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			{{Short description\|Russian ruler (1317–1353)}}
	'''Simeon Ivanovich Gordyi (the Proud)''' (Семён Иванович Гордый in ];) (] - ]), ] and Grand Prince of ], oldest son of ].
			{{Infobox royalty
			\| name = Simeon the Proud
			\| title =
			\| image = Simeon Dumny.jpg
			\| image_size = 200px
			\| caption =
			\| reign1 = 31 March 1340 – 27 April 1353
			\| coronation1 = 31 March 1340
			\| succession1 = ]
			\| predecessor1 = ]
			\| successor1 = ]
			\| reign = 31 March 1340 – 27 April 1353
			\| coronation = 31 March 1340
			\| succession = ]
			\| predecessor = ]
			\| successor = ]
			\| spouse = ]<br />Eupraxia of Smolensk<br>Maria of Tver
			\| spouse-type = ]
			\| issue = 8
			\| issue-link = #Issue
			\| issue-pipe = more...
			\| house = ]
			\| house-type = Dynasty
			\| father = ]
			\| mother = Helena
			\| birth_date = 7 September 1317
			\| birth_place = ], ]
			\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1353\|4\|27\|1317\|9\|7\|df=y}}
			\| death_place = Moscow, Duchy of Moscow
			\| burial_date =
			\| burial_place = ]
			\| religion = ]
			}}

			'''Simeon Ivanovich''' ({{langx\|ru\|Симеон Иванович}}; 7 September 1317 – 27 April 1353), also known as '''Semyon Ivanovich''' ({{langx\|ru\|Семён Иванович}}), nicknamed '''the Proud''' ({{langx\|ru\|Гордый\|Gordy}}), was ] and ] from 1340 to 1353.
	Semyon became the Grand Prince of Moscow in ] and a year later he was granted the ]'s permission to rule ]. His military campaign against the city of ] in ] favored the strengthening of his princely authority over ]. Ten years later, Semyon's army launched an attack against ]. He continued his father's policies of supporting the Golden Horde and acting as its leading enforcer in ]. Semyon was given more and more powers by the ] to counter ]'s growing power that threatened the ]' dominance. Unlike most other Russian princes, Semyon remained completely loyal to the Horde.

			The son of ], Simeon continued his father's policies to increase the power and prestige of his state. Simeon's rule was marked by regular military and political standoffs against the ] and the ]. His relationships with neighboring Russian principalities remained peaceful if not passive: Simeon stayed aside from conflicts between subordinate princes.<ref name=K1353/> He had recourse to war only when war was unavoidable.<ref name=C339/> His reign marked a relatively quiet period for Moscow ended by the ] that claimed the lives of Simeon and his sons in 1353.
	Before his death in 1353, Semyon took ] and took the name of Sozont. He and two of his sons died of ]. Semyon is buried in the ] of ].

	==~~References~~==		==Biography==
			In 1340 Simeon, the eldest son of ], was stationed in ]. Upon receiving news of his father's death, Simeon and his brothers Andrey and ] left for the ] to seek ]'s patent (''yarlyk'') for taking over the title of Grand Prince. Rivals ] and ] also paid their homage to the Khan, claiming seniority over Moscow princes.<ref name=C336>Curtin, p. 336</ref> Simeon won the patent through bribing the Khan's retinue;<ref name=K1340>Karamzin, ''1340''</ref> princes of ] and ] had to agree to his seniority; Uzbeq also extended his benevolence to Simeon's issue.<ref name=C336/> He was also granted the ceremonial title {{lang\|grc-Latn\|epi trapezes offikios}} ({{Langx\|grc\|ὁ ἐπί τραπέζης ὀφφίκιος}}) by the ],<ref></ref> which can be loosely translated as ] or ].
	*

			Also in 1340, Simeon engaged in his first military standoff with ]. Simeon claimed his right to collect taxes in the Novgorodian town of ]. Torzhok ] locked up Simeon's tax collectors and called for help from Novgorod. Simeon and metropolitan ] hastily organized a coalition of princes against Novgorod, claiming that "They make war and peace with whomever they please, consulting no one. Novgorod regards not all Russia, and will not obey her Grand Prince", referring to Novgorod incursions into ] and ].<ref name=C337>Curtin, p. 337</ref> As the coalition forces approached Novgorodian lands, the people of Torzhok revolted against the boyars and sided with Muscovite troops. ] accepted the fact and ceded all taxes from Torzhok area, estimated at 1,000 roubles in silver annually, to Simeon who agreed to honor the existing ].<ref name=K1340>Karamzin, ''1340''</ref>
	{{start box}}
	{{succession box\|title=]\|before=]\|after=]\|years=1340–1353}}
	{{end box}}

			In 1341, shortly after the dismissal of the Muscovite coalition army, ] (then prince of ], allied with prince of ]) besieged ]. News of the death of ] forced Algirdas to quit the campaign before Simeon could arrange a military response.<ref name=K1341>Karamzin, ''1341''</ref> ], Simeon's sovereign, died soon afterwards; his successor, ], secured the control of the Horde through killing his brothers. Simeon and Theognostus had to travel to the Horde again. Jani Beg reassured Simeon in his rights and let him go, but kept Theognostus hostage to extort money from the church; eventually, Theognostus was released for 600 roubles.<ref name=K1342>Karamzin, ''1342''</ref>
	]

	]
			In 1333, Simeon married Aigusta (Anastasia), sister of Algirdas.<ref name="Dmytryshyn">Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Medieval Russia:A source book, 850-1700'', (Academic International Press, 2000), 193.</ref> After her death in 1345, Simeon married Eupraxia of Smolensk, but soon sent her back to her family, claiming that Eupraxia was cursed since wedding and "appears to be dead each night". Eupraxia remarried Prince Fominsky, and Simeon married Maria of Tver; their four sons died in infancy.<ref name=K1353>Karamzin, ''1353''</ref>

			Throughout the 1340s Lithuanian and Swedish military campaigns and internal political disarray decreased the influence of the Novgorod Republic. Simeon, whose title of Grand Prince obliged him to protect Novgorod, was reluctant to do so, as if expecting the weakened republic to collapse for his own benefit. In 1347, when Novgorodians called for help against the Swedes, Simeon dispatched his brother Ivan and ]; the envoys refused to fight for the Novgorodians.<ref name=K1347>Karamzin, ''1347''</ref> Simeon himself was busy with offsetting the Lithuanians' influence in the Horde, meanwhile harboring two renegade Lithuanian princes as potential claimants to the Lithuanian crown.<ref name=C338>Curtin, p. 338</ref> He manipulated Jani Beg into believing that increasing Lithuanian influence had become the most important threat to the Horde.<ref name=C339>Curtin, p. 339</ref> Jani Beg eventually concurred with Simeon's envoys (of Mongolian ethnicity)<ref name=C339/> and ] Lithuanian envoys to Simeon's mercy. Simeon preferred to sign a truce with Algirdas, releasing the prisoners and securing marriages between Lithuanian princes and Russian brides. The marriage of ] Algirdas to Orthodox ], unlawful from the viewpoint of the church, was nevertheless approved by Theognostus; it gave birth to ].<ref name=K1349>Karamzin, ''1349''</ref>

			In 1351–1352 Simeon raised arms against Algirdas over control of small towns in ] area. This conflict, again, did not develop into an open war as Algirdas preferred negotiations to fighting. Although the first round of talks was broken by Lithuanians, Simeon secured the disputed towns for Moscow. This campaign was his last act of Simeon's life.<ref name=C340>Curtin, p. 340</ref>

			The ] was recorded in present-day southern Russia and Ukraine as early as 1346. It hit ] in 1349, ] in the beginning of 1352 and Novgorod in August 1352; by the end of the year two thirds of Pskov were reported dead. The same pattern repeated in Lithuania and north-eastern Russia.<ref name=K1352>Karamzin, ''1352''</ref> In 1353 ] arrived in Moscow, killing Theognostus, Simeon, his two sons, Simeon Simeonovich, Ivan Simeonovich and his brother Andrey who survived Simeon by six weeks.<ref name=K1353/>

			Before his death in 1353, Simeon took ] and took the name of Sozont.{{citation needed\|date=May 2019}} He installed ] as Metropolitan of Moscow, successor to the late Theognostus, and secured a profitable ] for Maria.<ref name=K1353/> Simeon’s will is considered to be the first usage of paper in Russia, as ] was used previously.

			Simeon is buried in the ] of the ].

			==Issue==

			===With Aigusta of Lithuania===
			*Vasili Simeonovich (12 April 1337 – 1338)<ref name="Dmytryshyn" />
			*Vasilisa Simeonova (died 20 April 1369), married ''Prince Mikhail Vasilievich of Kashin''
			*Konstantin Simeonovich (born and died in 1341)
			*A daughter who married ''Aleksandr of Lithuania'', son of ]

			===With Maria of Tver===
			*Daniil Simeonovich (15 December 1347 – died young)
			*Mikhail Simeonovich (1348 – died young)
			*Ivan Simeonovich (1351 – March 1353), died at the same time as his father of the ]
			*Simeon Simeonovich (1352 – March 1353), died at the same time as his father of the ]

			==See also==
			* ]
			*]

			==Notes==
			{{Reflist\|2}}

			==References==
			* {{cite book \| author=Curtin, Jeremiah \| title=The Mongols in Russia \| year=2002 \| publisher=Adamant Media Corporation \| isbn=9781402100307 }}
			* {{cite book \| author=Karamzin, N. M. \| author-link=Nikolay Karamzin \| title=Istoria gosudarstva rossiyskogo (''История государства российского''), volume 4 chapter 10 \| year=1815 }}
			* {{cite book \| author=Mouravieff, A. N. \| title=A History of the Church of Russia \| year=2004 \| publisher=Kessinger Publishing \| isbn=9781417912506 }}

			{{s-start}}
	]
			{{s-reg}}
			{{succession box \|
			before=] \|
			title=]<br>] \|
			years=1340–1353 \|
			after=]
			}}
			{{s-end}}
			{{Russian sovereigns}}
			{{Authority control}}

			]
	]
			]
	]
			]
	]
			]
	]
			]
	]
			]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]

Latest revision as of 00:34, 22 December 2024

Russian ruler (1317–1353)

Simeon the Proud

Grand Prince of Vladimir
Reign	31 March 1340 – 27 April 1353
Coronation	31 March 1340
Predecessor	Ivan I
Successor	Ivan II
Prince of Moscow
Reign	31 March 1340 – 27 April 1353
Coronation	31 March 1340
Predecessor	Ivan I
Successor	Ivan II

Born	7 September 1317 Moscow, Duchy of Moscow
Died	27 April 1353(1353-04-27) (aged 35) Moscow, Duchy of Moscow
Burial	Cathedral of the Archangel
Consort	Aigusta Anastasia of Lithuania Eupraxia of Smolensk Maria of Tver
Issue more...	8
Dynasty	Rurik
Father	Ivan I of Moscow
Mother	Helena
Religion	Eastern Orthodox

Simeon Ivanovich (Russian: Симеон Иванович; 7 September 1317 – 27 April 1353), also known as Semyon Ivanovich (Russian: Семён Иванович), nicknamed the Proud (Russian: Гордый, romanized: Gordy), was Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1340 to 1353.

The son of Ivan I, Simeon continued his father's policies to increase the power and prestige of his state. Simeon's rule was marked by regular military and political standoffs against the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His relationships with neighboring Russian principalities remained peaceful if not passive: Simeon stayed aside from conflicts between subordinate princes. He had recourse to war only when war was unavoidable. His reign marked a relatively quiet period for Moscow ended by the Black Death that claimed the lives of Simeon and his sons in 1353.

Biography

In 1340 Simeon, the eldest son of Ivan Kalita, was stationed in Nizhny Novgorod. Upon receiving news of his father's death, Simeon and his brothers Andrey and Ivan left for the Golden Horde to seek Uzbeg Khan's patent (yarlyk) for taking over the title of Grand Prince. Rivals Konstantin of Tver and Konstantin of Suzdal also paid their homage to the Khan, claiming seniority over Moscow princes. Simeon won the patent through bribing the Khan's retinue; princes of Tver and Suzdal had to agree to his seniority; Uzbeq also extended his benevolence to Simeon's issue. He was also granted the ceremonial title epi trapezes offikios (Ancient Greek: ὁ ἐπί τραπέζης ὀφφίκιος) by the Byzantine Empire, which can be loosely translated as seneschal or stolnik.

Also in 1340, Simeon engaged in his first military standoff with Veliky Novgorod. Simeon claimed his right to collect taxes in the Novgorodian town of Torzhok. Torzhok boyars locked up Simeon's tax collectors and called for help from Novgorod. Simeon and metropolitan Theognostus hastily organized a coalition of princes against Novgorod, claiming that "They make war and peace with whomever they please, consulting no one. Novgorod regards not all Russia, and will not obey her Grand Prince", referring to Novgorod incursions into Ustyuzhna and Beloe Ozero. As the coalition forces approached Novgorodian lands, the people of Torzhok revolted against the boyars and sided with Muscovite troops. Novgorod Republic accepted the fact and ceded all taxes from Torzhok area, estimated at 1,000 roubles in silver annually, to Simeon who agreed to honor the existing civic charter.

In 1341, shortly after the dismissal of the Muscovite coalition army, Algirdas (then prince of Vitebsk, allied with prince of Smolensk) besieged Mozhaysk. News of the death of Gediminas forced Algirdas to quit the campaign before Simeon could arrange a military response. Uzbeg Khan, Simeon's sovereign, died soon afterwards; his successor, Jani Beg, secured the control of the Horde through killing his brothers. Simeon and Theognostus had to travel to the Horde again. Jani Beg reassured Simeon in his rights and let him go, but kept Theognostus hostage to extort money from the church; eventually, Theognostus was released for 600 roubles.

In 1333, Simeon married Aigusta (Anastasia), sister of Algirdas. After her death in 1345, Simeon married Eupraxia of Smolensk, but soon sent her back to her family, claiming that Eupraxia was cursed since wedding and "appears to be dead each night". Eupraxia remarried Prince Fominsky, and Simeon married Maria of Tver; their four sons died in infancy.

Throughout the 1340s Lithuanian and Swedish military campaigns and internal political disarray decreased the influence of the Novgorod Republic. Simeon, whose title of Grand Prince obliged him to protect Novgorod, was reluctant to do so, as if expecting the weakened republic to collapse for his own benefit. In 1347, when Novgorodians called for help against the Swedes, Simeon dispatched his brother Ivan and Constantine of Rostov; the envoys refused to fight for the Novgorodians. Simeon himself was busy with offsetting the Lithuanians' influence in the Horde, meanwhile harboring two renegade Lithuanian princes as potential claimants to the Lithuanian crown. He manipulated Jani Beg into believing that increasing Lithuanian influence had become the most important threat to the Horde. Jani Beg eventually concurred with Simeon's envoys (of Mongolian ethnicity) and extradited Lithuanian envoys to Simeon's mercy. Simeon preferred to sign a truce with Algirdas, releasing the prisoners and securing marriages between Lithuanian princes and Russian brides. The marriage of pagan Algirdas to Orthodox Uliana of Tver, unlawful from the viewpoint of the church, was nevertheless approved by Theognostus; it gave birth to Jogaila.

In 1351–1352 Simeon raised arms against Algirdas over control of small towns in Smolensk area. This conflict, again, did not develop into an open war as Algirdas preferred negotiations to fighting. Although the first round of talks was broken by Lithuanians, Simeon secured the disputed towns for Moscow. This campaign was his last act of Simeon's life.

The Black Death was recorded in present-day southern Russia and Ukraine as early as 1346. It hit Scandinavia in 1349, Pskov in the beginning of 1352 and Novgorod in August 1352; by the end of the year two thirds of Pskov were reported dead. The same pattern repeated in Lithuania and north-eastern Russia. In 1353 plague arrived in Moscow, killing Theognostus, Simeon, his two sons, Simeon Simeonovich, Ivan Simeonovich and his brother Andrey who survived Simeon by six weeks.

Before his death in 1353, Simeon took monastic vows and took the name of Sozont. He installed Alexis as Metropolitan of Moscow, successor to the late Theognostus, and secured a profitable estate for Maria. Simeon’s will is considered to be the first usage of paper in Russia, as parchment was used previously.

Simeon is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Issue

With Aigusta of Lithuania

Vasili Simeonovich (12 April 1337 – 1338)
Vasilisa Simeonova (died 20 April 1369), married Prince Mikhail Vasilievich of Kashin
Konstantin Simeonovich (born and died in 1341)
A daughter who married Aleksandr of Lithuania, son of Karijotas of Poland

With Maria of Tver

Daniil Simeonovich (15 December 1347 – died young)
Mikhail Simeonovich (1348 – died young)
Ivan Simeonovich (1351 – March 1353), died at the same time as his father of the plague
Simeon Simeonovich (1352 – March 1353), died at the same time as his father of the plague

Notes

^ Karamzin, 1353
^ Curtin, p. 339
^ Curtin, p. 336
^ Karamzin, 1340
Anton Kartashev. History of the Russian church
Curtin, p. 337
Karamzin, 1341
Karamzin, 1342
^ Basil Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia:A source book, 850-1700, (Academic International Press, 2000), 193.
Karamzin, 1347
Curtin, p. 338
Karamzin, 1349
Curtin, p. 340
Karamzin, 1352

References

Curtin, Jeremiah (2002). The Mongols in Russia. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 9781402100307.
Karamzin, N. M. (1815). Istoria gosudarstva rossiyskogo (История государства российского), volume 4 chapter 10.
Mouravieff, A. N. (2004). A History of the Church of Russia. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417912506.

Regnal titles
Preceded byIvan I	Grand Prince of Vladimir Prince of Moscow 1340–1353	Succeeded byIvan II

v t e List of Russian monarchs
Grand princes of Vladimir and Moscow	Yuri I Dolgorukiy Andrei I Bogolyubsky Mikhail of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest Yuri II of Vladimir Konstantin of Rostov Yuri II of Vladimir Yaroslav II of Vladimir Sviatoslav III of Vladimir Andrey II of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky Yaroslav of Tver Vasily of Kostroma Dmitry of Pereslavl Andrey of Gorodets Mikhail of Tver Yuri of Moscow Dmitry the Terrible Eyes Alexander of Tver Ivan I Simeon the Proud Ivan II the Fair Dmitry of Suzdal Dmitry of the Don Vasily I Vasily II the Blind Ivan III the Great Vasily III Ivan IV
Tsars of all Russia	Ivan IV the Terrible Feodor I Irina Boris Feodor II False Dmitry I Vasili IV Vladislav Michael Alexis Feodor III Peter I and Ivan V (co-rulers)
Emperors of all Russia	Peter I Catherine I Peter II Anna Ivan VI Elizabeth Peter III Catherine II Paul I Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II

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