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| According to the ''Himalayan Gazetteer'', the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of ].{{sfnp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}} After the ] in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as ]. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, during the ], the British general ] evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref> | According to the ''Himalayan Gazetteer'', the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of ].{{sfnp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}} After the ] in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as ]. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, during the ], the British general ] evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref> | ||
| {{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British." | {{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British." | ||
| </ref> After agreeing the ], Nepal did not claim west of Mahakali River which was originated in Limpiyadhura (see 1827 British India map for clarity). After 1962 war with China, Indo-Tibet border police force stayed in Kalapani, a Nepalese territory secretly and in 2019 India published a so-called political map displaying Kalapani region inside India. | |||
| </ref> After agreeing the ], which made a territorial settlement, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the southeast of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the ] and the ] near the headwaters of the Mahakali.{{sfnp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}}{{sfnp|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001|p=4}} | |||
| ⚫ | This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|pp=16–17}}, however, pillar 0 which will be tri-junction is yet to established at Limpiyadhura. | ||
| The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is the ''de facto'' tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. The Article 1 of the ] of 1961 states: | |||
| {{quote|The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|p=16}}}} | |||
| ⚫ | This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|pp=16–17}} | ||
| After the 1962 ] between India and China, India closed the ] at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The ] of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}}: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."</ref> In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass,<ref name=Rose>{{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pp=155–162 |JSTOR=2645605}}</ref> and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined. | After the 1962 ] between India and China, India closed the ] at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The ] of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}}: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."</ref> In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass,<ref name=Rose>{{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pp=155–162 |JSTOR=2645605}}</ref> and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined. In 2015, Nepal fiercely criticized China India trade agreement related to the use of Lipu Lekh pass. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 02:46, 18 May 2020
Village in Sudurpashchim| Tinkar | |
|---|---|
| village | |
| Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 526: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Nepal Sudurpashchim Pradesh" does not exist. | |
| Coordinates: 30°08′08″N 80°59′05″E / 30.1355°N 80.9848°E / 30.1355; 80.9848 | |
| Province | Sudurpashchim |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 |
Tinkar is a village in the Byas municipality of Darchula District in the Sudurpashchim province of Nepal. It is named after Tinkar Khola river, a tributary of the Mahakali River, which it joins near the village of Chhangru. At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet border is the Tinkar Pass (5,258 m), which has traditionally provided the trading route for the Byansis of the region for the Tibetan trading centre Burang.
History
According to the Himalayan Gazetteer, the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of Kumaon. After the unification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as Garhwal. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, during the Anglo-Nepalese War, the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River. After agreeing the Treaty of Sugauli, Nepal did not claim west of Mahakali River which was originated in Limpiyadhura (see 1827 British India map for clarity). After 1962 war with China, Indo-Tibet border police force stayed in Kalapani, a Nepalese territory secretly and in 2019 India published a so-called political map displaying Kalapani region inside India.
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here., however, pillar 0 which will be tri-junction is yet to established at Limpiyadhura.
After the 1962 border war between India and China, India closed the Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet. In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass, and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined. In 2015, Nepal fiercely criticized China India trade agreement related to the use of Lipu Lekh pass.
See also
References
- Śreshṭha, Border Management of Nepal (2003), p. 243 harvp error: no target: CITEREFŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003 (help)
- "Valleys of Nepal‛s Northwestern Corner". www.ai.stanford.edu. April 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- "Tinkar Pass". Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- "Api Best Camp, West Nepal" (PDF). Mountain Kingdoms Ltd. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981), pp. 679–680.
- Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42.
- Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
- Cowan (2015), pp. 16–17.
- Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988), p. 99: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."
- Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms", Asian Survey, 39 (1): 155–162, JSTOR 2645605
Bibliography
- Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) , The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
- Cowan, Sam (2015), The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, School of Oriental and African Studies
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - Manandhar, Mangal Siddhi; Koirala, Hriday Lal (June 2001), "Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary", Tribhuvan University Journal, 23 (1)
- Rose, Leo E. (1971), Nepal – Strategy for Survival, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-01643-9
- Schrader, Heiko (1988), Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas, Bow Historical Books, ISBN 978-3-88156-405-2
- Whelpton, John (2005), A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80470-7
| Mountain passes of Nepal | |
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| Himalayan passes | |