| Revision as of 19:27, 11 December 2020 view sourceMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 22 templates: del empty params (2×); hyphenate params (12×); cvt lang vals (4×);Tag: AWB← Previous edit |
Revision as of 21:43, 24 December 2020 view source Buidhe (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, Mass message senders, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Template editors136,077 edits →Historical assessment: article sourcing requirements, article apparently not written by PaulssonNext edit → |
| Line 47: |
Line 47: |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] gate]] |
|
] gate]] |
|
The role of the Blue Police in its collaboration and resistance towards the Germans is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{cite book | author-link = Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) | last = Piotrowski | first = Tadeusz | title = Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | pages =108–110 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA109 }} See also </ref> Historian ] estimates that 10 to 20% of the policemen were murdered by the Germans for taking part in resistance – on top of those mass-murdered by the Soviets in ] – explained Irena Wollen in her documentary film "Granatowi" for ] (1999).<ref name="TVP">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bC5c0hHjwg | title=Policja Granatowa (original title: Granatowi) | publisher=] | year=1999 | people=Irena Wollen | medium=Documentary | location=Poland | format=YouTube complete film upload, 40.41 min.}}</ref> Historian Adam Hempel estimated based on data from resistance that circa 10% members of Blue Police and Criminal Police can be classified as collaborators.<ref>Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk Pomiędzy współpracą a zdradą. Problem kolaboracji w Generalnym |
|
The role of the Blue Police in its collaboration and resistance towards the Germans is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{cite book | author-link = Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) | last = Piotrowski | first = Tadeusz | title = Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | pages =108–110 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA109 }} See also </ref>{{update inline}} Historian ] estimates that 10 to 20% of the policemen were murdered by the Germans for taking part in resistance – on top of those mass-murdered by the Soviets in ] – explained Irena Wollen in her documentary film "Granatowi" for ] (1999).<ref name="TVP">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bC5c0hHjwg | title=Policja Granatowa (original title: Granatowi) | publisher=] | year=1999 | people=Irena Wollen | medium=Documentary | location=Poland | format=YouTube complete film upload, 40.41 min.}}</ref> Historian Adam Hempel estimated based on data from resistance that circa 10% members of Blue Police and Criminal Police can be classified as collaborators.<ref>Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk Pomiędzy współpracą a zdradą. Problem kolaboracji w Generalnym |
|
Gubernatorstwie – próba syntezy.Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość 8/1 (14), page 117, 2009</ref> |
|
Gubernatorstwie – próba syntezy.Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość 8/1 (14), page 117, 2009</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Scholars disagree about the degree of involvement of the Blue Police in the rounding up of Jews.<ref name=Cherry>Robert Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, , Rowman & Littlefield 2007, {{ISBN|0-7425-4666-7}}</ref><ref>Raul Hilberg. . Yale University Press, 2003.</ref> Although policing inside the ] was a responsibility of the ], a Polish-Jewish historian ], chronicler of the ], mentioned Polish policemen carrying out extortions and beatings.<ref>Itamar Levin, Rachel Neiman . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.</ref> The police also took part in street roundups.<ref name="Ringelblum"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voB4AAAAIAAJ&q=granatowa+policja+lapanka|title=Tryptyk wojenny|last=Nowotarska|first=Róża|date=1974|publisher=Oficyna Poetów i Malarzy|language=pl}}</ref> On June 3, 1942 during a prison execution of 110 Jews in Warsaw, members of the Blue Police stood and wept, while the Germans themselves executed the victims, after the Poles refused to obey the orders of their overseers to carry out the shooting.<ref name="Piotrowski"/> According to Szymon Datner, "The Polish police were employed in a very marginal way, in what I would call keeping order. I must state with all decisiveness that more than 90% of that terrifying, murderous work was carried out by the Germans, with no Polish participation whatsoever."<ref>Małgorzata Niezabitowska,''Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland'', Friendly Press, 1986, p. 247.</ref> According to Raul Hilberg, "Of all the native police forces in occupied Eastern Europe, those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions.... They could not join the Germans in major operations against Jews or Polish resistors, lest they be considered traitors by virtually every Polish onlooker. Their task in the destruction of the Jews was therefore limited."<ref name="Hilberg92">{{cite book|last=Hilberg|first=Raul|title=Perpetrators Victims Bystanders|year=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-06-019035-3|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/perpetratorsvict00hilb/page/92}}</ref> Holocaust historian ] agrees that the role of the Blue Police was minimal: "Keep this in mind – wrote Paulsson – the Jews in Poland were isolated in ghettos. They were rounded up by German police with the aid of Ukrainian and Baltic collaborators, and the enforced co-operation of the Jewish ghetto police, but very little participation by Polish police (mainly in the smaller centres). They were taken to killing centres staffed again by Germans, Ukrainians and Balts."<ref name="Paulsson-TJ">{{Citation |last=Paulsson |first=Gunnar S. |author-link=Gunnar S. Paulsson |title=Polish Complicity in the Shoah is a Myth |url=http://www.totallyjewish.com/news/special_reports/?content_id=5962 |publisher=Totally Jewish.com/ News |access-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920014154/http://www.totallyjewish.com/news/special_reports/?content_id=5962 |archive-date=September 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>] has claimed that Blue Police played an important role in ], often operating independently of German orders and killing Jews for financial gain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leszczyński |first1=Adam |title=Jak Polacy z "granatowej" policji masowo mordowali Żydów |url=https://oko.press/jak-polacy-z-granatowej-policji-masowo-mordowali-zydow/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=oko.press |date=21 March 2020|quote=Najważniejsze wnioski prof. Grabowskiego Pierwszy: „granatowa” policja odegrała kluczową rolę w Zagładzie. „Z rosnącym zdumieniem odkrywałem coraz to nowe wypadki rabunków, gwałtów, tortur i mordów, których dopuszczali się polscy policjanci na ukrywających się Żydach. Skala tego »współsprawstwa« była niesłychana – swoją wydajnością mordercy w granatowych mundurach potrafili dorównać kolegom, niemieckim żandarmom (…)”. Drugi: polscy policjanci często mordowali Żydów, w tym swoich przedwojennych sąsiadów, w tajemnicy przed Niemcami. Po wojnie często tłumaczyli, że robili to w odruchu solidarności z lokalnymi Polakami – na których mogły spaść niemieckie represje za ukrywanie Żydów. Grabowski: „Niemcy, bezpośredni przełożeni granatowych policjantów, najczęściej nie mieli najmniejszego pojęcia o mordach dokonywanych przez polskich podwładnych”. W praktyce chodziło często o łupy.}} Citing the book: {{cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |title=Na posterunku: udział polskiej policji granatowej i kryminalnej w zagładzie Żydów |date=2020 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Czarne |isbn=978-83-8049-986-7 |language=pl}}</ref> |
|
Scholars disagree about the degree of involvement of the Blue Police in the rounding up of Jews.<ref name=Cherry>Robert Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, , Rowman & Littlefield 2007, {{ISBN|0-7425-4666-7}}</ref><ref>Raul Hilberg. . Yale University Press, 2003.</ref> Although policing inside the ] was a responsibility of the ], a Polish-Jewish historian ], chronicler of the ], mentioned Polish policemen carrying out extortions and beatings.<ref>Itamar Levin, Rachel Neiman . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.</ref> The police also took part in street roundups.<ref name="Ringelblum"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voB4AAAAIAAJ&q=granatowa+policja+lapanka|title=Tryptyk wojenny|last=Nowotarska|first=Róża|date=1974|publisher=Oficyna Poetów i Malarzy|language=pl}}</ref> On June 3, 1942 during a prison execution of 110 Jews in Warsaw, members of the Blue Police stood and wept, while the Germans themselves executed the victims, after the Poles refused to obey the orders of their overseers to carry out the shooting.<ref name="Piotrowski"/> According to Szymon Datner, "The Polish police were employed in a very marginal way, in what I would call keeping order. I must state with all decisiveness that more than 90% of that terrifying, murderous work was carried out by the Germans, with no Polish participation whatsoever."<ref>Małgorzata Niezabitowska,''Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland'', Friendly Press, 1986, p. 247.</ref> According to Raul Hilberg, "Of all the native police forces in occupied Eastern Europe, those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions.... They could not join the Germans in major operations against Jews or Polish resistors, lest they be considered traitors by virtually every Polish onlooker. Their task in the destruction of the Jews was therefore limited."<ref name="Hilberg92">{{cite book|last=Hilberg|first=Raul|title=Perpetrators Victims Bystanders|year=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-06-019035-3|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/perpetratorsvict00hilb/page/92}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
] states that Blue Police played an important role in ], often operating independently of German orders and killing Jews for financial gain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leszczyński |first1=Adam |title=Jak Polacy z "granatowej" policji masowo mordowali Żydów |url=https://oko.press/jak-polacy-z-granatowej-policji-masowo-mordowali-zydow/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=oko.press |date=21 March 2020|quote=Najważniejsze wnioski prof. Grabowskiego Pierwszy: „granatowa” policja odegrała kluczową rolę w Zagładzie. „Z rosnącym zdumieniem odkrywałem coraz to nowe wypadki rabunków, gwałtów, tortur i mordów, których dopuszczali się polscy policjanci na ukrywających się Żydach. Skala tego »współsprawstwa« była niesłychana – swoją wydajnością mordercy w granatowych mundurach potrafili dorównać kolegom, niemieckim żandarmom (…)”. Drugi: polscy policjanci często mordowali Żydów, w tym swoich przedwojennych sąsiadów, w tajemnicy przed Niemcami. Po wojnie często tłumaczyli, że robili to w odruchu solidarności z lokalnymi Polakami – na których mogły spaść niemieckie represje za ukrywanie Żydów. Grabowski: „Niemcy, bezpośredni przełożeni granatowych policjantów, najczęściej nie mieli najmniejszego pojęcia o mordach dokonywanych przez polskich podwładnych”. W praktyce chodziło często o łupy.}} Citing the book: {{cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |title=Na posterunku: udział polskiej policji granatowej i kryminalnej w zagładzie Żydów |date=2020 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Czarne |isbn=978-83-8049-986-7 |language=pl}}</ref> |
|
According to ], who compared the role of the Polish police to the Jewish police, "The uniformed police has had a deplorable role in the “resettlement actions”. The blood of hundreds of thousands of Polish Jews, caught and driven to the “death vans” will be on their heads. The Germans’ tactics were usually as follows: in the first “resettlement action” they utilized the Jewish Order Service, which behaved no better from the ethical point of view than their Polish opposite numbers. In the subsequent “actions,” when the Jewish Order Service was liquidated as well, the Polish Police force was utilized."<ref>, ], edited by Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski, translated by Dafna Allon, Danuta Dabrowska & Dana Keren, 1974 translation of 1944 original, Northwestern University Press, page 135.</ref> |
|
According to ], who compared the role of the Polish police to the Jewish police, "The uniformed police has had a deplorable role in the “resettlement actions”. The blood of hundreds of thousands of Polish Jews, caught and driven to the “death vans” will be on their heads. The Germans’ tactics were usually as follows: in the first “resettlement action” they utilized the Jewish Order Service, which behaved no better from the ethical point of view than their Polish opposite numbers. In the subsequent “actions,” when the Jewish Order Service was liquidated as well, the Polish Police force was utilized."<ref>, ], edited by Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski, translated by Dafna Allon, Danuta Dabrowska & Dana Keren, 1974 translation of 1944 original, Northwestern University Press, page 135.</ref> |
|
According to ], a Jew falling into the hands of the Blue Police faced almost certain death. According to Grabowski the historical evidence from Polish, German, and Israeli archives "points to a pattern of murderous involvement throughout occupied Poland".<ref>, ], ], 2016.</ref> |
|
According to ], a Jew falling into the hands of the Blue Police faced almost certain death. According to Grabowski the historical evidence from Polish, German, and Israeli archives "points to a pattern of murderous involvement throughout occupied Poland".<ref>, ], ], 2016.</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
A substantial part of the police belonged to the Polish ] ],<ref name="Paczkowski-2">Paczkowski (op.cit., ) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers</ref> mostly its ] and ].<ref name="PWN">{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa | encyclopedia = Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN | url = http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | publisher = ] | location = Warsaw | language = pl | access-date = 2007-01-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215547/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | archive-date = 2013-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some estimates are as high of 50%.<ref>John Connelly, Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 771-781</ref> Piotrowski writes that, despite scathing criticism from ], the Blue Police are known to have refused German orders,<ref name="Piotrowski"/> often "shouting in the streets and breaking doors to give people time to escape or hide".<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name="Paulsson">{{cite book | author = Gunnar S. Paulsson | title = The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies | year = 2004 | chapter = The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw | publisher = Routledge | location =London | isbn = 0-415-27509-1 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118 | page =118}}</ref> Officers who disobeyed German orders did so at the risk of death.<ref name="Hempel"/> A few Blue Police members who acted against orders<ref name="Piotrowski"/> were eventually recognized as ].<ref name="IAR">{{in lang|pl}} {{cite news | author = IAR (corporate author) | title = Sprawiedliwy Wśród Narodów Świata 2005 | url = http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=3139 | work = Forum Żydzi - Chrześcijanie - Muzułmanie | publisher = Fundacja Kultury Chrześcijańskiej Znak | date = 2005-07-24 | access-date = 2007-02-20 | language = pl | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230654/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=3139 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2020}} |
|
A substantial part of the police belonged to the Polish ] ],<ref name="Paczkowski-2">Paczkowski (op.cit., ) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers</ref> mostly its ] and ].<ref name="PWN">{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa | encyclopedia = Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN | url = http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | publisher = ] | location = Warsaw | language = pl | access-date = 2007-01-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215547/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | archive-date = 2013-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some estimates are as high of 50%.<ref>John Connelly, Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 771-781</ref> Some policemen refused German orders,<ref name="Piotrowski"/> "shouting in the streets and breaking doors to give people time to escape or hide".<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name="Paulsson">{{cite book | author = Gunnar S. Paulsson | title = The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies | year = 2004 | chapter = The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw | publisher = Routledge | location =London | isbn = 0-415-27509-1 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118 | page =118}}</ref> Officers who disobeyed German orders did so at the risk of death.<ref name="Hempel"/> A few Blue Police members who acted against orders<ref name="Piotrowski"/> were eventually recognized as ].<ref name="IAR">{{in lang|pl}} {{cite news | author = IAR (corporate author) | title = Sprawiedliwy Wśród Narodów Świata 2005 | url = http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=3139 | work = Forum Żydzi - Chrześcijanie - Muzułmanie | publisher = Fundacja Kultury Chrześcijańskiej Znak | date = 2005-07-24 | access-date = 2007-02-20 | language = pl | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230654/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=3139 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2020}} |
|
|
|
|
|
Additionally, forcible draft among members of the Polish police was conducted to create the '']'' sent to the East, with 360 men most of whom deserted to the ] in defence of ethnic Polish population against ].<ref name="Solak">{{cite web |url=http://www.myslpolska.icenter.pl/index.php?menu=kresy&nr=2005071718269 |title=Zbrodnia w Malinie – prawda i mity (1) |publisher=Myśl Polska: Kresy |work=Nr 29-30 |date=17–24 May 2005 |access-date=2013-06-23 |author=Andrzej Solak |format=Internet Archive |quote=Reprint: Głos Kresowian, nr 20. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005064715/http://www.myslpolska.icenter.pl/index.php?menu=kresy&nr=2005071718269 |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref> Similarly, the police were withdrawn from the perimeter of the Ghetto on the eve of its final destruction. |
|
Additionally, forcible draft among members of the Polish police was conducted to create the '']'' sent to the East, with 360 men most of whom deserted to the ] in defence of ethnic Polish population against ].<ref name="Solak">{{cite web |url=http://www.myslpolska.icenter.pl/index.php?menu=kresy&nr=2005071718269 |title=Zbrodnia w Malinie – prawda i mity (1) |publisher=Myśl Polska: Kresy |work=Nr 29-30 |date=17–24 May 2005 |access-date=2013-06-23 |author=Andrzej Solak |format=Internet Archive |quote=Reprint: Głos Kresowian, nr 20. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005064715/http://www.myslpolska.icenter.pl/index.php?menu=kresy&nr=2005071718269 |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref> Similarly, the police were withdrawn from the perimeter of the Ghetto on the eve of its final destruction. |
The Blue Police officially came into being on 30 October 1939 when Germany drafted Poland's prewar state police officers (Policja Państwowa), organizing local units with German leadership. It was an auxiliary institution tasked with protecting public safety and order in the General Government. The Blue Police, initially employed purely to deal with ordinary criminality, was later also used to counter smuggling, which was an essential element of German-occupied Poland's underground economy.
The Blue Police had little autonomy, and all of its high-ranking officers came from the ranks of the German police (Kriminalpolizei). It served in the capacity of an auxiliary force, along with the police forces guarding seats of administration (Schutzpolizei), Railway Police (Bahnschutz), Forest Police (Forstschutz) and Border Police (Grenzschutz). The Blue Police was subordinate to the German Order Police with Polish prewar regulations. New volunteers (Anwärter) were trained at a police school in Nowy Sącz, with 3,000 graduates (receiving salary of 180 zł each), under the Schutzpolizei Major Vincenz Edler von Strohe (real name Wincenty Słoma, a Reichdeutscher formerly in the Austrian police). There were additional though separate courses for Polish and Ukrainian enlisted ranks.
From the German perspective, the primary role of the Blue Police was to maintain law and order on the territories of occupied Poland, as to free the German Order Police for other duties. As Heinrich Himmler stated in his order from 5 May 1940: "providing general police service in the General Government is the role of the Polish police. German police will intervene only if it is required by the German interests and will monitor the Polish police."
As the force was primarily a continuation of the prewar Polish police force, it also relied largely on prewar Polish criminal laws, a situation that was accepted as a provisional necessity by the Germans. While the Polish Underground State had its own police force and judiciary (see National Security Corps and Directorate of Civil Resistance), it was unable to provide basic police services for the entire population of the former Second Polish Republic in the conditions of German occupation.
The role of the Blue Police in its collaboration and resistance towards the Germans is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute. Historian Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert estimates that 10 to 20% of the policemen were murdered by the Germans for taking part in resistance – on top of those mass-murdered by the Soviets in Mednoye – explained Irena Wollen in her documentary film "Granatowi" for Telewizja Polska (1999). Historian Adam Hempel estimated based on data from resistance that circa 10% members of Blue Police and Criminal Police can be classified as collaborators.
Scholars disagree about the degree of involvement of the Blue Police in the rounding up of Jews. Although policing inside the Warsaw Ghetto was a responsibility of the Jewish Ghetto Police, a Polish-Jewish historian Emmanuel Ringelblum, chronicler of the Warsaw Ghetto, mentioned Polish policemen carrying out extortions and beatings. The police also took part in street roundups. On June 3, 1942 during a prison execution of 110 Jews in Warsaw, members of the Blue Police stood and wept, while the Germans themselves executed the victims, after the Poles refused to obey the orders of their overseers to carry out the shooting. According to Szymon Datner, "The Polish police were employed in a very marginal way, in what I would call keeping order. I must state with all decisiveness that more than 90% of that terrifying, murderous work was carried out by the Germans, with no Polish participation whatsoever." According to Raul Hilberg, "Of all the native police forces in occupied Eastern Europe, those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions.... They could not join the Germans in major operations against Jews or Polish resistors, lest they be considered traitors by virtually every Polish onlooker. Their task in the destruction of the Jews was therefore limited."
Additionally, forcible draft among members of the Polish police was conducted to create the Polnisches Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 202 sent to the East, with 360 men most of whom deserted to the 27th Home Army Infantry Division in defence of ethnic Polish population against the UPA massacres. Similarly, the police were withdrawn from the perimeter of the Ghetto on the eve of its final destruction.
Police street check in Kraków overseen by German Order Police
