| Revision as of 18:52, 21 May 2008 edit92.12.131.239 (talk) the book writer← Previous edit |
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#REDIRECT ] |
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Panashe Mazanzi is a very good writer and dancer he is known to be the best dancer in st'columbas catholics boys school. |
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Although not dim-witted and even crafty, he is happy and cunning to learn loving everyone including himselves and his family whom they love god. He is really beautiful , but rather design cunning devices made to give good powers and feed the poor. |
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{{Rcat shell| |
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{{R ME to section}} |
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{{R with history}} |
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}} |
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In terms of "political factions", the Orcs served ] in ] and subsequently ] in ]. By the time of the War of the Ring, some served ] in ]. However, as Sauron laid low after losing the Ring at the end of the ] (before returning to Mordor), some Orcs must have worked independently. Before and during the time when ''The Hobbit'' takes place, some Orcs had ] as their capital, the Orcs of the ] were apparently ruled by one "Great Goblin", the former Dwarf-realm of ] was held by Orcs under one ] and then his son Bolg, and one Golfimbul had led the Orcs of ] in a foray into the Shire. |
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==Orkish culture== |
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Tolkien does not elaborate much on Orc culture and customs. However, we do know that Orcs know some form of healing arts (as the Orc-band apply harsh Orkish medicine to Merry's injuries while in their captivity). We also know that their armour, though inferior to that of Elves and Dwarves, is serviceable enough. Also, they often use ]ed blades (as ] states as he inspects a wound of ]; the wound is fortunately not poisoned) and arrows (as they use such on ]). Also, they like to sing horrible songs (as in ''The Hobbit''). The goblins of the Misty Mountains were a smaller breed of Orc, and could also invent horrid machines used to torture and kill things. |
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===Orkish diet=== |
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In ''The Hobbit'', Tolkien indicates that Orcs are "always hungry", although given the demeanour of that book, it is not clear if this is an exaggeration or not. Orcs do eat all manner of flesh, including those of men and horses, except perhaps their own, although the implications of cannibalism among Orcs is alluded to quite frequently. In Chapter II of ''The Two Towers'', Grishnákh, leader of the Mordor Uruks, accuses the Uruks of Saruman (who look different from them) of ], which the latter angrily deny. Later ] of ] threatens to "eat" a disobedient '']'' (slave), although this could be simply an emotional or symbolic threat (prior to this, however, Shagrat indicates that Gorbag could be "for the pot" after suggesting that the envenomated Frodo should "go in the pot", itself indicating a stew or broth that the Orcs eat). In the film version of ''The Two Towers'', the Uruk Uglúk beheads a rebellious orc, then says, "Looks like meat's back on the menu, boys!" Immediately, the other Uruks and orcs fall upon the dead corpse, and entrails are seen flying through the air. |
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==Orkish language== |
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The Orcs had no language of their own; merely a piecemeal of corrupted versions of words derived from various languages. However, individual tribes developed dialects that were so widely different from each other that the Orkish tongue was of no use for communication between tribes; for this purpose, ] was used, albeit with a crude accent. The few words in common usage throughout Orc tribes extant in the text of ''The Lord of the Rings'' are from ]; some examples are ''ghâsh'', "fire", ''sharkǔ'', "old man" (referring to Saruman's nickname of "Sharkey" during The Scouring of the Shire), ''snaga'', "slave", and ''Uruk''. Another "Orkish" word is ''tark'', "man of Gondor", from Westron and ultimately Quenya ''tarkil'', "high man". |
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When Sauron returned to power in Mordor in the Third Age, ] was used by the captains of his armies and by his servants in Barad-dûr. |
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A substantial sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish can be found in ''The Two Towers'', where the Mordor Uruk Grishnákh curses the Isengard Uruk Uglúk: |
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:''Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!'' |
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In '']'', Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great Saruman-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the Tolkien scholarly linguistic journal '']'' this alternative translation is given: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!" |
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Some speculate that Tolkien may have drawn upon the language of the ancient ] and ] for his Black Speech/Orkish.<ref></ref> |
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==Orcs and Evil== |
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On the subject of Orkish tendencies to good and evil, '']'' states of the ] at the ] and the subsequent siege of ] that "All living things were divided in that day, and some of every kind, even of beasts and birds, were found in either host, save the Elves only. They alone were undivided and followed Gil-galad. Of the Dwarves, few fought upon either side; but the kindred of Durin of Moria fought against Sauron." ("]") Since the Elves alone were said to be undivided, this apparently implies that at least some Orcs fought ''against'' Sauron, though this may be an overliteral interpretation of the passage. Orcs are known to fight amongst themselves frequently, if not actually against Sauron. On the subject of orc redeemability Tolkien wrote in one of his letters "I nearly wrote 'irredeemably bad'; but that would be going too far. Because by accepting or tolerating their making — necessary to their actual existence — even Orcs would become part of the World, which is God's and ultimately good. That God would 'tolerate' that, seems no worse theology than the toleration of the calculated dehumanizing of Men by tyrants that goes on today." |
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To some extent Tolkien did not regard Orcs as inherently evil, or evil in their own right, but rather as tools and slaves of Morgoth and Sauron, hating themselves and their masters as they hated everyone else. He wrote once that "we were all orcs in ]".{{ME-fact|date=October 2007}} |
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==The origin of Orcs== |
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The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the ] ], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that '']''. |
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Unlike the ''orc-néas'' ('orc-corpses') of Beowulf, no female Orcs are ever mentioned by Tolkien in any publication. However, in the published ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Orcs "breed after the manner of Elves and Men", implying that there are; in ''The Hobbit'' the Orc Bolg is the son of one Azog, while Gollum is described as having eaten a young Orc child ("goblin-imp") shortly before he first met Bilbo. Tolkien confirms in a letter that female Orcs did exist<ref>Unpublished letter dated 21 October 1963 to Mrs Munby</ref>. |
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===Made from the earth=== |
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According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien (found in ''The Fall of ]'', from '']'', circa ] — the first tale of Middle-earth to be written in full), Orcs were made of stone and slime through the sorcery of ] (''"bred from the heats and slimes of the earth"'' — ''The Book of Lost Tales, Vol. 2''). |
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===Corrupted Elves=== |
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Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own, and amended the origins to the "theory" that would eventually be published in '']'': that the Orcs were transformed from ] — the purest form of life on ] (the Earth) — by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. Moreover, if Orcs were in fact Elves at their core, this could perhaps mean that they were also ] — a fact which, if true, would seem inconsistent with J. R. R. Tolkien's treatment of Orcs, although the books do not openly confirm or deny it. If Orcs indeed were immortal, it holds no doubt that their ] would not be allowed reincarnation by ], if they even answered the calling. Most Orcs would probably fear the calling of Mandos, and therefore would see their ''fëar'' diminished to ] spirits. These may have been some of the evil spirits occasionally described in the books, such as the spirit which tempted ] of ]'s company, or the ]s. |
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There is some evidence for the immortality, or otherwise long life of Orcs in '']'': ] and ], during the conversation which ] overheard, mention the "Great Siege" of the ]. It is possible to interpret from the sentence that they were actually there and remembered it themselves: an event which lay millennia in the past. Another interpretation of this conversation is that this "Great Siege" could have instead been merely the current siege ongoing at ], or the siege of ]. They certainly did live for at the very least hundreds of years, since Bolg was the son of Azog and his death occurred over 140 years after the death of his father. This second theory is consistent with a statement made in the "Myths Transformed" essay of '']'' that the orcs had short lifespans in relation to the ]s. The published ''Silmarillion'' states also that the Orcs reproduce after the manner of the Children of Ilúvatar (i.e. Men and Elves). In the ''Hobbit,'' Gollum remembers killing and eating a "small goblin-imp," which probably refers to a baby or child goblin. |
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Since this version of the origin of Orcs explicitly appears in the published ''Silmarillion'', many have accepted it at face value as Tolkien's final views on the matter. However, as can be seen, Tolkien wrote later differing accounts, which may reflect his final intentions (see ]). This manner of the Orc's creation is referred to in ] by Saruman after creating the Uruk-hai. Note that the films are not canon, though. |
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===Fallen Maiar=== |
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There are hints in the '']'' series of books, (especially in '']'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the ]'s ], or the ] encountered by ] and the ], may in fact have been fallen ] which had taken Orc form: |
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<blockquote>Some of these things may have been delusions and phantoms but some were no doubt shapes taken by the servants of Melkor, mocking and degrading the very forms of the children. For Melkor had in his service great numbers of Maiar, who had the power, as their Master, of taking visible and tangible shape in Arda.<ref>''Morgoth's Ring'', "Myths transformed", text X</ref></blockquote> |
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<blockquote>Boldog (…) is a name that occurs many times in the tales of the War. But it is possible that Boldog was not a personal name, and either a title, or else the name of a kind of creature: the Orc-formed Maiar, only less formidable than the Balrogs <ref>Author's footnote to the text X</ref></blockquote> |
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<blockquote>Melkor had corrupted many spirits — some great as ], or less as Balrogs. The least could have been primitive Orcs.<ref>Author's note to text</ref></blockquote> |
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===Some cross-bred with Men=== |
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Tolkien also "suggested" that ] were cross-bred with Orcs under Morgoth's lieutenant, Sauron (and possibly under Morgoth himself). The ] are speculated to be created in this way. The process was later repeated during the ] by Saruman, enabling him to make his own hybrids. |
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<blockquote>There is no doubt that long afterwards, in the Third Age, Saruman rediscovered this, or learned of it in lore, and in his lust for mastery committed this, his wickedest deed: the interbreeding of Orcs and Men, producing both Men-orcs large and cunning, and Orc-men treacherous and vile.<ref>'']'', "Myths Transformed" - Text X</ref></blockquote> |
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While Tolkien at some point saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to ] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with this theory. At about the same time he removed the references to the ], he also began searching for a new origin for the Orcs. The question of Orc origin may have been one of the problems Tolkien tried to solve by completely changing the ] and ] of Arda. By setting the origin of Men back to almost the same time as the Elves, he possibly allowed for Men to be the origin of Orcs all along. Tolkien died before he could complete this upheaval of the cosmology, however, so the Elf origin was adopted in the published version of '']''. |
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===Sentient beasts=== |
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Yet other of Tolkien's theories proposes that Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the ] of the ] (first Morgoth, later Sauron): |
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<blockquote>The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape .<ref>'Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII'</ref></blockquote> |
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It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lord in various ways: after their leader was defeated, the Orcs were confused and dismayed, and easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after Morgoth's defeat and banishment from ], they were without a leader, and degenerated to small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in the ]. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim some of their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the ]: only when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of ] did the Orcs become a real danger for Middle-earth again. |
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== Individual Orcs == |
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{{Main|List of Middle-earth Orcs}} |
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{{See also|List of original characters in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy}} ''for Orcs unique to the New Line films'' |
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==Influence on later fantasy== |
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Tolkien's Orcs are a major influence on fantasy fiction and games; they are the literary precursors of the Orcs (and similar races) of many different settings. The Orcs of '']'', '']'', '']'' and other games most often differ from Tolkien's Orcs in that they are taller and larger than humans and usually have green or greyish-green skin (in the case of the ''Warcraft'' Orcs, they even become the protagonists in the third game, redeeming themselves from the pact they made with the Burning Legion). |
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] may have inserted a nod to his friend's Orcs in '']''. When Aslan goes to his death on the Stone Table, the narrator mentions various evil creatures gathered around the White Witch — including "Orknies" (the name is also directly based on the above Old English term). |
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==Adaptations== |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Bakshi_Orcs.jpg|Orcs from the 1978 animated version of '']''. |
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Image:Ugluk_1.jpg|Uglúk the Uruk<!--singular--> in ]'s '']''. |
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Image:Sharku_2.jpg|Sharku, an original Orc in Jackson's ''The Two Towers''. |
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Image:STAGE_ORC.jpg|An Orc from the Cincinnati (2003) production of '']''. |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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Orcs have been featured in many adaptations of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings, from film to stage to video games. The Goblins in the ] were likened to the work of ].<ref>O'CONNOR, JOHN J. ''The Hobbit'' (review), ] November 25, 1977</ref> and are portrayed in exactly the same manner as the Orcs in the sequel '']''. |
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Some adaptations have made Goblins distinct from Orcs. This was implied in ]'s ] directed by ], and can be seen in the real-time strategy games '']'' and '']''. In the former, Goblins can be used alongside common Orcs and Uruk-hai, while in the latter Goblins get their own playable faction. |
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In '']'', an expansion pack for ''The Battle for Middle-earth II'', the Angmar faction uses "Gundabad Orcs" as ordinary foot soldiers, referring to their capital of Mount Gundabad. Like the Goblins of the ], they sometimes ride wolves in battle. |
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==Notes and references== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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<references /> |
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</div> |
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==External links== |
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A more detailed and 'technical' approach to a problem of the origin of the Orcs can be found under the following link: |
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: |
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:The essay puts emphasis to different theories of the origin of the Orcs and their validity in the light of Tolkien's writings. |
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