element that portrays some ]-like properties due to ].<ref name="tanm">, lecture by Heinz W. Gäggeler, Nov. 2007. Last accessed on Dec. 12, 2008.</ref>

===Physical and atomic===
====Isotopes====
{{empty section|date=March 2012}}

====Electron configurations====
{{expand section|date=March 2012}}
] predicted the ]s for the period 8 elements using non-relativistic methods.<ref name="Schiff"></ref> Chemical series information is purely hypothetical and based on ]s which may not apply to elements this heavy.<ref name="EB"/><ref name="tanm" /> Fricke has also predicted the electron configurations for these elements based on relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations.<ref name="e-conf">{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last1 = Hoffman|first1 = Darleane C.| last2=Lee|first2=Diana M. |last3=Pershina|first3=Valeria | chapter = Transactinides and the future elements| publisher = ]| year = 2006| pages = 1722| isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref> The predictions are very different from each other.
:{|
| colspan="3" | ''']''' || ''']''' || ''']<br>(non-relativistic)'''<ref name="Schiff"/>
|-bgcolor="#ff6666"
|| 119 || '''Uue''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>1</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffdead"
|| 120 || '''Ubn''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 121 || '''Ubu''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 122 || '''Ubb''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>2</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 123 || '''Ubt''' || Unbitrium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>2</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 124 || '''Ubq''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>3</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 125 || '''Ubp''' || Unbipentium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>4</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 126 || '''Ubh''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>5</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 127 || '''Ubs''' || Unbiseptium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>6</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 128 || '''Ubo''' || Unbioctium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>7</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 129 || '''Ube''' || Unbiennium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 5g<sup>9</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 130 || '''Utn''' || Untrinilium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>9</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 131 || '''Utu''' || Untriunium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>10</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 132 || '''Utb''' || Untribium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>11</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 133 || '''Utt''' || Untritrium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>12</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 134 || '''Utq''' || Untriquadium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>13</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 135 || '''Utp''' || Untripentium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>14</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 136 || '''Uth''' || Untrihexium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>15</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 137 || '''Uts''' || ] || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>16</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 138 || '''Uto''' || Untrioctium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 139 || '''Ute''' || Untriennium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 140 || '''Uqn''' || Unquadnilium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>1</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 141 || '''Uqu''' || Unquadunium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>2</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 142 || '''Uqb''' || Unquadbium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>3</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 143 || '''Uqt''' || Unquadtrium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>4</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 144 || '''Uqq''' || Unquadquadium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>6</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 145 || '''Uqp''' || Unquadpentium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>7</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 146 || '''Uqh''' || Unquadhexium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>7</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 147 || '''Uqs''' || Unquadseptium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>8</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 148 || '''Uqo''' || Unquadoctium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>10</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 149 || '''Uqe''' || Unquadennium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>11</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 150 || '''Upn''' || Unpentnilium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>12</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 151 || '''Upu''' || Unpentunium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>13</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 152 || '''Upb''' || Unpentbium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#d1ddff"
|| 153 || '''Upt''' || Unpenttrium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>1</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 154 || '''Upq''' || Unpentquadium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 155 || '''Upp''' || Unpentpentium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>3</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 156 || '''Uph''' || Unpenthexium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>4</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 157 || '''Ups''' || Unpentseptium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>5</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 158 || '''Upo''' || Unpentoctium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>6</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 159 || '''Upe''' || Unpentennium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>7</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 160 || '''Uhn''' || Unhexnilium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>8</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 161 || '''Uhu''' || Unhexunium || ] || 8s<sup>1</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffc0c0"
|| 162 || '''Uhb''' || Unhexbium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#cccccc"
|| 163 || '''Uht''' || Unhextrium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>1</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#cccccc"
|| 164 || '''Uhq''' || Unhexquadium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>2</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#cccccc"
|| 165 || '''Uhp''' || Unhexpentium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>3</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#cccccc"
|| 166 || '''Uhh''' || Unhexhexium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>4</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#ffff99"
|| 167 || '''Uhs''' || Unhexseptium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>5</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|-bgcolor="#c0ffff"
|| 168 || '''Uho''' || Unhexoctium || ] || 8s<sup>2</sup> 8p<sup>6</sup> 7d<sup>10</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 5g<sup>18</sup>
|}

==See also==
* ]
* ]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

<!-- footers -->
{{PeriodicTablesFooter}}
{{Compact extended periodic table}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Period 8 Element}}
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Latest revision as of 13:35, 26 February 2020

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