Misplaced Pages

Latinx: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 22:46, 6 October 2020 editCrossroads (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers21,519 edits Undid revision 982234282 by Sangdeboeuf (talk) Stick to quoting what the source says rather than needlessly adding your own attribution in the quote. Obviously "dead last" means it was the least preferred among the terms offered.Tags: Undo Reverted← Previous edit Revision as of 22:57, 6 October 2020 edit undoSangdeboeuf (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users53,426 edits Reverted 1 edit by Crossroads (talk): The source does attribute the quote like this, but in an earlier paragraph – "dead last" is loaded and vague – removed per WP: IMPARTIALTags: Twinkle UndoNext edit →
Line 38: Line 38:
On June 26, 2019, during the first ], the word was used by the presidential candidate ],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinberg|first=Abigail|date=June 26, 2019|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/06/the-first-question-of-the-democratic-debate-was-a-challenge-to-elizabeth-warren-she-didnt-back-down/|title=The First Question of the Democratic Debate was a Challenge to Elizabeth Warren. She Didn't Back Down|website=]|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> which '']'' called "one of the highest profile uses of the term since its conception".<ref name="Rodriguez, Adriana">{{cite newspaper |last=Rodriguez |first=Adrianna |date=June 29, 2019 |title='Latinx' explained: A history of the controversial word and how to pronounce it |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/29/latina-latino-latinx-hispanic-what-do-they-mean/1596501001/ |newspaper=] |accessdate=2019-07-01}}</ref> On June 26, 2019, during the first ], the word was used by the presidential candidate ],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinberg|first=Abigail|date=June 26, 2019|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/06/the-first-question-of-the-democratic-debate-was-a-challenge-to-elizabeth-warren-she-didnt-back-down/|title=The First Question of the Democratic Debate was a Challenge to Elizabeth Warren. She Didn't Back Down|website=]|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> which '']'' called "one of the highest profile uses of the term since its conception".<ref name="Rodriguez, Adriana">{{cite newspaper |last=Rodriguez |first=Adrianna |date=June 29, 2019 |title='Latinx' explained: A history of the controversial word and how to pronounce it |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/29/latina-latino-latinx-hispanic-what-do-they-mean/1596501001/ |newspaper=] |accessdate=2019-07-01}}</ref>


A 2019 poll (with a 5% margin of error) found that 2% of US residents of Latin American descent in the US use ''Latinx'', including 3% of 18-34-year-olds; the rest preferred other terms. "No respondents over 50 selected the term", while overall "3% of women and 1% of men selected the term as their preferred ethnic identifier".<ref name="McGirt">{{cite news |last=McGirt |first=Ellen |date=November 5, 2019 |title=What's the Deal With 'Latinx'? |url=https://fortune.com/2019/11/05/whats-the-deal-with-latinx/ |work=Fortune |url-access=subscription |quote=The term “Latinx” ranked dead last: “Despite its usage by academics and cultural influencers, 98% of Latinos prefer other terms to describe their ethnicity. Only 2% of our respondents said the label accurately describes them, making it the least popular ethnic label among Latinos.”}}</ref><ref name="McWhorter">{{Cite web |title=Why Latinx Can't Catch On|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/why-latinx-cant-catch-on/603943/ |last=McWhorter |first=John |date=December 23, 2019 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> A 2019 poll (with a 5% margin of error) found that 2% of US residents of Latin American descent in the US use ''Latinx'', including 3% of 18-34-year-olds; the rest preferred other terms. "No respondents over 50 selected the term", while overall "3% of women and 1% of men selected the term as their preferred ethnic identifier".<ref name="McGirt">{{cite news |last=McGirt |first=Ellen |date=November 5, 2019 |title=What's the Deal With 'Latinx'? |url=https://fortune.com/2019/11/05/whats-the-deal-with-latinx/ |work=Fortune |url-access=subscription |quote= 'Despite its usage by academics and cultural influencers, 98% of Latinos prefer other terms to describe their ethnicity. Only 2% of our respondents said the label accurately describes them, making it the least popular ethnic label among Latinos'.}}</ref><ref name="McWhorter">{{Cite web |title=Why Latinx Can't Catch On|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/why-latinx-cant-catch-on/603943/ |last=McWhorter |first=John |date=December 23, 2019 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>


A 2020 ] survey found that only 23% of U.S. adults who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino surveyed had heard of the term ''Latinx'' and 65% of those said that the term ''Latinx'' should not be used to describe the Hispanic or Latino population.<ref name="Pew Research">{{cite web|date=11 August 2020|title=Latinx Used by Just 3% of U.S. Hispanics. About One-in-Four Have Heard of It.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/11/about-one-in-four-u-s-hispanics-have-heard-of-latinx-but-just-3-use-it/|accessdate=21 August 2020|website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project}}</ref> While the remaining 33% of U.S. Hispanic adults who have heard the term ''Latinx'' said it could be used to describe the community, only 10% of that subgroup preferred it to the terms ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino''.<ref name="Pew Research" /> The preferred term both among Hispanics who have heard the term and among those who haven’t was ''Hispanic'', garnering 50% and 64% respectively.<ref name="Pew Research" /> ''Latino'' was second in preference with 31% and 29% respectively.<ref name="Pew Research" /> Only 3% self identified as ''Latinx'' in that survey.<ref name="Pew Research" /> A 2020 ] survey found that only 23% of U.S. adults who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino surveyed had heard of the term ''Latinx'' and 65% of those said that the term ''Latinx'' should not be used to describe the Hispanic or Latino population.<ref name="Pew Research">{{cite web|date=11 August 2020|title=Latinx Used by Just 3% of U.S. Hispanics. About One-in-Four Have Heard of It.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/11/about-one-in-four-u-s-hispanics-have-heard-of-latinx-but-just-3-use-it/|accessdate=21 August 2020|website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project}}</ref> While the remaining 33% of U.S. Hispanic adults who have heard the term ''Latinx'' said it could be used to describe the community, only 10% of that subgroup preferred it to the terms ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino''.<ref name="Pew Research" /> The preferred term both among Hispanics who have heard the term and among those who haven’t was ''Hispanic'', garnering 50% and 64% respectively.<ref name="Pew Research" /> ''Latino'' was second in preference with 31% and 29% respectively.<ref name="Pew Research" /> Only 3% self identified as ''Latinx'' in that survey.<ref name="Pew Research" />

Revision as of 22:57, 6 October 2020

U.S. gender-neutral term for people of Latin American heritage

"Latina/o", "Latine", and "Mexicanx" redirect here. For the sailing vessel, see Lateen. For the people of Mexico, see Mexicans. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation), Latina (disambiguation), and Latino (disambiguation).

Latinx is a gender-neutral neologism, sometimes used to refer to people of Latin American cultural or ethnic identity in the United States. The ⟨-x⟩ suffix replaces the ⟨-o/-a⟩ ending of Latino and Latina that are typical of grammatical gender in Spanish. Its plural is Latinxs. Words used for similar purposes include Chicanx, Latin@ and Latine.

The term was first seen online around 2004. It has later been used in social media by activists, students, and academics who seek to advocate for individuals living on the borderlines of gender identity. Surveys of Hispanic and Latino Americans have found that most prefer other terms such as Hispanic and Latina/Latino to describe themselves, and that only 2 to 3 percent use Latinx.

Reactions to the term have been mixed. Supporters say it engenders greater acceptance among non-binary Latinos by being gender-neutral and thus inclusive of all genders. Critics say the term does not follow traditional grammar, is difficult to pronounce, and is disrespectful toward conventional Spanish; the Royal Spanish Academy style guide does not recognize the suffix -x. Both supporters and detractors have cited linguistic imperialism as a reason for supporting or opposing the use of the term.

Usage and pronunciation

Latinx is a term for a group identity used to describe individuals in the United States who have Latin American roots. The social category is also referred to by other names, including Hispanic, Latino, Latina/o, and Latin@.

Pronunciations of Latinx documented in dictionaries include /ləˈtiːnɛks, læ-, lɑː-, -nəks, ˈlætɪnɛks/ lə-TEE-neks, la(h)-, -⁠nəks, LAT-in-eks. Other variants respelled ad hoc as "Latins", "La-tinks", or "Latin-equis" have also been reported. Editors at Merriam-Webster write that "more than likely, there was little consideration for how was supposed to be pronounced when it was created".

History

Origins and early usage

The term Latinx emerged in the early 21st century. The origins of the term are unclear. According to Google Trends, it was first seen online in 2004, and first appeared in academic literature "in a Puerto Rican psychological periodical to challenge the gender binaries encoded in the Spanish language." In the U.S. it was first used in activist and LGBT circles as a way to expand on earlier attempts at gender-inclusive forms of the grammatically masculine Latino, such as Latino/a and Latin@.

Between 2004 and 2014 Latinx did not receive broad usage or attention but has become commonly used by activists in higher education and the popular media who seek to advocate for individuals on the borderlines of gender identity; it is used as a gender-inclusive term denoting people of Latin American descent.

According to Mother Jones and Merriam-Webster, Latinx offers an alternative to the gender binaries inherent to the formulations Latina/o and Latin@. Yara Simón writes in Remezcla that Latinx allows those who do not identify within the gender binary to be seen and accepted by getting rid of the gendered ending of Latina/o. Some commentators, such as Ed Morales, a lecturer at Columbia University and author of the 2018 book Latinx: The New Force in American Politics and Culture, associate the term with the ideas of Gloria Anzaldúa, a Chicana feminist. Morales writes that "refusal to conform to male/female gender binaries" parallels "the refusal to conform to a racial binary".

Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera calls Latinx "a recognition of the exclusionary nature of our institutions, of the deficiencies in existent linguistic structures, and of language as an agent of social change", saying, "The gesture toward linguistic intersectionality stems from a suffix endowed with a literal intersection — x."

Use of x to expand language can be traced to the word Chicano, which had an x added to the front of the word, making it Xicano. Scholars have identified this shift as part of the movement to empower people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and also as a means of emphasizing that the origins of the letter X and term Chicano are linked to the Indigenous Nahuatl language. The x has also been added to the end of the term Chicano, making it Chicanx. An example of this occurred at Columbia University where students changed their student group name from "Chicano Caucus" to "Chicanx Caucus". Later Columbia University changed the name of Latino Heritage Month to Latinx Hispanic Heritage Month. Salinas and Lozano (2017) state that the term is influenced by Mexican indigenous communities that have a third gender role, such as Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca (see also: Gender system § Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico). The term often refers specifically to LGBT people or to young people. Brian Latimer, a producer at MSNBC who identifies as nonbinary, says that the application of the term "shows a generational divide in the Hispanic community". Since 2016, the term "has been sweeping across college campuses in the ".

Public awareness

The term Latinx is used nearly exclusively in the United States. People from Latin America ordinarily would not think of themselves using the term unless they reside in the United States. The term was added to the Merriam-Webster English dictionary in 2018, as it continued to grow in popularity in the United States, and to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2019.

"As they continue to be a subject of fierce debate," writes Daniel Politi, in Argentina "gender-neutral formulations have become increasingly common". Herlihy-Mera writes that in Puerto Rico, the "shift toward x in reference to people has already occurred" in limited academic settings and "for many faculty hermanx and niñx and their equivalents have been the standard... for years. It is clear that the inclusive approach to nouns and adjectives is becoming more common, and while it may at some point become the prevailing tendency, presently there is no prescriptive control toward either syntax".

Many people became more aware of the term in the month following the Orlando nightclub shooting of June 2016; Google Trends shows that searches for this term rose greatly in this period. A similar use of 'x' in the term Mx. may have been an influence or model for the development of Latinx.

At Princeton University the Latinx Perspective Organization was founded in 2016 to "unify Princeton's diverse Latinx community" and several student-run organizations at other institutions have utilized the word in their title.

The term appears in the titles of academic books in the context of LGBT studies, rhetoric and composition studies, and comics studies.

On June 26, 2019, during the first 2020 Democratic Party presidential debate, the word was used by the presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren, which USA Today called "one of the highest profile uses of the term since its conception".

A 2019 poll (with a 5% margin of error) found that 2% of US residents of Latin American descent in the US use Latinx, including 3% of 18-34-year-olds; the rest preferred other terms. "No respondents over 50 selected the term", while overall "3% of women and 1% of men selected the term as their preferred ethnic identifier".

A 2020 Pew Research Center survey found that only 23% of U.S. adults who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino surveyed had heard of the term Latinx and 65% of those said that the term Latinx should not be used to describe the Hispanic or Latino population. While the remaining 33% of U.S. Hispanic adults who have heard the term Latinx said it could be used to describe the community, only 10% of that subgroup preferred it to the terms Hispanic or Latino. The preferred term both among Hispanics who have heard the term and among those who haven’t was Hispanic, garnering 50% and 64% respectively. Latino was second in preference with 31% and 29% respectively. Only 3% self identified as Latinx in that survey.

A 2020 study based on interviews with 34 Latinx/a/o students from the US found that they "perceive higher education as a privileged space where they use the term Latinx. Once they return to their communities, they do not use the term".

In literature and academia

Scharrón-del Río and Aja (2015) have traced the use of Latinx by authors Beatriz Llenín Figueroa, Jaime Géliga Quiñones, Yuderkys Espinosa Miñoso, and Adriana Gallegos Dextre. The term has also been discussed in scholarly research by cultural theorist Ilan Stavans on Spanglish and by Frederick Luis Aldama and Christopher Gonzalez on Latinx super heroes in mainstream comics and Latinx graphic novels such as United States of Banana. The term and concept of Latinx is also explored by Antonio Pastrana Jr, Juan Battle and Angelique Harris on LBGTQ+ issues. Valdes also uses the term in research on black perspectives on Latinx.

A 2020 analysis found "that community college professional organizations have by and large not adopted the term Latinx, even by organizations with a Latinx/a/o centered mission", although some academic journals and dissertations about community colleges were using it.

Reception

Sign at the Women's March on Washington. The sign reads, "women's, LGBTQIA, immigrant's, black, Latinx, Muslim, & disability rights are human rights".

Latinx has been the subject of controversy. HuffPost states that it engenders greater acceptance of non-binary gender Latinos. Linguistic imperialism has been used both as a basis of criticism, and of support. The term has been rejected from the Spanish-language Diccionario de la lengua española, published by the Royal Spanish Academy, on grammatical grounds.

The Royal Spanish Academy rejects the use of -x and -e as gender-neutral alternatives to the collective masculine -o ending. Regarding this decision, Darío Villanueva, RAE's director said, “The problem is we’re confusing grammar with machismo.” According to HuffPost, some refuse to use the term on the grounds that Latinx is difficult to pronounce in the Spanish language.

Linguist John McWhorter argues that, in contrast to other neologisms such as African American or singular they, Latinx has not become mainstream as of 2019 because the problem of implied gender it aims to solve is more a concern of the intelligentsia than the "proverbial person on the street".

Linguists Janet M. Fuller and Jennifer Leeman state that some people reject the use of Latinx to refer to people regardless of gender because they see it as a one-size-fits-all term that erases diversity, preferring to switch between -o/-a/-x when referring to specific individuals. Those who oppose the term in its entirety have argued that the -x is artificial, unpronounceable, an imposition of English norms on Spanish, or overly faddish.

According to HuffPost, "Many opponents of the term have suggested that using an un-gendered noun like Latinx is disrespectful to the Spanish language and some have even called the term 'a blatant form of linguistic imperialism'". Defending usage of the term against critics arguing linguistic imperialism, Brooklyn College professors María R. Scharrón-del Río and Alan A. Aja argue that the Spanish language itself is a form of linguistic imperialism for Latin Americans.

Another argument against Latinx is that "it erases feminist movements in the 1970s" that fought for use of the word Latina to represent women, according to George Cadava, Director of the Latina and Latino Studies program at Northwestern University.

Hector Luis Alamo describes the term as a "bulldozing of Spanish". In a 2015 article for Latino Rebels, Alamo wrote: "If we dump Latino for Latinx because it offends some people, then we should go on dumping words forever since there will always be some people who find some words offensive."

Nicole Trujillo-Pagán has argued that patriarchal bias is reproduced in ostensibly "gender neutral" language and stated, "Less clear in the debate (as it has developed since then) is how the replacement silences and erases long-standing struggles to recognize the significance of gender difference and sexual violence."

Similar terms

See also: Gender neutrality in Spanish

Similar gender-neutral forms have also arisen. One such term is Latin@, which combines the written form of the ⟨-a⟩ and ⟨-o⟩ endings. Similar terms include Chicanx and the variant spelling Xicanx.

Latine (plural: Latines) is another gender-neutral term that has found less acceptance than Latinx. It arose out of genderqueer speakers' use of the ending -e; similar forms include amigue ('friend') and elle (singular 'they').

See also

Notes

  1. ^ McGirt, Ellen (November 5, 2019). "What's the Deal With 'Latinx'?". Fortune. 'Despite its usage by academics and cultural influencers, 98% of Latinos prefer other terms to describe their ethnicity. Only 2% of our respondents said the label accurately describes them, making it the least popular ethnic label among Latinos'.
  2. ^ "Latinx Used by Just 3% of U.S. Hispanics. About One-in-Four Have Heard of It". Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project. August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  3. ^ Reyes, Raul A. (November 6, 2017). "To be Latinx or not to be Latinx? For some Hispanics that is the question". NBC News. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  4. ^ Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (May 1, 2018). "The Cross-Lingual Interse(x)tionality of 'Latinx'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Also available at Academia.edu.
  5. ^ Ramirez, Tanisha Love; Blay, Zeba (July 5, 2016). "Why People Are Using The Term 'Latinx'". HuffPost. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  6. ^ Cataño, Adriana (November 28, 2018). "The RAE Has Made Its Decision About Latinx and Latine in Its First Style Manual". Remezcla.
  7. Santos, Carlos E. (2017). ""The History, Struggles, and Potential of the Term Latinx". Latina/o Psychology Today. 4 (2): 7–14.
  8. Vargas 2018, 1.1 Group Identity. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVargas2018 (help)
  9. "Latinx". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  10. "Latinx". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  11. "Latinx". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  12. "Latinx". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  13. Stavans, Ilan. "El significado del 'latinx'". New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
  14. Trujillo-Pagán, Nicole (2018). "Crossed out by LatinX: Gender neutrality and genderblind sexism". Latino Studies. 16 (3): 396–406. doi:10.1057/s41276-018-0138-7. S2CID 149648482.
  15. ^ "'Latinx' And Gender Inclusivity How do you pronounce this more inclusive word?". Merriam Webster. 2017. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. A similar use of 'x' is in Mx., a gender-neutral title of courtesy that is used in place of gendered titles, such as Mr. and Ms. It has been suggested that the use of 'x' in Mx. influenced Latinx.
  16. "Latinx". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  17. ^ Salinas, Cristobal (2020). "The Complexity of the 'x' in Latinx : How Latinx/a/o Students Relate to, Identify With, and Understand the Term Latinx". Journal of Hispanic Higher Education. 19 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1177/1538192719900382. ISSN 1538-1927.
  18. ^ Brammer, John Paul (May 2019). "Generation X: Digging Into the Messy History of 'Latinx' Helped Me Embrace My Complex Identity". Mother Jones. Vol. 44, no. 3. pp. 59–61.
  19. ^ Gonzalez, Irina (June 19, 2019). "Why Did "Latinx" Get Popular—And What Does It Mean?". Oprah Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  20. Gamio Cuervo, Arlene B. (August 2016). "Latinx: A Brief Guidebook". Princeton LGBT Center – via Academia.edu.
  21. ^ Salinas, Cristobal; Lozano, Adele (2017). "Mapping and recontextualizing the evolution of the term Latinx: An environmental scanning in higher education". Journal of Latinos and Education. 18 (4): 302–315. doi:10.1080/15348431.2017.1390464. S2CID 149435457.
  22. Reyes, Raul A. (September 29, 2016). "Are you Latinx? As more use the term, it draws approval and criticism". NBC News.
  23. Simón, Yara (September 14, 2018). "Hispanic vs. Latino vs. Latinx: A Brief History of How These Words Originated". Remezcla. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  24. Rossini, Jon D (2018). "The Latinx, Indigenous, and the Americas Graduate Class: Geography, Pedagogy, and Power". Theatre Journal. 70 (4): 443–445. doi:10.1353/tj.2018.0093. S2CID 135220164.
  25. Magtoto, Mica (March 9, 2016). "Latinx: A case for inclusion or segregation?". Iowa State Daily. Ames, Iowa. Retrieved August 6, 2019. The term Latinx has been sweeping across college campuses in the nation with the intent of creating inclusion while inadvertently pitting members of the Latino community into a cultural war.
  26. ^ Vargas, Manuel (2018). "Latinx Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Latinx is a term used exclusively within the United States, or nearly so, such that people from Latin America would not ordinarily think of themselves as Latinxs, unless or until they reside in the United States.
  27. "Latinx". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  28. ^ Rodriguez, Adrianna (June 29, 2019). "'Latinx' explained: A history of the controversial word and how to pronounce it". USA Today. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  29. Dent, Jonathan (March 18, 2019). "New Words in the OED: March 2019". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
  30. Politi, Daniel (April 15, 2020). "In Argentina, a Bid to Make Language Gender Neutral Gains Traction| Daniel Politi". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  31. "Home". Princeton University Latinx Perspectives Organization. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  32. "Student Organizations | UNC Latina/o Studies Program". lsp.unc.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2017. "Iowa State University – Student Organizations". stuorg.iastate.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2017. "Latinx Student Organizations | Multicultural Resource Center". new.oberlin.edu. Oberlin College. October 24, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  33. ^ Pastrana, Antonio Jr. (Jay); Battle, Juan; Harris, Angelique (December 22, 2016). An Examination of Latinx LGBT Populations Across the United States: Intersections of Race and Sexuality. Palgrave Pivot. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56074-2. ISBN 9781137560742. OCLC 974040623.
  34. Ruiz, Iris D.; Sánchez, Raúl, eds. (October 15, 2016). Decolonizing Rhetoric and Composition Studies: New Latinx Keywords for Theory and Pedagogy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-52724-0. ISBN 9781137527233. OCLC 934502504.
  35. Aldama, Frederick Luis (2016). Latinx Comic Book Storytelling: An Odyssey by Interview. San Diego, CA: ¡Hyperbole Books!, a San Diego State University Press imprint. ISBN 978-1938537929. OCLC 973339575.
  36. Weinberg, Abigail (June 26, 2019). "The First Question of the Democratic Debate was a Challenge to Elizabeth Warren. She Didn't Back Down". Mother Jones. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  37. ^ McWhorter, John (December 23, 2019). "Why Latinx Can't Catch On". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  38. ^ Scharrón-del Río, María R.; Aja, Alan A. (December 5, 2015). "The Case for 'Latinx': Why Intersectionality Is Not a Choice". Latino Rebels.
  39. "Ilan Stavans". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  40. Aldama, Frederick Luis, 1969- (October 10, 2017). Latinx superheroes in mainstream comics. Jennings, John, 1970-, Hernandez, Javier, 1966-. Tucson, Arizona. ISBN 978-0-8165-3708-2. OCLC 983824443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. Aldama, Frederick; González, Christopher (December 7, 2018). Latinx Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-61435-1.
  42. Aldama, Frederick Luis (2020). POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, LOVERS : On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh: UNIV OF PITTSBURGH Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2. OCLC 1143649021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  43. Valdés, Vanessa K. (March 15, 2017). Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438465159. OCLC 961828672.
  44. Johnson, Jessica Marie (December 12, 2015). "Thinking About the 'X'". Black Perspectives. AAIHS. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  45. Salinas, Cristobal; Doran, Erin E.; Swingle, Ethan C. (2020). "Community Colleges' Use of the Term 'Latinx'". New Directions for Community Colleges. 2020 (190): 9–20. doi:10.1002/cc.20383. ISSN 0194-3081.
  46. "The RAE Has Made Its Decision About Latinx and Latine in Its First Style Manual".
  47. ^ Fuller, Janet M.; Leeman, Jennifer (2020). "Race, Racialization and Latinx Ethnoracial Identity". Speaking Spanish in the US: The Sociopolitics of Language. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-78892-830-4. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  48. Alamo, Hector Luis (December 12, 2015). "The X-ing of Language: The Case Against 'Latinx'". Latino Rebels.
  49. Gastil, John (December 1990). "Generic pronouns and sexist language: The oxymoronic character of masculine generics". Sex Roles. 23 (11–12): 629–643. doi:10.1007/BF00289252. S2CID 33772213.
  50. Sniezek, Janet A.; Jazwinski, Christine H. (October 1986). "Gender bias in English: In search of fair language". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 16 (7): 642–662. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01165.x.
  51. Prewitt-Freilino, Jennifer L.; Caswell, T. Andrew; Laakso, Emmi K. (February 2012). "The gendering of language: A comparison of gender equality in countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless languages". Sex Roles. 66 (3–4): 268–281. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5. S2CID 145066913.
  52. Trujillo-Pagán, Nicole (February 27, 2018). "No Shock or Awe About 'Acting' Latinx". Latino Rebels. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  53. ^ Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador; Martínez, Juliana (2018). "Latinx thoughts: Latinidad with an X" (PDF). Latino Studies. 16 (3): 384–395. doi:10.1057/s41276-018-0137-8. S2CID 149742570. Terms like Latin@, Latine, and LatinU have been deployed—with less traction—to mobilize Latina/o communities
  54. Demby, Gene. "'Latin@' Offers A Gender-Neutral Choice; But How To Pronounce It?". NPR.org. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  55. Cashman, Holly (2018). Queer, Latinx, and Bilingual: Narrative Resources in the Negotiation of Identities. Routledge. Introduction; Note 1. ISBN 978-0-415-73909-2. Similarly, Latinx, Chicanx along with many other terms, are all used to describe the ethnolinguistic community.
  56. Noriega, Christine (February 16, 2017). "'We Are Still Here' is a Gorgeous Book Capturing the Queer-Inclusive Evolution of East LA's Chicanx Identity". Remezcla. he Xicanx identity a relatively new term some Mexican-Americans have claimed that stems from the grassroots and working-class roots of the 1960s Chicano movement, but also incorporates indigenous consciousness, feminism, and queer theory in its politics.
  57. Papadopoulos, Benjamin (2019). Morphological Gender Innovations in Spanish of Genderqueer Speakers (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 3.

References

Further reading

Categories: