| Revision as of 04:45, 8 January 2007 editBaristarim (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users28,782 editsm Typo fixing avoid redirects + general fixes, Replaced: Inonu → İnönü using AWB← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:32, 8 January 2007 edit undoGene Nygaard (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users90,047 edits reert deliberate missortingNext edit → | ||
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] and İsmet İnönü before the ], August 1922]] | ||
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| '''Mustafa İsmet İnönü''' (] ]–], ]) was a ] soldier, statesman and the second ] of ]. | '''Mustafa İsmet İnönü''' (] ]–], ]) was a ] soldier, statesman and the second ] of ]. | ||
| He was born in ] to a mixed ] and ] family in ].<ref> - Erik Jan Zürcher (Universiteit Leiden)</ref><ref> - Metin Heper / Brill Academic Publishers</ref> His father was Hacı Reşid Bey, a member of the Ottoman bureaucracy, an examining magistrate born in ], and his mother was Cevriye Hanım, daughter of ] refugees from ]. Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. Thus, İsmet İnönü did his primary studies in ]. | He was born in ] to a mixed ] and ] family with descent in ].<ref> - Erik Jan Zürcher (Universiteit Leiden)</ref><ref> - Metin Heper / Brill Academic Publishers</ref> His father was Hacı Reşid Bey, a member of the Ottoman bureaucracy, an examining magistrate born in ], and his mother was Cevriye Hanım, daughter of ] refugees from ]. Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. Thus, İsmet İnönü did his primary studies in ]. | ||
| İnönü graduated from the ] in ] and received his first military assignment in the ] army. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He won his first military victories by suppressing two major revolts against the struggling ], first in ] and later in ], whose leader was ]. He served as a military officer during the ] at the Ottoman-Bulgarian front. During ], he served as a ''miralay'' (''colonel'') on the Ottoman eastern front in ], and was later appointed as the commander of the western fronts. He worked together with ] during his assignment at the ] front. After World War I he went to ] to join the Turkish nationalist movement and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Turkish Western Army, a position in which he remained throughout the rest of the ]. He was promoted to brigadier general after the "]", in which he successfully defeated the ] Army in western Anatolia. During the ] he was also a member of the ] in ]. | İnönü graduated from the ] in ] and received his first military assignment in the ] army. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He won his first military victories by suppressing two major revolts against the struggling ], first in ] and later in ], whose leader was ]. He served as a military officer during the ] at the Ottoman-Bulgarian front. During ], he served as a ''miralay'' (''colonel'') on the Ottoman eastern front in ], and was later appointed as the commander of the western fronts. He worked together with ] during his assignment at the ] front. After World War I he went to ] to join the Turkish nationalist movement and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Turkish Western Army, a position in which he remained throughout the rest of the ]. He was promoted to brigadier general after the "]", in which he successfully defeated the ] Army in western Anatolia. During the ] he was also a member of the ] in ]. | ||
| He made a career change when he was appointed as the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation at the ] and became famous for his resolve and stubbornness in defending Turkey's demands while conceding very little to the other side at the negotiating table, causing the peace conference to last longer than expected. İnönü later served as the ] of Turkey for several terms, maintaining the system that Atatürk had put in place. He acted after every major crisis (such as the rebellion of ] or the attempted assassination of ] in İzmir) to restore peace in the country. He managed the economy successfully, especially after the 1929 economic crisis, by implementing an economic plan which was inspired by the ''Five Year Plan'' of the ]. | He made a career change when he was appointed as the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation at the ] and became famous for his resolve and stubbornness in defending Turkey's demands while conceding very little to the other side at the negotiating table, causing the peace conference to last longer than expected. İnönü later served as the ] of Turkey for several terms, maintaining the system that Atatürk had put in place. He acted after every major crisis (such as the rebellion of ] or the attempted assassination of ] in İzmir) to restore peace in the country. He managed the economy successfully, especially after the 1929 economic crisis, by implementing an economic plan which was inspired by the ''Five Year Plan'' of the ]. | ||
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| ] secretly meets with Inönü inside a train wagon at the Yenice Station 23 kilometers outside of ], ], on January 30, 1943]] | ] secretly meets with Inönü inside a train wagon at the Yenice Station 23 kilometers outside of ], ], on January 30, 1943]] | ||
| After the death of ], Inönü was seen as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him, and was elected as the second ] of the ]. ] broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the ] and the ] started to put pressure on Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. The Germans sent ] to ], while ] secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near ] on January 30, ]. Inönü later met with ] and Winston Churchill at the ] on December 4-6, ]. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the ]. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the ]. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the ] and the ] would stand beside Turkey in case of a ] invasion of the ] after the war. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join ] in ]. | After the death of ], Inönü was seen as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him, and was elected as the second ] of the ]. ] broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the ] and the ] started to put pressure on Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. The Germans sent ] to ], while ] secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near ] on January 30, ]. Inönü later met with ] and Winston Churchill at the ] on December 4-6, ]. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the ]. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the ]. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the ] and the ] would stand beside Turkey in case of a ] invasion of the ] after the war. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join ] in ]. | ||
| ], ] and ] at the ] on December 4-6, 1943]] | ], ] and ] at the ] on December 4-6, 1943]] | ||
| Perhaps the biggest political achievement of Inönü was keeping his country out of ] until February ], when ] entered the war on the side of the ] against ] and ]. | Perhaps the biggest political achievement of Inönü was keeping his country out of ] until February ], when ] entered the war on the side of the ] against ] and ]. | ||
| In ], his party lost the ] and Inönü presided over the peaceful transfer of power to the ] of ]. İnönü served for ten years as the ] before returning to power as Prime Minister after the ]. | In ], his party lost the ] and Inönü presided over the peaceful transfer of power to the ] of ]. İnönü served for ten years as the ] before returning to power as Prime Minister after the ]. | ||
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| His son, ], is a ] winner mathematical physicist and a former deputy prime minister of Turkey, as well as the former leader of the Social Democracy Party and the Social Democratic Populist Party, and the honorary leader of the ]. | His son, ], is a ] winner mathematical physicist and a former deputy prime minister of Turkey, as well as the former leader of the Social Democracy Party and the Social Democratic Populist Party, and the honorary leader of the ]. | ||
| ==Media== | ==Media== | ||
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| *] ''(The Text of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Atatürk)'' | *] ''(The Text of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Atatürk)'' | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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Revision as of 21:32, 8 January 2007
| İsmet İnönü | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd President of Turkey | |
| In office November 11, 1938 – May 14 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Succeeded by | Celal Bayar as President, Suat Hayri Ürgüplü as Prime Minister in his last term as Prime Minister. |
| Prime Minister of Turkey | |
| In office 1923 – 1924 1925–1937 1961–1965 | |
| Preceded by | Rauf Orbay (1st) Ali Fethi Okyar (2nd) Emin Fahrettin Özdilek (3rd) |
| Succeeded by | Ali Fethi Okyar (1st) Celal Bayar (2nd) Suad Hayri Ürgüplü (3rd) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 24, 1884 İzmir |
| Died | December 25, 1973 Ankara |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Political party | Republican People's Party |
| Spouse | Mevhibe İnönü |
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (September 24 1884–December 25, 1973) was a Turkish soldier, statesman and the second President of Turkey.
He was born in İzmir to a mixed Turkish and Kurdish family with descent in Malatya. His father was Hacı Reşid Bey, a member of the Ottoman bureaucracy, an examining magistrate born in Malatya, and his mother was Cevriye Hanım, daughter of Russo-Turkish War refugees from Bulgaria. Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. Thus, İsmet İnönü did his primary studies in Sivas.
İnönü graduated from the Military Academy in 1903 and received his first military assignment in the Ottoman army. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He won his first military victories by suppressing two major revolts against the struggling Ottoman Empire, first in Rumelia and later in Yemen, whose leader was Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din. He served as a military officer during the Balkan Wars at the Ottoman-Bulgarian front. During World War I, he served as a miralay (colonel) on the Ottoman eastern front in Syria, and was later appointed as the commander of the western fronts. He worked together with Mustafa Kemal Pasha during his assignment at the Caucasus front. After World War I he went to Anatolia to join the Turkish nationalist movement and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Turkish Western Army, a position in which he remained throughout the rest of the Turkish War of Independence. He was promoted to brigadier general after the "Battles of İnönü", in which he successfully defeated the Greek Army in western Anatolia. During the Turkish War of Independence he was also a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.
He made a career change when he was appointed as the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation at the Treaty of Lausanne and became famous for his resolve and stubbornness in defending Turkey's demands while conceding very little to the other side at the negotiating table, causing the peace conference to last longer than expected. İnönü later served as the Prime Minister of Turkey for several terms, maintaining the system that Atatürk had put in place. He acted after every major crisis (such as the rebellion of Sheikh Said or the attempted assassination of Atatürk in İzmir) to restore peace in the country. He managed the economy successfully, especially after the 1929 economic crisis, by implementing an economic plan which was inspired by the Five Year Plan of the Soviet Union.
After the death of Atatürk, Inönü was seen as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him, and was elected as the second President of the Republic of Turkey. World War II broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the Allies and the Axis started to put pressure on Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. The Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara, while Winston Churchill secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near Adana on January 30, 1943. Inönü later met with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4-6, 1943. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in case of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO in 1952.
Perhaps the biggest political achievement of Inönü was keeping his country out of World War II until February 1945, when Turkey entered the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Japan.
In 1950, his party lost the general elections and Inönü presided over the peaceful transfer of power to the Democratic Party of Adnan Menderes. İnönü served for ten years as the leader of the opposition before returning to power as Prime Minister after the coup of 1960.
Ismet Inönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German.
İnönü died in 1973. He was buried next to Atatürk's mausoleum at Anıtkabir in Ankara.
His son, Erdal İnönü, is a Wigner medal winner mathematical physicist and a former deputy prime minister of Turkey, as well as the former leader of the Social Democracy Party and the Social Democratic Populist Party, and the honorary leader of the Social Democratic People's Party.
Media
- File:IsmetInonu1963.ogg (The sound file of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Kemal Atatürk, November 10, 1963)
(The Text of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Atatürk)
References
- The Young Turks – Children of the Borderlands? - Erik Jan Zürcher (Universiteit Leiden)
- Ismet Inonu: The Making of a Turkish Statesman - Metin Heper / Brill Academic Publishers
| Preceded by(none) | Chief of the General Staff of Turkey 1920–1921 |
Succeeded byFevzi Çakmak |
| Preceded byYusuf Kemal Tengirşenk | Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey 1922–1924 |
Succeeded byŞükrü Kaya |
| Preceded byRauf Orbay Ali Fethi Okyar Emin Fahrettin Özdilek |
Prime Minister of Turkey 1923–1924 1925–1937 1961–1965 |
Succeeded byAli Fethi Okyar Celal Bayar Suad Hayri Ürgüplü |
| Preceded byMustafa Kemal Atatürk | Leader of the Republican's People Party 1938–1972 |
Succeeded byBülent Ecevit |
| Preceded byMustafa Kemal Atatürk | President of Turkey 1938–1950 |
Succeeded byCelal Bayar |
 Presidents of Turkey | ||
|---|---|---|
| Presidents |  | |
| Acting presidents | ||
| Leaders of the Republican People's Party | |
|---|---|
