| Revision as of 16:42, 8 February 2021 editBluebird0810 (talk | contribs)9 editsm →Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation: Added citation #1Lib1RefTag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 02:34, 11 January 2025 edit undoProKMT (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,423 edits change the link | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|Taiwanese political party}} | |||
| {{About|the party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)|the political party currently active in the People's Republic of China|Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang}} | {{About|the party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)|the political party currently active in the People's Republic of China|Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang}} | ||
| {{Redirect|KMT}} | {{Redirect|KMT}} | ||
| {{ |
{{Distinguish|Minkuotang|Batangas#Historical precedents{{!}}Kumintang}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} | |||
| {{short description|Political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)}} | |||
| {{ |
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}} | ||
| <!--- Traditional Chinese |
<!--- Traditional Chinese shown as per ], our guideline on display of Chinese text ---> | ||
| Note 2: PLEASE, DO NOT ERASE THE WIKTIONARY LINKS. Inside the linguistics box, each character has an internal link to the wiki sister project (wiktionary) which provides for a definition of each of the applicable characters. | |||
| Note 3: PLEASE, GO TO DISCUSSION AND EXPRESS YOUR POV ABOUT THE POSITION OF THE LINGUISTICS BOX. | |||
| DO NOT EDIT THE SECTION ABOVE WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE. ---> | |||
| {{Infobox political party | {{Infobox political party | ||
| | name = Kuomintang | | name = Kuomintang | ||
| | native_name = |
| native_name = {{nobold|{{langn|zh|中國國民黨}}}}<br />{{lang|zh-Latn|Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng}}<br />{{lang|zh-Latn|Chungkuo Kuomintang}} | ||
| | logo_size = 150 | |||
| | colorcode = {{Kuomintang/meta/color}} | |||
| | |
| colorcode = {{party color|Kuomintang}} | ||
| | logo = Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg | |||
| | logo_size = | |||
| | lang1 = Other | |||
| | abbreviation = KMT | |||
| | name_lang1 = Nationalist Party of China<ref name=abbr>{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/ | title=Wishing China's Communist Party a happy birthday | date=28 June 2021 | access-date=8 December 2022 | archive-date=7 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002823/https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br /> | |||
| | chairman = ] | |||
| Chinese Nationalist Party<ref name="Taiwan - The World Factbook">{{cite web |title = Taiwan – The World Factbook |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/#government |access-date = 2021-07-11 |website = www.cia.gov |archive-date = 9 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/#government |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
| | secretary_general = ] | |||
| | abbreviation = KMT<!-- only keep the most common abbr. --> | |||
| | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|10|10}} | |||
| | founder = ] | |||
| | predecessor = {{unbulleted list | |||
| | leader3_title = ] | |||
| |] (1894) | |||
| | leader3_name = ] | |||
| |] (1905) | |||
| | leader4_title = ] | |||
| |Nationalist Party (1912) | |||
| | leader4_name = ] | |||
| |Chinese Revolutionary Party (1914)}} | |||
| | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1894|11|24}}<br />], ] (original form)<br />{{start date and age|df=y|1919|10|10}}<br />] (current form) | |||
| | headquarters = 232–234 Sec 2 Bade Rd, ], ], ]<br />10492<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title = Kuomintang Official Website |publisher = Kuomintang |access-date = 13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |archive-date = 3 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
| | |
| predecessor = {{unbulleted list | ||
| | ] (1894) | |||
| | | |||
| | ] (1905) | |||
| |{{nowrap|''Kuomintang News Network''}}}} | |||
| | Kuomintang (1912) | |||
| | think_tank = | |||
| | wing1_title = Education Wing | |||
| | wing1 = ] | |||
| | youth_wing = ] | |||
| | membership_year = 2020 | |||
| | membership = 345,971<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx |title = 江啟臣壓倒性勝出 成最年輕國民黨主席 - 中央社CNA |agency = Central News Agency (Republic of China) |access-date=2020-03-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140852/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202003075010.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap | |||
| |]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |title=Taiwan's 'born independent' millennials are becoming Xi Jinping's lost generation |work=] |date=26 December 2019 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200327103635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwans-born-independent-millennials-are-becoming-xi-jinpings-lost-generation/2019/12/24/ce1da5c8-20d5-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html |archive-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |title = It's Not Techno-Angst That's Driving East Asia to Abandon Nuclear Power |quote = In Taiwan, the conservative Kuomintang’s aging demographic base and support for closer ties with mainland China now appears out of touch with a younger electorate increasingly distrustful of China and hostile to reunification. |date = 17 August 2019 |access-date = 7 July 2020 |publisher = ] |archive-date = 17 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717003302/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3884872 |title = Taiwan's KMT party set to elect new chair amid coronavirus scare |date = 4 March 2020 |access-date = 7 July 2020 |publisher = ] |archive-date = 10 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200710232008/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3884872 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Mickey |editor-last=Glantz |title=Climate Affairs: A Primer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |year=2012 |page=65 |publisher=] |isbn=9781597269414 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023612/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| |]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |script-title=zh:政策綱領 |website=Kmt.org.tw |access-date = 19 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |archive-date = 13 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |title = Three Principles of the People |encyclopedia=] |access-date = 10 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163157/https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology |first = Mary C. |last = Wright |publisher=] |year=1955 |pages = 515–532 |author-link = Mary C. Wright }}</ref> | |||
| |]<ref name="Jonathan Fenby 2005 504">{{cite book |first = Jonathan |last | |||
| = Fenby |title = Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337 |access-date=28 June 2010 |year=2005 |publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1 |page=504 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205050222/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA337 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |||
| '''Historical factions:'''<br />]<ref>{{cite web |first = Lloyd |last = Eastman |title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts |url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110?seq=1 |access-date=2 February 2021 |year=2021 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |page=1-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first = Stanley|last = Payne |title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337|access-date=2 February 2021 |year=2021 |publisher = University of Wisconsin Press |page=337}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmIJNq5dUp8C&pg=PA77 |title=A place in the sun: Marxism and Fascism in China's long revolution|author=Anthony James Gregor|year=2000|publisher=Westview Press|page=77|isbn=0-8133-3782-8}}</ref><ref name=DaiLi/> | |||
| | position = {{nowrap|]<ref>{{cite news|title=New face for KMT in Taiwan|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/eric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election/news-story/d47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74|url-access=subscription|work=]|quote=The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP…|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081847/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Feric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election%2Fnews-story%2Fd47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=18865bb0b0fd95f14b8ccbc48f1c1d7c-1610180326|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Dongtao|last=Qi|quote=Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.|doi=10.1017/S0305741013001124|title=Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012|date=11 November 2013|journal=]|volume=216|pages=1018–1044}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|title=Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan|last=Shim|first=Jaemin|publisher=]|journal=GIGA Focus {{!}} Asia |year=2018|issue=5|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226021639/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|archive-date=26 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br>'''Historical, now factions:'''<br>]<ref>{{cite book|last=Fell|first=Dafydd|date=2005|title=Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004|pages=, |publisher=]|isbn=1-134-24021-X}}</ref> to ]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rigger |first=Shelley |date=2016 |title=Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |journal=] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=408–503 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |quote=Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her. |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081846/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |||
| | wing2_title = ] | |||
| | wing2 = ] (1925–1947) | |||
| | national = ] | |||
| | regional = ] | |||
| | international = {{unbulleted list | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{nowrap|]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idu.org/member-parties/|title=Members|publisher=IDU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/|archive-date=July 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}} | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| | headquarters = No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., ], Taipei City 104, ]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title = Kuomintang Official Website |publisher = Kuomintang |access-date = 13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |archive-date = 3 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
| | colors = {{color box|{{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} Blue | |||
| | |
| newspaper = '']'' | ||
| | think_tank = | |||
| | seats1 = {{composition bar|38|113|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| | wing1_title = Education wing | |||
| | seats2_title = ] mayors | |||
| | wing1 = ] | |||
| | seats2 = {{composition bar|2|6|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| | wing2_title = ] | |||
| | seats3_title = Magistrates/mayors | |||
| | wing2 = ] (1925–1947) | |||
| | seats3 = {{composition bar|12|16|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| | wing3_title = Paramilitary wing | |||
| | seats4_title = Councillors | |||
| | wing3 = ] (1932–1938)<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341/chapter-abstract/168278705 |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341 |chapter=Ideological Rivalries: The Blue Shirts and the "CC" Clique |editor-first=Frederic |editor-last=Wakeman |title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service |publisher=University of California Press |pages=98–109 |year=2003 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520234079.003.0009 |last1=Wakeman |first1=Frederic |isbn=978-0-520-23407-9 |access-date=18 July 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718174302/https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| | seats4 = {{composition bar|394|912|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| | wing4_title = Overseas wing | |||
| | seats5_title = ]/] mayors | |||
| | wing4 = <!--Overseas branches--> | |||
| | seats5 = {{composition bar|83|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| | youth_wing = ]<br />Three Principles of the People Youth League (1938–1947) | |||
| | flag = ] | |||
| | membership = {{increase}} 451,174<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nownews.com/news/6206391 |title=最大在野黨實力！ 國民黨資產202億、黨員45萬人 |agency=NOWnews |access-date=14 October 2024 }}</ref> | |||
| | website = {{url|www.kmt.org.tw}} | |||
| | ideology = {{ubl|class = nowrap | |||
| | country = the Republic of China | |||
| | ] (]) | |||
| | ] | |||
| }} | |||
| | membership_year = 2022 | |||
| | position = ]<ref name="Qi-Shim"> | |||
| * {{cite news|title=New face for KMT in Taiwan|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/eric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election/news-story/d47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74|url-access=subscription|work=]|quote=The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP...|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081847/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Feric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election%2Fnews-story%2Fd47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=18865bb0b0fd95f14b8ccbc48f1c1d7c-1610180326|url-status=live}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|first=Dongtao|last=Qi|quote=Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.|doi=10.1017/S0305741013001124|title=Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012|date=11 November 2013|journal=]|volume=216|pages=1018–1044|s2cid=154336295}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|title=Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan|last=Shim|first=Jaemin|publisher=]|journal=GIGA Focus {{!}} Asia |year=2018|issue=5|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226021639/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan|archive-date=26 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> to ]<ref name="Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara"> | |||
| * {{cite book|author1-link=Dafydd Fell|last=Fell|first=Dafydd|date=2005|title=Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004|pages=, |publisher=]|isbn=1-134-24021-X}} | |||
| * {{cite journal |author1-link=Shelley Rigger |last=Rigger |first=Shelley |date=2016 |title=Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |journal=] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=408–503 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005 |access-date=27 May 2020 |quote=Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her. |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081846/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369 |url-status=live }} | |||
| * {{cite magazine |author=Yoshiyuki Ogasawara |title=Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/ |quote=These supporters, called 'Han maniacs,' elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han’s political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support. |magazine=] |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20220901221821/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />'''Historical:'''<br />]{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58oCq8b6mRMC&pg=PA3965|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|first=United States|last=Congress|date=19 April 1947|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414145222/https://books.google.com/books?id=58oCq8b6mRMC&pg=PA3965|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA835|title=The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security|last=Laws|date=19 April 1970|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books}}</ref>}} | |||
| | anthem = "]" | |||
| | national = ]<ref name="centre-right">{{cite book |editor=M. Troy Burnett |title=Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OprzDwAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+Pan-Blue+Coalition&pg=PA201 |quote=The center-right Pan-Blue Coalition, led by the KMT, maintains that the ROC is the sole legitimate government for all of China (including Taiwan) and that the aim of the government should be the eventual reunification of the mainland ... |date=2020 |page=201 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-4408-5000-4 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414145229/https://books.google.com/books?id=OprzDwAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+Pan-Blue+Coalition&pg=PA201 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| | regional = ] | |||
| | international = {{unbulleted list | |||
| | ] | |||
| | ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idu.org/member-parties/|title=Members|publisher=IDU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/|archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| | seats1_title = ] | |||
| | seats1 = {{composition bar|52|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | seats2_title = ] mayors | |||
| | seats2 = {{composition bar|4|6|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | seats3_title = Magistrates/mayors | |||
| | seats3 = {{composition bar|10|16|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | seats4_title = Councillors | |||
| | seats4 = {{composition bar|367|910|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | seats5_title = ]/] mayors | |||
| | seats5 = {{composition bar|83|204|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Kuomintang}}}} ] | |||
| | flag = Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg | |||
| | website = {{URL|https://www.kmt.org.tw|kmt.org.tw}} | |||
| | country = the Republic of China | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Infobox Chinese | {{Infobox Chinese | ||
| |pic |
| pic = KMT_(Chinese_characters).svg | ||
| |piccap |
| piccap = "Kuomintang (''Guómíndǎng'')" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | ||
| |picupright = 0.475 | | picupright = 0.475 | ||
| |title |
| title = Kuomintang | ||
| |t |
| t = 中國國民黨 | ||
| |s |
| s = 中国国民党 | ||
| |p |
| p = Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng | ||
| |gr |
| gr = Jong'gwo Gwomindaang | ||
| |l |
| l = Chinese Nationals' Party | ||
| |mi |
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|g|uo|2|-|g|uo|2|.|m|in|2|.|d|ang|3}} | ||
| | w = {{tone superscript|Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3}} | |||
| |w = Chung¹-kuo² Kuo²-min² Tang³ | |||
| |bpmf |
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ | ||
| |xej |
| xej = ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع مٍ دْا | ||
| |zh-dungan = Җунгуй Гуймин Дон | | zh-dungan = Җунгуй Гуймин Дон | ||
| |wuu |
| wuu = tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> min<sup>平</sup> taon<sup>上</sup> | ||
| |ci |
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|-|gw|ok|3|-|gw|ok|3|-|m|an|4|-|d|ong|2}} | ||
| |y |
| y = Jūnggwok Gwokmàhndóng | ||
| | j = zung1 gwok3 gwok3 man4 dong2 | |||
| |j = zung<sup>1</sup>gwok<sup>3</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup>man<sup>4</sup> dong<sup>2</sup> | |||
| |poj |
| poj = Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng | ||
| |h |
| h = dung<sup>24</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> min<sup>11</sup> dong<sup>31</sup> | ||
| | phfs = Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng | |||
| |altname = Abbreviated to | |||
| | altname = Abbreviation | |||
| |t2 = 國民黨 | |||
| | |
| t2 = 國民黨 | ||
| | s2 = 国民党 | |||
| |p2 = Guómíndǎng | |||
| | p2 = Guómíndǎng | |||
| |gr2 = Gwomin Daang | |||
| | l2 = Nationals' Party | |||
| |mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uo|2|m|in|2|-|d|ang|3}} | |||
| | gr2 = Gwomindaang | |||
| |w2 = Kuo²-min² Tang³ | |||
| | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uo|2|.|m|in|2|.|d|ang|3}} | |||
| |bpmf2 = ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ | |||
| | w2 = {{tone superscript|Kuo2-min2-tang3}} | |||
| | bpmf2 = ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ | |||
| <!-- | <!-- | ||
| |xej = ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع مٍ دْا | | xej = ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع مٍ دْا | ||
| -->| wuu2 = koh<sup>{{lang|zh|入}}</sup>min<sup>{{lang|zh|平}}</sup>taon<sup>{{lang|zh|上}}</sup> | |||
| --> | |||
| | ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|gw|ok|3|-|m|an|4|-|d|ong|2}} | |||
| |wuu2 = koh<sup>{{lang|zh|入}}</sup>min<sup>{{lang|zh|平}}</sup>taon<sup>{{lang|zh|上}}</sup> | |||
| | y2 = Gwokmàhndóng | |||
| |ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|gw|ok|3|m|an|4|-|d|ong|2}} | |||
| | j2 = gwok3 man4 dong2 | |||
| |y2 = Gwokmàhn Dóng | |||
| | poj2 = Kok-bîn-tóng | |||
| |j2 = gwok<sup>3</sup>man<sup>4</sup> dong<sup>2</sup> | |||
| | h2 = gued<sup>2</sup>min<sup>11</sup>dong<sup>31</sup> | |||
| |poj2 = Kok-bîn-tóng | |||
| | phfs2 = Guók-mìng-dōng | |||
| |h2 = gued<sup>2</sup>min<sup>11</sup>dong<sup>31</sup> | |||
| |tib |
| tib = ཀྲུང་གོའི་གོ་མིན་ཏང | ||
| |wylie |
| wylie = krung go'i go min tang | ||
| |zha |
| zha = Cunghgoz Gozminzdangj | ||
| |mong |
| mong = ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ<br />(ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ)<br />ᠭᠣᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠩ<br />(ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ) | ||
| |mon |
| mon = Дундадын (Хятадын) Гоминдан (Хувьсгалт Нам) | ||
| |monr |
| monr = Dumdadyn (Khyatadyn) Gomindan (khuvisgalt Nam) | ||
| |uig |
| uig = جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ | ||
| |uly |
| uly = Junggo Gomindang | ||
| |uyy |
| uyy = Junggo Gomindang | ||
| |usy |
| usy = Җуңго Гоминдaнг | ||
| |mnc |
| mnc = ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ<br />ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ | ||
| | |
| mnc_rom = Jungg'o-i G'omindang | ||
| | tp = Jhongguó Guó-mín-dǎng | |||
| | tp2 = Guó-mín-dǎng | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Politics of the Republic of China}} | {{Politics of the Republic of China}}{{History of the Republic of China}}{{History of Taiwan}} | ||
| The '''Kuomintang''' ('''KMT'''),{{efn native lang|tw|name=word1|t = 中國國民黨|p = Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng|m = Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng|s = Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Koet-mìn-tóng|ma = Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng}} also referred to as the '''Guomindang''' ('''GMD'''),<ref>{{cite web |title = Brill's Encyclopedia of China |url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-china/guomindang-COM_00058 |access-date = 2021-11-26 |website = referenceworks.brillonline.com |date = 10 November 2008 |archive-date = 26 November 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126170910/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-china/guomindang-COM_00058 |url-status = live }}</ref> the '''Nationalist Party of China''' ('''NPC''')<ref name=abbr>{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/ | title=Wishing China's Communist Party a happy birthday | date=28 June 2021 | access-date=8 December 2022 | archive-date=7 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002823/https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/ | url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''Chinese Nationalist Party''' ('''CNP'''),<ref name="Taiwan - The World Factbook"/> is a ] in the ], initially based on the ] and then in ] since 1949. The KMT is a ] to ] party and the largest in the ], one of the two main political groups in Taiwan. Its primary rival is the ] (DPP), the largest party in the ]. As of 2024, the KMT is the largest single party in the ]. The current chairman is ]. | |||
| The party originated as the ] founded by ] in 1894 in ]. The party underwent reorganization before and after the ], which resulted in the collapse of the ] and establishment of the ] (ROC), with Sun as the first president. In 1919, Sun re-established the party under the name "Kuomintang" in the ]. From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under ] successfully led the ] against ] and ], leading to the fall of the ]. After a period of ] with the ], the right wing of the party led by Chiang Kai-shek took power and purged the Communist Party members. The KMT was the ] of the ROC in China from 1928 to 1949, however the party had no actual control over a lot of territory during this period due to the ] with the ] (CCP) and the ] against ] aggression. The party ] in December 1949, following its defeat by the communists in the civil war. | |||
| The '''Kuomintang''' ('''KMT''') ({{zh|t=中國國民黨|p=Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng|l=Chinese Nationalist Party|c=|s=}}), often referred to in English as the '''Nationalist Party of China''' or the '''Chinese Nationalist Party''' ('''CNP'''), is a major political party in the ] throughout its historical periods in both the ] as well as Taiwan, which was reorganized and transitioned to the current form since 1919. The KMT was the ] of the ] from 1928 and 1949. In the 1950s, the party, defeated in the ], was exiled from the mainland and became the ruling party of Taiwan. It remained the sole legal ruling party in Taiwan under the '']'' system, until political reforms were enacted in the 1990s. The KMT is currently the main opposition political party in the ]. It is also one of the ], the other being the ] (CCP). | |||
| From 1949 to 1987, the KMT ruled Taiwan as an authoritarian ] after the ]. During this period, ] was in effect and ] as part of its ] efforts, with the period known as the ]. The party oversaw Taiwan's ], but experienced ], including the ROC ] and most countries, including its ally the US, switching diplomatic recognition to the CCP-led ] (PRC) in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, ], Chiang Kai-shek's son, lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties. His successor ] continued democratic reforms and was re-elected ], the first time in the ROC history. The ] ended 72 years of KMT's dominance in the ROC. The KMT reclaimed power from 2008 to 2016, with the landslide victory of ] in the ], whose presidency significantly loosened restrictions on economic and cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China. The KMT lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the ], but regained a legislative plurality in the ]. | |||
| The predecessor of the Kuomintang, the Revolutionary Alliance (]), was one of the major forces leading to the overthrow of the imperial ], the subsequent revolt in 1911, and the proclamation of the ]. The Nationalist Party was founded by ] and ] shortly after the ] of 1911. Sun was the provisional ], but he ceded the presidency to military commander ]. Yuan's death in 1916 led to the nation's disintegration in the ]. Sun delegated ] to found and train the ] against the ]; Chiang subsequently launched the ] ] and established the capital at ] in 1927. During the subsequent ], China achieved substantial economic growth and social progression, but the ] (1937–1945) was disastrous, as well as the ] orchestrated by the regime, making them vastly unpopular. During the ] (1945–1949), the corruption of the KMT, as well as ] as a result of trying to fight the civil war, caused mass unrest throughout the Republic and popular sympathy for the communists, resulting in the ultimate victory of ] on mainland. The KMT retreated to the island of Taiwan, where it continued to remain as an authoritarian ] after the ]. The Nationalist government based in Taipei continued to represent ] until 1971. | |||
| The KMT is a member of the ]. The party's guiding ideology is the ], advocated by Sun Yat-sen and organized on a basis of ]. As the KMT strongly supports the ROC as the only representative of China, it strongly opposes both ] under the PRC and formal ]. As the KMT opposes non-peaceful means to resolve the ] while still strongly adhering to the ], the party favors a closer relationship with the PRC and accepts the ], which defines both sides of the ] as "]" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations. It seeks to maintain Taiwan's ] rather than the formal independence or the unification. | |||
| After almost 40 years of ] under the ] and the ], in the late 1980s, Taiwan initiated political reforms and ceased to be a single-party state under President ], Chiang Kai-shek's son. Democratic reforms beginning in the 1990s under President ] loosened the KMT's grip on power. Nevertheless, the KMT remains one of Taiwan's main political parties, with ], ] and ], being the seventh and eighth KMT candidate to win the office of the presidency. In both the ] and ], the KMT was defeated by the ] (DPP) in the general and presidential elections, a party that was previously classified as illegal by the KMT. The latter gained control of both the parliament and the presidency, with the DPP's ] being elected incumbent president. | |||
| The party's guiding ideology is the ], advocated by Sun Yat-sen. The KMT is a member of the ]. Along with the ], ] and other minor parties, the KMT plays a pivotal role in the ], which favors China-friendly policy and supports eventual ] under the conditions of mutual understanding and ]. However, the KMT has moderated its stance by advocating the '']'' over ], and it rejects the proposal of "]" formulated by the PRC to be applied to Taiwan. The KMT holds to its own ], which regards there is only one China by the definition of the ], but it views the Republic of China rather than the ] as the legitimate government under the ]. To ease tensions with the PRC, during the presidency of Ma Ying-jeou, the KMT had endorsed the ] policy, namely no unification, no ] and no use of military force, as the solution to sidestep difficult political controversy and normalize the cross-strait relation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking behind Ma's 'three noes' |author=Ralph Cossa |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607040233/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| Line 128: | Line 142: | ||
| === Founding and Sun Yat-sen era === | === Founding and Sun Yat-sen era === | ||
| ] |
], as the "Father of the Nation"]] | ||
| ], as the "Father of the Nation"]] | |||
| The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of ], a proponent of ] and democracy who founded the ] at the capital of the ], ], on 24 November 1894.<ref>See (Chinese) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201029/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10 |date=26 November 2012 }} last accessed 30 August 2009</ref> In 1905, Sun joined forces with other ] in Tokyo, ], to form the ], a group committed to the overthrow of the ] and the establishment of a republic, on 20 August 1905. | |||
| The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of ], a proponent of ] and democracy who founded the ] at the capital of the ], ], on 24 November 1894.<ref>See (Chinese) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201029/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10 |date=26 November 2012 }} last accessed 30 August 2009</ref> On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with other ] in Tokyo, ], to form the ], a group committed to the overthrow of the ] and to establish a republic in China. | |||
| The group planned and supported the ] of 1911 and the founding of the ] on 1 January 1912. However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the ] of the republic to ], who arranged for the ] of ], the last Emperor, on 12 February. | |||
| ] in 1911]] | |||
| On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the ] in ], where the ] and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strand |first=David |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Merle |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-link=Elizabeth J. Perry |title=Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-00766-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium |pages=59–60 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103119/https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun was chosen as the party chairman with ] as his deputy. | |||
| The group supported the ] of 1911 and the founding of the ] on 1 January 1912. Although Sun and the Tongmenghui are often depicted as the principal organizers of the Xinhai Revolution, this view is disputed by scholars who argue that the Revolution broke out in a leaderless and decentralized way and that Sun was only later elected provisional president of the new Chinese republic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spence |first1=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Spence |title=] |year= 2012 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-393-93451-9 |pages=249–254 |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Mary Clabaugh |title=Introduction, China in Revolution |date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-01460-0 |pages=52–53 |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300014600/china-revolution |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107013131/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300014600/china-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the ] of the republic to ], who arranged for the ] of ], the last Emperor, on 12 February. | |||
| On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the ] in ], where the ] and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strand |first=David |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Merle |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-link=Elizabeth J. Perry |title=Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-00766-6 |chapter=Chapter 2: Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium |pages=59–60 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103119/https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun was chosen as the party chairman with ] as his deputy. | |||
| The most influential member of the party was the third ranking ], who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed ] and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first ] in December 1912. | |||
| The most influential member of the party was the third ranking ], who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed ] and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first ] in December 1912. | |||
| However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the ] in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh Chisholm |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |access-date=13 June 2011 |year=1922 |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. |page=658 |editor=Hugh Chisholm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085023/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh Chisholm|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes")|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|access-date=13 June 2011|year=1922|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd|page=658|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024143/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914. | |||
| However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the ] in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh Chisholm |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |access-date=13 June 2011 |year=1922 |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. |page=658 |editor=Hugh Chisholm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085023/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh Chisholm|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes")|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|access-date=13 June 2011|year=1922|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd|page=658|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024143/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914. | |||
| ] proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the ] on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, ], ] and ], refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period. | |||
| ] proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, ], ] and ], refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period. | |||
| Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at ] to oppose the ] but was soon forced out of office and exiled to ]. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China ({{zh|t=中國國民黨|labels=no}}) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920. | Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at ] to oppose the ] but was soon forced out of office and exiled to ]. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China ({{zh|t=中國國民黨|labels=no}}) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920. | ||
| In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the ] after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was ], an agent of the ]—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the ], establishing a ] party structure that lasted into the 1990s. The Communist Party |
In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the ] after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was ], an agent of the ]—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the ], establishing a ] party structure that lasted into the 1990s.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=413}} The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the ] between the two parties. ] and early members of the CCP also joined the KMT in 1923. | ||
| ] in 1924]] | ] in 1924]] | ||
| Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 |
Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the ] days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the ] in ], Guangdong, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CCP, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the ]: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood. | ||
| === Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China === | === Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China === | ||
| ], leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925]] | ], leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925]] | ||
| When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to ] ("]") and ] ("]"), respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the ]. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of ]. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the ] ] based in ].<ref name="Nationalist China">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|title=Nationalist China|publisher=Washington State University|date=6 June 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906095406/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|archive-date=6 September 2006}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to ] and ], respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of ], who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the ]. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of ]. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the ] ] based in ].<ref name="Nationalist China">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|title=Nationalist China|publisher=Washington State University|date=6 June 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906095406/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM|archive-date=6 September 2006}}</ref> | |||
| Chiang assumed |
Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through ] and ] under the ], Chiang knew relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was firmly rooted in his ancient ] identity and was steeped in ]. As his life progressed, he became increasingly attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-ancient Chinese outlook and he studied the ancient ] and ancient Chinese history assiduously.<ref name="Nationalist China"/> In 1923, after the formation of the ], Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union. Although Chiang did not follow the Soviet Communist doctrine, he, like the Communist Party, sought to destroy ] and foreign ], and upon his return established the ] near Guangzhou, following the Soviet Model.<ref name="China in the 20th Century">{{cite web |last1=Bowblis |first1=J |title=China in the 20th Century |url=https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang |website=Kings College History |publisher=King's College History Department |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231856/https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the ] and after the ] relocated to ].<ref name="Nationalist China"/> | Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the ] and after the ] relocated to ].<ref name="Nationalist China"/> | ||
| Line 160: | Line 174: | ||
| Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the ] to defeat the ] and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the ] appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the ] (NRA), and the ] to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months. | Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the ] to defeat the ] and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the ] appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the ] (NRA), and the ] to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months. | ||
| A split erupted between the |
A split erupted between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of ] in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent ], Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanjing in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the ] on 12 April, led to the beginning of the ]. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.<ref name="Nationalist China"/> | ||
| ] soldiers marched into the British concessions in ] during the ]]] | ] soldiers marched into the British concessions in ] during the ]]] | ||
| During the ] in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, United Kingdom |
During the ] in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, the United Kingdom and ], looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign News: NANKING|magazine=Time|date=4 April 1927 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars' worth of British concessions in ], refusing to hand them back to the UK government.<ref>{{cite news|title=China: Japan & France |magazine=Time|date=11 April 1927|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030508/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanjing.<ref name="beede">{{cite book|last=Beede|first=R. Benjamin|title=The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis Publishing|isbn=0-8240-5624-8|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/355}}</ref> | ||
| NRA took |
NRA took Beijing in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the ], and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the ]. | ||
| After the ] in 1928, the ] under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the ] signed between the foreign powers and the Qing |
After the ] in 1928, the ] under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the ] signed between the foreign powers and the Qing dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.<ref>{{cite news|title=CHINA: Nationalist Notes|magazine=Time|date=25 June 1928|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030536/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|archive-date=26 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized ] with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the ]. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in ] waged war against the ] in favor of the KMT during the ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized ] with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the ]. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in ] waged war against the ] in favor of the KMT during the ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ], ] in 1942]] | |||
| ] during the ]]] | ] during the ]]] | ||
| In 1931, Japanese aggression resumed with the ] and occupation of Manchuria, and the CCP founded the ] (CSR) in ] while secretly recruiting within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by the expansion of communist influence; he wanted to suppress internal conflicts before confronting foreign aggression. The KMT were aided by German military advisors. The CSR was destroyed in 1934 after a series of KMT offensives. The communists abandoned bases in southeast China for Shaanxi in a military retreat called the ]; less than 10% of the communist army survived. A new base, the ], was created with Soviet aid. | |||
| The KMT was also known to have used terror tactics against suspected communists, through the use of a secret police force, who were employed to maintain surveillance on suspected communists and political opponents. In ''The Birth of Communist China'', C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."<ref>C.P. Fitzgerald, ''The Birth of Communist China'', Penguin Books, 1964, pp.106. ({{ISBN|978-0-14-020694-4}} / {{ISBN|978-0-14-020694-4}})</ref> | |||
| KMT secret police persecuted suspected communists and political opponents with ]. In ''The Birth of Communist China'', C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."<ref>C.P. Fitzgerald, ''The Birth of Communist China'', Penguin Books, 1964, pp. 106. ({{ISBN|978-0140206944}})</ref> | |||
| ], who believed that the Japanese invasion was a greater threat, was persuaded by the CPC to take Chiang hostage during the ] in 1937 and forced Chiang to agree to an alliance with them in the total war against the Japanese. However, in many situations the alliance was in name only; after a brief period of cooperation, the armies began to fight the Japanese separately, rather than as coordinated allies. The ], where the KMT ambushed the New Fourth Army with overwhelming numbers and decimated it, effectively ended collaboration between the CPC and the KMT. | |||
| In 1936, Chiang was kidnapped by ] in the ] and forced into the ], an anti-Japanese alliance with the CCP; the ] started the following year. The alliance brought little coordination and was treated as a temporary cease fire in the civil war. The ] in 1941 ended the alliance. | |||
| While the KMT army sustained heavy casualties fighting the Japanese, the CPC expanded its territory by guerrilla tactics within Japanese occupied regions, leading some{{Who|date=February 2016}} claims that the CPC often refused to support the KMT troops, choosing to withdraw and let the KMT troops take the brunt of Japanese attacks.{{Citation needed|date = February 2016}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-japan-the-kmt-did/|title=The CCP Didn't Fight Imperial Japan; the KMT Did|last=Diplomat|first=Zachary Keck|work=The Diplomat|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003640/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-japan-the-kmt-did/|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ] in ] on 25 October 1945]] | ] in ] on 25 October 1945]] | ||
| ] in 1945, and ] to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and |
] in 1945, and ] to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CCP. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied ], the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CCP to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies. | ||
| ] | |||
| Full-scale civil war between the ] and the ] erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the ] (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the ] in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CPC's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CPC a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from ], widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with ]. US President ] wrote that "], ] and ] (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wesley Marvin Bagby|title=The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II|year=1992|isbn=978-0-87413-418-6|page=65}}</ref> | |||
| ], Xinjiang in 1942]] | |||
| Full-scale civil war between the ] and the ] erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the ] (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the ] in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CCP's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CCP a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from ], widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with ]. US President ] wrote that "], ] and ] (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wesley Marvin Bagby|title=The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II|year=1992|isbn=978-0-87413-418-6|page=65|publisher=University of Delaware Press }}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CPC side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CPC in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists. | |||
| At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CCP side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CCP in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists. | |||
| By the end of 1949, the |
By the end of 1949, the CCP controlled almost all of ], as the KMT retreated to Taiwan with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces and refugees. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the ] (also known as the Left Kuomintang), which still currently exists as one of the ] of the People's Republic of China. | ||
| === In Taiwan |
=== In Taiwan: 1945–present === | ||
| {{more citations needed|section|date=August 2018}}<!--many paragraphs without citations--> | {{more citations needed|section|date=August 2018}}<!--many paragraphs without citations--> | ||
| {{see also|North–South divide in Taiwan}} | {{see also|North–South divide in Taiwan}} | ||
| ] (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the ], was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance]] | ] (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the ], was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance]] | ||
| In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the ] islands, became a Japanese colony via the ] following the ]. | In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the ] islands, became a Japanese colony via the ] following the ]. | ||
| After Japan's defeat at the end of ] in 1945, ] instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general ] acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as ]. | After Japan's defeat at the end of ] in 1945, ] instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general ] acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as ]. | ||
| Tensions between the local Taiwanese and ] from |
Tensions between the local Taiwanese and ] from mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in ] when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer in front of ] triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the ] in the ]. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "]", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in the death or disappearance of over 30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124818/http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=5B33122680FD5E65A32B8E335FE5727A |date=11 December 2014}}. ''englishnews.ftv.com.tw''.</ref> | ||
| Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that ] and ] had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the ] on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT |
Following the ] on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that ] and ] had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the ] on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarters were set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108|title=Party's History|publisher=Kuomintang|quote=Following the government of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang relocates to Taiwan. Kuomintang Party headquarters are set up at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232702/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the ]. The provision declared ] and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the CCP. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also initiated the ] to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts. | ||
| However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the |
However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CCP full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the ] during the ] in mainland China. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in ], that were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government, actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained ] until 1971 as well as recognition by the United States until 1979. | ||
| Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved ] and created the ]. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the ]. | Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved ] and created the ]. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the ]. | ||
| Line 208: | Line 222: | ||
| Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement '']'' ("outside the KMT") created the ] (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732|doi-access=free|title=Authoritarian-Led Democratization|year=2020|last1=Riedl|first1=Rachel Beatty|last2=Slater|first2=Dan|last3=Wong|first3=Joseph|last4=Ziblatt|first4=Daniel|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=315–332}}</ref> | Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement '']'' ("outside the KMT") created the ] (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732|doi-access=free|title=Authoritarian-Led Democratization|year=2020|last1=Riedl|first1=Rachel Beatty|last2=Slater|first2=Dan|last3=Wong|first3=Joseph|last4=Ziblatt|first4=Daniel|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=315–332}}</ref> | ||
| ] ceased in 1987 and the President ] terminated the ] in 1991. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. ], the ROC's first democratically elected president and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with ]. | |||
| The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the ] in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the ]. Upset at the choice of ] as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General ] launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the ] (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward ]. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the ] (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001. | The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the ] in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the ]. Upset at the choice of ] as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General ] launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the ] (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward ]. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the ] (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001. | ||
| ] supporters at a rally during the ]]] | ] supporters at a rally during the ]]] | ||
| Line 221: | Line 235: | ||
| In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker ] in the ]. The KMT won a decisive victory in the ] of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and ] in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of ] by the slim margin of 1,100 votes. | In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker ] in the ]. The KMT won a decisive victory in the ] of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and ] in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of ] by the slim margin of 1,100 votes. | ||
| On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC |
On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC president. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the ]. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman ] to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, with vice-presidential candidate Vincent Siew, and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the ], winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the ]. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans. | ||
| On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the ]. On 26 July, Ma won 93. |
On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the ]. On 26 July, Ma won 93.9% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT,<ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – CNA ENGLISH NEWS</ref> taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with ], the ], and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429035126/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=986347&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng |date=29 April 2011 }} – eTaiwan News</ref> | ||
| On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the ] to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in ] and ]. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman ]. ] was held on 17 January 2015 and ] was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|title=Polls open for 9-in-1 local government elections|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706061952/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the ] to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in ] and ]. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman ]. ] was held on 17 January 2015 and ] was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|title=Polls open for 9-in-1 local government elections|date=29 November 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706061952/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, Kuomintang elected its former leader (in office 2015–2016), veteran politician ], as its new leader to replace ] (in office 2020–2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track |work=Nikkei Asia |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012043849/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, no party won a majority in Taiwan's ] for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=No party gets majority in Legislature; KMT wins most seats - Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014 |work=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204163716/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| === Current issues and challenges === | === Current issues and challenges === | ||
| ==== Party assets ==== | ==== Party assets ==== | ||
| Upon arriving in Taiwan the KMT occupied assets previously owned by the Japanese and forced local businesses to make contributions directly to the KMT. Some of this real estate and other assets was distributed to party loyalists, but most of it remained with the party, as did the profits generated by the properties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Anaforian |first=Daniel |title=KMT Assets a Barrier to Party Reform and Electoral Success |url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/04/vol-6-issue-8/ |work=Global Taiwan Brief |date=21 April 2021 |volume=6 |issue=8 |publisher=Global Taiwan Institute |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425010359/https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/04/vol-6-issue-8/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Dianqing |title=The KMT Party's Enterprises in Taiwan |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=May 1997 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=399–413|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00014359 |s2cid=143714126 }}</ref> | |||
| As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.<ref name="KMT_asset">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|newspaper=Economist|title=Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink|date=6 December 2001|access-date=21 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908041252/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|archive-date=8 September 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "]"). | As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.<ref name="KMT_asset">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|newspaper=Economist|title=Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink|date=6 December 2001|access-date=21 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908041252/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|archive-date=8 September 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "]"). | ||
| Line 238: | Line 254: | ||
| In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in ] to ] for ]2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.<ref>Mo, Yan-chih. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190732/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738 |date=13 April 2010 }}." '']''. Thursday 23 March 2006. Page 1. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</ref> | In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in ] to ] for ]2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.<ref>Mo, Yan-chih. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190732/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738 |date=13 April 2010 }}." '']''. Thursday 23 March 2006. Page 1. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</ref> | ||
| In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.<ref>2014-07-24, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726150524/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820 |date=26 July 2014 }}, Taipei Times</ref> | In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.<ref>2014-07-24, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726150524/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820 |date=26 July 2014 }}, Taipei Times</ref> | ||
| In August 2016, the ] |
In August 2016, the ] was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the ] period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tai|first1=Ya-chen|last2=Hsieh|first2=Chia-chen|last3=Hsu|first3=Elizabeth|title=Commission to investigate KMT assets launched|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Central News Agency|date=31 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901140008/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx|archive-date=1 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ==== Cross-strait relations ==== | |||
| In December 2003, then-KMT chairman (present chairman emeritus) and presidential candidate Lien Chan initiated what appeared to some to be a major shift in the party's position on the linked questions of Chinese reunification and Taiwan independence. Speaking to foreign journalists, Lien said that while the KMT was opposed to "immediate independence", it did not wish to be classed as "pro-reunificationist" either.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
| At the same time, ], speaker of the ] and the Pan-Blue Coalition's campaign manager in the 2004 presidential election, said that the party no longer opposed Taiwan's "eventual independence". This statement was later clarified as meaning that the KMT opposes any immediate decision on unification and independence and would like to have this issue resolved by future generations. The KMT's position on the cross-strait relations was redefined as hoping to remain in the current neither-independent-nor-united situation.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
| However, there had been a warming of relations between the ] and the PRC, with prominent members of both the KMT and PFP in active discussions with officials on the mainland. In February 2004, it appeared that the KMT had opened a campaign office for the Lien-Soong ticket in Shanghai targeting Taiwanese businessmen. However, after an adverse reaction in Taiwan, the KMT quickly declared that the office was opened without official knowledge or authorization. In addition, the PRC issued a statement forbidding open campaigning in the mainland and formally stated that it had no preference as to which candidate won and cared only about the positions of the winning candidate.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
| In 2005, then-party chairman Lien Chan announced that he was to leave his office. The two leading contenders for the position included ] and Wang Jin-pyng. On 5 April 2005, ] Ma Ying-jeou said he wished to lead the opposition KMT with Wang Jin-pyng. On 16 July 2005, Ma was elected KMT chairman in the ]. Some 54% of the party's 1.04 million members cast their ballots. Ma garnered 72.4% of the vote share, or 375,056 votes, against Wang's 27.6%, or 143,268 votes. After failing to convince Wang to stay on as a vice chairman, Ma named holdovers ], ] and ] ({{lang|zh|林澄枝}}), as well as long-time party administrator and strategist ] as vice-chairmen. All appointments were approved by a hand count of party delegates.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
| ] (middle) and ] (second left) and the KMT touring the ] in ], People's Republic of China when the ] in 2005]] | |||
| On 28 March 2005, thirty members of the KMT, led by vice-chairman Chiang Pin-kung, ]. This marked the first official visit by the KMT to the mainland since it was defeated by communist forces in 1949 (although KMT members including Chiang had made individual visits in the past). The delegates began their itinerary by paying homage to the revolutionary martyrs of the Tenth Uprising at ]. They subsequently flew to the former ROC capital of ] to commemorate Sun Yat-sen. <!-- The '']'', a Taiwan-based newspaper, said the group was to meet Thursday with ], nominally fourth-ranking CPC politician and a deputy head of the cabinet-level ]. A top agenda item for Chiang was the anti-secession law, passed by China's parliament earlier in the month that authorized the use of "non-peaceful means" against Taiwan if it were to move towards formal independence.--> During the trip, the KMT signed a 10-points agreement with the CPC. The proponents regarded this visit as the prelude of the third KMT-CPC cooperation, after the ] and ]. Weeks afterwards, in May 2005, Chairman Lien Chan visited the mainland and met with ], ]. This marked the first meeting between leaders of the KMT and CPC after the end of ] in 1949. No agreements were signed because incumbent ]'s government threatened to prosecute the KMT delegation for treason and violation of ] prohibiting citizens from collaborating with CPC.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
| == Supporter base == | == Supporter base == | ||
| Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c|title=Taiwan's once-powerful Kuomintang faces make-or-break moment|work=]|date= |
Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c|title=Taiwan's once-powerful Kuomintang faces make-or-break moment|work=]|date=22 April 2020|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429023403/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2024}} | ||
| The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among ] and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among ]. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-] and ]-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the ]-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the ]. | The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among ] and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among ]. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-] and ]-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the ]-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the ]. | ||
| The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Damm|first1=Jens|editor1-last=Damm|editor1-first=Jens|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Paul|title=European perspectives on Taiwan|date=2012|publisher=Springer VS|location=Wiesbaden|isbn= |
The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Damm|first1=Jens|editor1-last=Damm|editor1-first=Jens|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Paul|title=European perspectives on Taiwan|date=2012|publisher=Springer VS|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3-531-94303-9|page=95|chapter=Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe}}</ref> Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520072855/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=20 May 2015 }}, p. 28.</ref> In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader ] at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2005 |script-title=zh:國民黨紀念光復稱莫那魯道抗日英雄 |url=http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741 |newspaper=] |language=zh-hant |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094925/http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live |title=The Enlightened Mindset - Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding }}</ref> | ||
| On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on ], though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the |
On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on ], though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the 2020 presidential candidate ] oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and people in the ]. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from ] groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.<ref>{{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse in Taipei |title=Taiwan pins same-sex marriage hopes on political change |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1892493/taiwan-pins-same-***-marriage-hopes-political-change |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | ||
| == Organization == | == Organization == | ||
| ]ways Corporation]] | ]ways Corporation, and moved to this more modest building in June 2006.]] | ||
| ], |
], Kinmen County]] | ||
| ] headquarters in ]]] | |||
| ]s of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in ], on ] directly across the ]]] | |||
| ], are the party's earliest offices in the U.S., established in 1909.<ref>{{cite web |title=僑團史略 |url=http://www.ccbala.org/home/productdetail/115890 |website=中國國民黨駐羅省分部 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>]] | |||
| ], British Columbia, Canada]] | ], British Columbia, Canada]] | ||
| ], ]]] | |||
| ]s of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in ], on ] directly across the ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] in Sydney, Australia]] | ] in Sydney, Australia]] | ||
| Line 276: | Line 280: | ||
| ==== Current Central Committee Leadership ==== | ==== Current Central Committee Leadership ==== | ||
| {{ |
{{further|Chairman of the Kuomintang|Secretary-General of the Kuomintang}} | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 283: | Line 287: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ], ], ] | |||
| | Vacant | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| | ] | | ] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | Deputy Secretaries-General | | Deputy Secretaries-General | ||
| | {{ill| |
| {{ill|Chiang Chun-ting|zh|江俊霆}} (full-time), {{ill|Wang Yu-min|zh|王育敏}} (full-time), ], ], ] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | Policy Committee Executive Director | | Policy Committee Executive Director | ||
| | ] | |||
| | {{ill|Lin Wei-chou|zh|林為洲}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| | {{ill|Organizational Development Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會組織發展委員會}} Director | | {{ill|Organizational Development Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會組織發展委員會}} Director | ||
| | Hsu Yu-chen | |||
| | {{ill|Yeh Shou-shan|zh|葉壽山}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| | {{ill|Culture and Communications Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會文化傳播委員會}} Director | | {{ill|Culture and Communications Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會文化傳播委員會}} Director | ||
| | {{ill| |
| {{ill|Ling Tao|zh|凌濤}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | Administration Committee Director | | Administration Committee Director | ||
| Line 307: | Line 311: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | {{ill|Party Disciplinary Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會考核紀律委員會}} Director | | {{ill|Party Disciplinary Committee|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會考核紀律委員會}} Director | ||
| | {{ill| |
| {{ill|Lee Guei-min|zh|李貴敏}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] Director | | ] Director | ||
| | {{ill|Lin Yi-hua|zh|林奕華(台灣)}} | |||
| | ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 320: | Line 323: | ||
| * ] (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012) | * ] (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012) | ||
| * ] (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014) | * ] (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014) | ||
| * |
* ] (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015) | ||
| * ] (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016) | * ] (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016) | ||
| * ] (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017) | * ] (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017) | ||
| * |
* ] (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018) | ||
| * ] (14 June 2018 – 2019) | * ] (14 June 2018 – 2019) | ||
| * ] (2019 – 2020) | * ] (2019 – 2020) | ||
| * {{ill|Lin Wei-chou|zh|林為洲}} (2020 – |
* {{ill|Lin Wei-chou|zh|林為洲}} (2020 – 2021) | ||
| * Alex Fai (2021 – 2022) | |||
| * ] (2022 – present) | |||
| === Party organization and structure === | === Party organization and structure === | ||
| The KMT is |
The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a ] principle of ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107|title=Kuomintang News Network|publisher=Kmt.org.tw|date=26 February 2009|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927081830/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| * National Congress | * National Congress | ||
| ** Party chairman | ** Party chairman | ||
| *** Vice- |
*** Vice-chairmen | ||
| ** {{ill|Central Committee of the Kuomintang|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會|lt=Central Committee}} | ** {{ill|Central Committee of the Kuomintang|zh|中國國民黨中央委員會|lt=Central Committee}} | ||
| *** Central Steering Committee for Women | *** Central Steering Committee for Women | ||
| Line 370: | Line 375: | ||
| ** Youth Department | ** Youth Department | ||
| ** Women's Department | ** Women's Department | ||
| === Party charter === | |||
| The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109|title=Kuomintang News Network|website=www1.kmt.org.tw|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206204127/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109|url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019. <!-- The following text was in the original page merged over from but I'm not sure it makes sense to just copy over an article of the charter without some kind of context or reason: According to Article 1 of the Charter, the Kuomintang is a democratic, just and innovative political party for all the people. The Party is guided by the Three Principles of the People in its objective to build a developed, secure, people-first society in the Taiwan area, and realize a free, democratic Republic of China where every citizen prospers. The party also follows the ] and the Five-Power Constitution. It is united in its adherence to the concept of constitutional democracy and seeking a strong, united and prosperous nation.--> | |||
| === Factions === | |||
| * “Mainlander” faction (外省派) - ], ] | |||
| * “Taiwanese” faction (本土派) - ], ] | |||
| * Huang Fu-hsing faction (黃復興) - ] | |||
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/03/kmt-factional-divisions-and-their-implications-for-the-2024-election/ | title=KMT Factional Divisions and their Implications for the 2024 Election | date=8 March 2023 | access-date=13 March 2024 | archive-date=13 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313041545/https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/03/kmt-factional-divisions-and-their-implications-for-the-2024-election/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| == Ideology in mainland China == | == Ideology in mainland China == | ||
| {{main|History of the Kuomintang}} | {{main|History of the Kuomintang}} | ||
| {{Three Principles of the People}} | |||
| {{Conservatism in China}} | |||
| === Chinese nationalism === | === Chinese nationalism === | ||
| {{See also|Chinese nationalism#State nationalism}} | |||
| The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the ] principle of ].<ref name="Jonathan Fenby 2005 504"/> | |||
| The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the ] principle of ].{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=413}} | |||
| The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words ] and ] as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edgar Snow|title=Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2008|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4437-3673-2|page=89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143957/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=}}</ref> Chiang called the ]s feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kai-shek Chiang|author2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|author-link2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|title=China's Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1947|publisher=Roy Publishers|page=225|editor=Philip Jacob Jaffe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051802/https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google65">{{cite book|author=Simei Qing|title=From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1945–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02344-4|page=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031825/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew 2007 225">{{cite book|author=Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew|title=China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4067-5838-2|page=225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205145519/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google268">{{cite book|author=Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong|author2=Zhaohui Hong|title=Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-1158-9|page=268|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103059/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=}}</ref> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=50}} | |||
| Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.<ref name="google65"/>{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=504}} He and his ] called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a ] member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".<ref name="google268"/> | |||
| The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words ] and ] as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edgar Snow|title=Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2008|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4437-3673-2|page=89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143957/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=}}</ref> Chiang called the ]s feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kai-shek Chiang|author2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|author-link2=Philip Jacob Jaffe|title=China's Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1947|publisher=Roy Publishers|page=225|editor=Philip Jacob Jaffe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051802/https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google65">{{cite book|author=Simei Qing|title=From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1945–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02344-4|page=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031825/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew 2007 225">{{cite book|author=Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew|title=China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4067-5838-2|page=225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205145519/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google268">{{cite book|author=Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong|author2=Zhaohui Hong|title=Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-1158-9|page=268|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103059/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|author2=Lloyd E. Eastman|title=Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju|url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7|page=}}</ref> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA47|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926082915/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA47|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general ] of ] presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against ] to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=48}}{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=49}} | |||
| Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.<ref name="google65"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He and his ] called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a ] member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".<ref name="google268"/> | |||
| === Fascist influences === | |||
| The ], a ] paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after ]'s ], was ] and ], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9|page=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man ] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=414|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The ], a ] paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after ]'s ], was ] and ], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9|page=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man ] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=414}} Close ] also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the ] (NSDAP). | |||
| The ] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon ], mixed with ], ] and ] that have some similarities to fascism.<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221205/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&q=New+Life+Movement |date=3 April 2023 }} (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected ] and ], while also opposing ] and ]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating ] and being a neo-] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. ] suggested that the New Life Movement was "]".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref> | |||
| KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general ] of ] presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China, fighting against British imperialism, to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| According to ], Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class ] or ']' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism (except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired ] and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&q=blue%20shirts%20chiang |title=A History of Fascism 1914–1945 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0299148744 |page=337 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> The ] also rapidly deteriorated as Germany failed to pursue a détente between China and Japan, which led to the outbreak of the ]. China later declared war on ], including Germany, Italy, and Japan, as part of the ] and Chiang, the head of the KMT, became the most powerful "]" leader in Asia.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Guido Samarani |title=Shaping the Future of Asia: Chiang Kai-shek, Nehru and China-India Relations During the Second World War Period |date=2005 |publisher=Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University}}</ref> | |||
| The KMT pursued a ] policy, it was stated that "the time had come to set about the business of making all natives either turn Chinese or get out" by foreign observers of KMT policy. It was noted that "Chinese colonization" of "Mongolia and Manchuria" led "to a conviction that the day of the barbarian was finally over".<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Orient: A Series of Monographs on Oriental Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/neworientserieso011newo|url-access=registration|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1933|publisher=New Orient Society of America|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Carus|title=The Open court, Volume 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrjQAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1934|publisher=The Open Court Pub. Co.|page=116|editor=Paul Carus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024227/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrjQAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Owen Lattimore|title=Frontier History|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontie017780mbp|access-date=29 May 2011|year=1962|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427063534/http://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontie017780mbp|archive-date=27 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === New Guangxi Clique === | === Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique === | ||
| The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the ] of ] and ], implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General ] led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref name="google99">{{cite book|author=Diana Lary|title=Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20204-6|pages=98–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204225209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the ] of ] and ], implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General ] led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref name="google99">{{cite book|author=Diana Lary|title=Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20204-6|pages=98–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204225209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 393: | Line 416: | ||
| === Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation === | === Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation === | ||
| {{main|Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang|Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising}} | {{main|Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang|Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising}} | ||
| The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism. |
The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.<ref name="Lee"/> | ||
| One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by |
One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as ] as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker ], (see ]) the ] in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.<ref name="Lee">{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Edward Bing-Shuey|date=1930|title=The Three Principles of the Kuomintang|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=152 |pages=262–265|doi=10.1177/000271623015200130|jstor=1016560|s2cid=220853814|issn=0002-7162}}</ref> | ||
| The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by |
The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Arif Dirlik|title=The Marxism in the Chinese Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3069-0|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042103/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book|author=Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs, University of Southern California. School of Politics and International Relations|title=Studies in comparative communism, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1988|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|page=134|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084844/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the ]. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General". |
The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the ]. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".{{Sfn|Pakula|2009|p=346}} Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year{{when|date=June 2022}}, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of ], ], ], and other socialist leaders.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jay Taylor|title=The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00287-6|page=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205144819/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps |
The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of ] graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=71}}{{Sfn|Pakula|2009|p=128}} | ||
| The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and ], and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent ] trader. |
The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and ], and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent ] trader.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=71}} | ||
| The merchants were supported by the |
The merchants were supported by the ], who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT.{{Sfn|Pakula|2009|p=128}} The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=72}} The ] sent a letter to Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=73}} | ||
| In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son ] to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the ]. |
In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son ] to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the ].{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=485}} | ||
| As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster ] was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by ] and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was ], the sister of ] who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants. |
As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster ] was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by ] and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was ], the sister of ] who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=486}} | ||
| The KMT also promotes ]s. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from ] or the usage of land belonged to the public |
The KMT also promotes ]s. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from ] or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People. | ||
| "The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."<ref>Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies," 19</ref> | "The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."<ref>Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies," 19</ref> | ||
| Line 417: | Line 440: | ||
| The KMT Muslim Governor of ], ], promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Doak Barnett|title=China on the Eve of Communist Takeover|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1968|publisher=Praeger|page=190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042025/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | The KMT Muslim Governor of ], ], promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Doak Barnett|title=China on the Eve of Communist Takeover|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1968|publisher=Praeger|page=190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042025/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| Corporations such as ], ] and ] are owned by the state in the Republic of China. | Corporations such as ], ] and ] are owned by the state in the Republic of China. | ||
| ]s also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the |
]s also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CCP, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and was in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the KMT opposed the CCP ideology.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia|author2=Harbans Mukhia|title=Feudalism and non-European Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207|access-date=28 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3245-2|page=207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081542/https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with ] formed the ] when the KMT was on the edge of defeat in the civil war and later joined the government of the CCP. | ||
| === Confucianism and religion in its ideology === | === Confucianism and religion in its ideology === | ||
| Line 428: | Line 451: | ||
| The KMT also incorporated ] in its ]. It pardoned ] for murdering ], because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of ] to one's parents in Confucianism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=148|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083802/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011112059/http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | The KMT also incorporated ] in its ]. It pardoned ] for murdering ], because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of ] to one's parents in Confucianism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=148|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083802/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugenia Lean|title=Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24718-5|page=150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011112059/http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| In response to the ], Chiang Kai-shek promoted a ] movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | editor1-last = De Bary | |||
| | editor1-first = William Theodore | |||
| | editor1-link = Ted de Bary | |||
| | editor2-last = Lufrano | |||
| | editor2-first = Richard John | |||
| | title = Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century | |||
| | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g0aAjW8GU7kC | |||
| | access-date = 2011-11-05 | |||
| | edition = 2 | |||
| | series = Introduction to Asian civilizations | |||
| | volume = 2 | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | publisher = Columbia University Press | |||
| | isbn = 978-0-231-11271-0 | |||
| | page = 342 | |||
| | quote = The meaning of Li, Yi, Lian, and Chi ''li'', ''yi'', ''lian'', and ''chi'' have always been regarded as the foundations of the nation they may be interpreted as follows: ''Li'' means 'regulated attitude.' ''Yi'' means 'right conduct.' ''Lian'' means 'clear discrimination.' ''Chi'' means 'real self-consciousness.' | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==== Education ==== | ==== Education ==== | ||
| The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's ''Three Principles of the People'' were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman|author2=David S.G. Goodman|title=China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|access-date=9 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1630-2|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143203/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's ''Three Principles of the People'' were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman|author2=David S.G. Goodman|title=China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|access-date=9 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1630-2|page=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143203/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| === Soviet-style military === | === Soviet-style military === | ||
| Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the ], reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was ], who was educated at the American ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jay Taylor|title=The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00287-6|page=195|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103039/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American ] of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter R. Moody|title=Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1977|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-6771-0|page=302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143937/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck|url-access=registration|title=Patterns in the dust: Chinese–American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950|author=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=|isbn= |
Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the ], reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was ], who was educated at the American ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jay Taylor|title=The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00287-6|page=195|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103039/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American ] of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter R. Moody|title=Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1977|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-6771-0|page=302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143937/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck|url-access=registration|title=Patterns in the dust: Chinese–American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950|author=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=|isbn=0-231-05362-2|access-date=28 June 2010|author-link=Nancy Bernkopf Tucker}}</ref> | ||
| === Anti-communism === | |||
| == Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang == | |||
| {{See also|Anti-communism in China#Republic of China (1912–1949)}} | |||
| === Malaysian Chinese Association === | |||
| Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the ] (]) and pursuing a ] to overthrow the ] . On 12 April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in what was known as the ] which led to the ].<ref>Wilbur, Nationalist Revolution 114</ref> The Chinese Nationalist government then led 5 military campaigns in order to wipe out ], a Soviet-puppet state established by the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, the Kuomintang was successful, eventually forcing the Chinese Communist Party to escape on a ] until a ] forced both the Nationalists and the Communists into an ]. After the war, the two parties were thrown back into a civil war. The Kuomintang were defeated in the mainland and escaped in exile to Taiwan while the rest of mainland China became Communist in 1949. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ] (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the ], supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.<ref name="Ching Fatt Yong, R. B. McKenna">{{cite book|author=Ching Fatt Yong|author2=R. B. McKenna|title=The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|year=1990|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-137-0|page=1|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021357/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === |
=== Policy on ethnic minorities === | ||
| {{further|List of ethnic groups in China|Zhonghua minzu|Xinjiang conflict}} | |||
| {{main|Tibet Improvement Party}} | |||
| Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the ], the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the '']'' (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-193-2|page=416|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James A. Millward|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109033724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|author2=Burton F. Beers |title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|url=https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=|isbn=978-0-13-302976-5 }}</ref> In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheong Ching|title=Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-4486-6|page=}}</ref> | |||
| The KMT retained the ] for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.{{Sfn|Lipman|2004|p=266}} | |||
| === Vietnamese Nationalist Party === | |||
| {{main|Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The KMT assisted the ] party which translates literally into Chinese ({{lang|zh-hant|越南國民黨}}; {{zh|labels=no|p=Yuènán Guómíndǎng}}) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frances FitzGerald|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 December 2011|volume=Volume 927|year=1972|publisher=Little, Brown|page=238|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205070023/https://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frances Fitzgerald|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2002|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-316-28423-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=37|editor=Keat Gin Ooi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205032541/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of ] and against the ]. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training. | |||
| The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like ] and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |title=The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam |last=Masumi |first=Matsumoto |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> KMT Muslim Warlord ] built a girls' school for Muslim girls in ] which taught modern secular education.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui|author2=Jingjun Shui|title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|access-date=29 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-1302-8|page=361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against ]'s Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532">{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.<ref name="Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084">{{cite book|author=Ellen J. Hammer|title=Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1955|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0458-8|page=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Berch Berberoglu|title=The State and Revolution in the Twentieth Century: Major Social Transformations of Our Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3884-9|page=53|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|title=The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-047-1|page=98|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042256/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. ], a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532"/> | |||
| Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like ] to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General ] allowed them to participate.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=273}} | |||
| The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General ] (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.<ref>{{cite book|author=James P. Harrison|title=The Endless War: Vietnam's Struggle for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1989|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06909-0|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division|title=The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1982|publisher=Michael Glazier|page=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042117/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Chapuis|title=The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31170-3|page=106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081920/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite book|author=William J. Duiker|title=The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1976|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0951-6|page=}}</ref> | |||
| Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. ] was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz|author2=Paul Pickowicz|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02616-2|page=462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205025333/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David D. Wang|title=Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-201-831-0|page=577|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704172901/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The KMT incited anti-] and ] sentiments among ] and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| After the ] in 1977 the party dissolved and was refounded in 1991 as ]. | |||
| ], a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of ] by the KMT, as was the ] ] and the Uyghur ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=376|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === Ryukyu Guomindang === | |||
| On 30 November 1958, the establishment of the ] Guomindang took place. Tsugumasa Kiyuna headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=石井 |first=明 |date=29 October 2010 |script-title=ja:中国の琉球・沖縄政策 : 琉球・沖縄の帰属問題を中心に |url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |journal=Japan Border Review |language=ja |volume=1 |page=196 |doi=10.14943/jbr.1.71 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010446/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the ] along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag. | |||
| === Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp === | |||
| The ] is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. | |||
| General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the ] Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=51}} This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=325}} Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the ] and the ]. | |||
| One of these members, the ], dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the ], after the ].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book|title=Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong|first1=Ming K.|last1=Chan|first2=Alvin Y.|last2=So|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2002|page=142}}</ref> | |||
| The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai|title=Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1942|publisher=The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan|page=1626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024059/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| == Sponsored organizations == | |||
| ] | |||
| ] founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association ({{zh|labels=no|t=中國回教公會}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205105000/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| KMT |
In 1939, ] and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as ], ] and ] to gain support for the ], they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted ], they asked him to come to ], the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma Tianying ({{lang|zh-hant|馬天英}}) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|title=Muslims in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|page=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| === Anti-separatism === | |||
| The ] was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the ] which was built with funds from the KMT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam in Taiwan|author=Peter G. Gowing|newspaper=SAUDI ARAMCO World|date=July–August 1970|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|archive-date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The KMT, being anti-separatist, claims sovereignty over ] and ] as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|title= Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|date= 8 October 2008|access-date= 26 May 2020|archive-date= 25 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131807/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status= live}}</ref> | |||
| KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the ] with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of ] seven times during the ], eliminating thousands of Tibetans.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=273}} | |||
| The ] (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the ] were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like ] ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons. | |||
| General ], the chairman of the ] stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing: | |||
| == Policy on ethnic minorities == | |||
| <blockquote>Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.{{Sfn|Lipman|2004|p=266}}</blockquote> | |||
| The KMT considers all minorities to be members of the Chinese nation. Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China, including the Hui, as descendants of ], the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation. Chiang considered all the minorities to belong to the Chinese Nation ] and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-193-2|page=416|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James A. Millward|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109033724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|author2=Burton F. Beers |title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|url=https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=}}</ref> In Taiwan, the President performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheong Ching|title=Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-4486-6|page=}}</ref> | |||
| Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=51}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Kocot Nietupski|title=Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery at the Crossroads of Four Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=978-1-55939-090-3|page=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084013/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| == Ideology in Taiwan == | |||
| The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like ] and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |title=The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam |last=Masumi |first=Matsumoto |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> KMT Muslim Warlord ] built a girls' school for Muslim girls in ] which taught modern secular education.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui|author2=Jingjun Shui|title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|access-date=29 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-1302-8|page=361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === Anti-communism === | |||
| {{See also|Anti-communism in China#Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present)}} | |||
| On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the ] and the government began the ] in order to purge communist spies and prevent Chinese communist subversion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rubinstein|first=Murray A.|title=Taiwan: A New History|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7656-1495-7|location=Armonk, N.Y.|page=302}}</ref> While in Taiwan, the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang remained anti-communist and attempted to ]. During the ], ] was referred to as ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Walker |first=Richard L.|title=Taiwan's Development as Free China |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=321 |date=1959 |pages=122–135 |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc |doi=10.1177/000271625932100114 |jstor=1030986|s2cid=154403559 }}</ref> while the China on the mainland was known as Red China<ref>{{cite magazine|title=RED CHINA: The Third Solution|magazine=Times Magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,866201,00.html|access-date=2021-05-09|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905181822/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,866201,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or Communist China in the West, to mark the ideological difference between the capitalist ']' and the communist nations. The ROC government under the Kuomintang also actively supported anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia and around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721163834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia |url-status=live }}</ref> This effort did not cease until the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheung|first1=Han|date=17 November 2019|title=Taiwan in Time: Spies, guerillas and the final counterattack|work=Taipei Times|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/11/17/2003725988/2|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234557/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/11/17/2003725988/2|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kuomintang continued to be anti-communist during the period of Chiang Chin-kuo. Contacts between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party have started since 1990s to re-establish ]. Even though anti-communism is written under Kuomintang's party charter,<ref name=":0" /> the modern Kuomintang is now seen as PRC-friendly, with both sides having a common opposition to ].<ref name="Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track">{{cite web |title=Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track |website=Nikkei Asia |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712212058/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| === Three Principles of the People === | |||
| Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like ] to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General ] allowed them to participate.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA54|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143252/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA54|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| {{main|Three Principles of the People}} | |||
| Sun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on ], namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan.<ref name="KMT-Britannica-Wright">{{cite web |script-title=zh:政策綱領 |url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html |archive-date=13 May 2019 |access-date=19 June 2016 |website=Kmt.org.tw}} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Three Principles of the People |encyclopedia=] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163157/https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live}} | |||
| Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. ] was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz|author2=Paul Pickowicz|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02616-2|page=462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205025333/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David D. Wang|title=Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-201-831-0|page=577|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704172901/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Mary C. |title=From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology |publisher=] |year=1955 |pages=515–532 |author-link=Mary C. Wright}} | |||
| * {{cite web |last=Zarrow |first=Peter |date=2021-07-01 |title=The Chinese Communist Party Has Followed Sun Yat-sen's Road Map |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/01/chinese-communist-party-ccp-sun-yat-sen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160658/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/01/chinese-communist-party-ccp-sun-yat-sen/ |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=Foreign Policy}} | |||
| * Post, Louis Freeland (April 12, 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</ref> The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the ], but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Party Charter |url=http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206204127/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109 |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=Kuomintang}}</ref> | |||
| === Chinese democracy === | |||
| The KMT incited anti-] and ] sentiments among ] and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, ] advocated ]. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in ] today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China. | |||
| === Cross-Strait relations === | |||
| ], a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of ] by the KMT, as was the ] ] and the Uyghur ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=376|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| A ] party,{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=504}}{{Sfn|Lipman|2004|p=266}} the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is strongly opposed to formal ] and the party also holds that the ROC is the sole legitimate representative of all of China. It favors a closer relationship with the PRC and the CCP,<ref name="Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track" /> though it also opposes ] under the "]" framework of the PRC.<ref>{{cite web |author=Samson Ellis and Adrian Kennedy |date=4 July 2022 |title=Xi's suppression of Hong Kong democracy pushes Taiwan further from China |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/04/asia-pacific/xi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=] |quote=For Taiwan though, the proposal has never been an option. Even the Kuomintang — a vestige of the losing side in China’s civil war and the main force backing eventual unification with the mainland, has rejected the model |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070011/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/04/asia-pacific/xi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |author=Ivan Kanapathy |author-link=Ivan Kanapathy |date=17 June 2022 |title=The Collapse of One China |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/collapse-one-china |access-date=18 October 2023 |journal=] |quote=Hong Kong’s hastening loss of autonomy and civil liberties since then has only sharpened these sentiments in Taiwan... Thus, the KMT faces a dilemma. A significant and growing majority of Taiwanese people do not want political union with the mainland—certainly not if imposed on them. Following its 2020 electoral defeat, the KMT rejected the One Country Two Systems framework but continues to assert the 1992 Consensus |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145547/https://www.csis.org/analysis/collapse-one-china |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Micah McCartney |date=15 August 2022 |title=Taiwan's KMT: Between a Rock and a Hard Place |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/taiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=] |quote=On August 10, a white paper published by China’s Taiwan Affairs Office, the first such document released on Xi Jinping’s watch, confirmed that “One Country, Two Systems” is fundamental to Beijing’s vision of unification with Taiwan. This is makes a rapprochement with a KMT, or indeed any Taiwanese administration, more difficult to achieve given how “One Country, Two Systems” played out in Hong Kong. Even pro-China former President ] has declared the framework “dead”. |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070010/https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/taiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It opposes any non-peaceful means to resolve the ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Brian Hioe |date=11 May 2023 |title=Hou You-yi Emphasizes Opposition to Both "One Country, two systems", Taiwaneses independence |url=https://newbloommag.net/2023/05/11/hou-you-yi-cross-strait-stance/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070010/https://newbloommag.net/2023/05/11/hou-you-yi-cross-strait-stance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The party also accepts the ], which defines both sides of the ] as "]" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.<ref name=":1" /> Although the KMT's long-term goal is to unify China under the ROC, the party advocates maintaining the status quo of Taiwan. | |||
| === Chinese conservatism === | |||
| The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the ] along with a portrait of party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag. | |||
| {{POV section|date=October 2024}} | |||
| {{Conservatism in Taiwan}} | |||
| In modern Taiwanese politics, the Kuomintang is seen as a ]<ref name="Qi-Shim" /> to ]<ref name="Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara" /> political party. The Kuomintang believes in the values associated with ].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=It's Not Techno-Angst That's Driving East Asia to Abandon Nuclear Power |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717003302/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/ |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=] |quote=In Taiwan, the conservative Kuomintang’s aging demographic base and support for closer ties with mainland China now appears out of touch with a younger electorate increasingly distrustful of China and hostile to reunification.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |title=Climate Affairs: A Primer |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59726-941-4 |editor-last=Glantz |editor-first=Mickey |page=65 |id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023612/https://books.google.com/books |archive-date=4 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Kuomintang has a strong tradition of defending the established institutions of the Republic of China, such as defending Constitution of the Republic of China, defending the five branches of government (modeled on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of Three Principles of the People), espousing the ] as a vital component for the Republic of China (ROC)'s international security and economic development, as opposed to ]. The Kuomintang claims to have a strong tradition of fighting to defend, preserve and revive traditional Chinese culture and religious freedom as well as advocating for Confucian values, ] and ]. The KMT still sees the ] in Taiwan as presenting the true cultural China which has preserved Chinese culture, as compared to the People's Republic of China which had experienced Chinese cultural destruction during the ]. | |||
| Some Kuomintang conservatives see traditional social or ] as being threatened by ] and oppose same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Marriage Equality in Taiwan Hinges on Politics - In past electoral politics, marriage equality was seldom a dominant issue, but the landscape is shifting and some barriers to equality remain in place |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/marriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics/ |magazine=] |first=Zoe |last=Leung |date=23 June 2021 |access-date=11 October 2024 |language=en |location=], United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gay marriage proposal set for review |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/marriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics/ |newspaper=] |first=Lii |last=Wen |date=21 December 2014 |access-date=11 October 2024 |language=en |location=], Taiwan}}</ref> KMT conservatives are also typically against the abolishment of capital punishment, arguing the need to maintain deterrence against harsh crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=KMT slams new limitations on Taiwan death penalty |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5942075 |newspaper=] |first=Jono |last=Thomson |date=25 September 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024 |language=en |location=Taipei City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KMT lawmakers criticize death penalty court ruling |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202409260026 |last1=Fan |first1=Chen-hsiang |last2=Wang |first2=Yang-yu |last3=Kay |first3=Liu |agency=Central News Agency (Taiwan) |via=] |date=26 September 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024 |language=en |location=Taipei City}}</ref> Conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. In terms of education policy, KMT policies advocate increasing more Classical Chinese content in Chinese education and Chinese history content in order to reinforce Chinese cultural identity, as opposed to de-sinicization attempts by advocates of Taiwan independence who typically decrease Classical Chinese and Chinese history content in schools in order to achieve ]. | |||
| General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the ] Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.<ref name="google51">{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1|page=325|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Dr. Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the ] and the ]. | |||
| == Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang == | |||
| The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai|title=Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1942|publisher=The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan|page=1626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024059/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === Malaysian Chinese Association === | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ] (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the ], supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.<ref name="Ching Fatt Yong, R. B. McKenna">{{cite book|author=Ching Fatt Yong|author2=R. B. McKenna|title=The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|year=1990|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-137-0|page=1|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021357/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| === Tibet Improvement Party === | |||
| In 1939, ] and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as ], ] and ] to gain support for the ], they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted ], they asked him to come to ], the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma Tianying ({{lang|zh-hant|馬天英}}) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|title=Muslims in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|page=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| {{main|Tibet Improvement Party}} | |||
| The ] was founded by ], a pro-ROC and pro-KMT ]pa revolutionary, who worked against the ]'s Tibetan Government in ]. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Heather Stoddard.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gray Tuttle |title=Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152|access-date=27 December 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13447-7|page=152|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104141628/http://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152}}</ref> He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an ] within the ROC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Melvyn C. Goldstein|title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450|access-date=27 December 2011|volume=1 |year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07590-0|page=450|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104143003/http://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95|access-date=27 December 2011|volume=67 |series=Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194850/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government. | |||
| === Vietnamese Nationalist Party === | |||
| == Stance on separatism == | |||
| {{main|Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng}} | |||
| The KMT is anti-separatist. During its rule on mainland China, it crushed Uyghur and Tibetan separatist uprisings. The KMT claims sovereignty over ] and ] as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|title= Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|access-date= 26 May 2020|archive-date= 25 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131807/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status= live}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The KMT assisted the ] party which translates literally into Chinese ({{lang|zh-hant|越南國民黨}}; {{zh|labels=no|p=Yuènán Guómíndǎng}}) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.{{Sfn|FitzGerald|1972|p=238}} When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=37|editor=Keat Gin Ooi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205032541/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti-imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of ] and against the ]. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training. | |||
| The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against ]'s Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532">{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.<ref name="Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084">{{cite book|author=Ellen J. Hammer|title=Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1955|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0458-8|page=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Berch Berberoglu|title=The State and Revolution in the Twentieth Century: Major Social Transformations of Our Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3884-9|page=53|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.<ref>{{cite book|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|title=The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-047-1|page=98|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042256/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. ], a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532"/> | |||
| KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the ] with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of ] seven times during the ], eliminating thousands of Tibetans.<ref name="google54">{{cite book|author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6|page=273|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203538/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General ] (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04156-1|page=533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.<ref>{{cite book|author=James P. Harrison|title=The Endless War: Vietnam's Struggle for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1989|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06909-0|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division|title=The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1982|publisher=Michael Glazier|page=56|isbn=978-0-89453-287-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042117/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Revolutionary League was controlled by ]. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Chapuis|title=The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|access-date=30 November 2010|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31170-3|page=106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081920/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite book|author=William J. Duiker|title=The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1976|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0951-6|page=}}</ref> | |||
| General ], the chairman of the ] stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing: | |||
| <blockquote>Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|access-date=2010-06-28|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041900/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyễn Hải Thần, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.<ref name="google61">{{cite book|author=N. Khac Huyen|title=Vision Accomplished?: The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan|page=61|isbn=978-0-02-073590-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042300/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of ] in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Fitzsimmons|title=Lugano Review, Volume 2, Issues 4–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 November 2010|year=1975|publisher=J. Fitzsimmons.|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102951/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The VNQDD opposed the government of ] during the Vietnam War.{{Sfn|FitzGerald|1972|p=239}} | |||
| The party dissolved after the ] in 1977 and was later re-founded in 1991 as the ] (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam). | |||
| During the ], the KMT ] crushed a separatist Uyghur ], delivering it a fatal blow at the ]. The Muslim General Ma Hushan pledged allegiance to the KMT and crushed another Uyghur revolt at ].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} | |||
| === Ryukyu Guomindang === | |||
| During the ], the KMT fought against Uyghur separatists and the Soviet Union, and against Mongolia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} | |||
| {{See also|Ryukyu independence movement}} | |||
| The '''Ryukyu Guomindang''' (琉球国民党) was established on 30 November 1958. ] headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party (琉球革命党) which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=石井 |first=明 |date=29 October 2010 |script-title=ja:中国の琉球・沖縄政策 : 琉球・沖縄の帰属問題を中心に |url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |journal=Japan Border Review |language=ja |volume=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.14943/jbr.1.71 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010446/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| === Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp === | |||
| The ] is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. One of these members, the ], dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwanese government after the ].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book|title=Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong|first1=Ming K.|last1=Chan|first2=Alvin Y.|last2=So|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2002|page=142}}</ref> | |||
| == Sponsored organizations == | |||
| ] | |||
| ] founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association ({{zh|labels=no|t=中國回教公會}}).{{Sfn|Lipman|2004|p=266}} | |||
| KMT Muslim General ] was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205035157/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.<ref name="google375">{{cite book|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu|author3=Yasushi Kosugi|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|page=375|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081618/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the ] which was built with funds from the KMT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam in Taiwan|author=Peter G. Gowing|newspaper=Saudi Aramco World|date=July–August 1970|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|archive-date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| The ] (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the ] were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like ] ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during ], and listen to nationalist sermons. | |||
| == Election results == | == Election results == | ||
| ===Presidential elections=== | ===Presidential elections=== | ||
| {|class=wikitable | {|class=wikitable | ||
| |- | |||
| !Election | !Election | ||
| !Candidate | !Candidate | ||
| Line 523: | Line 595: | ||
| !Outcome | !Outcome | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |]{{efn|Other KMT candidates running in this election are not listed.|name=pres}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{N/A}} | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|33 | |||
| |5,522,119 | |||
| |align=right|6.9% | |||
| |38.6% | |||
| |{{No|Defeated}} | |||
| |Defeated {{N}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| | rowspan="5" |]{{efn|name=pres}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|2,430 | |||
| |3,813,365 | |||
| | |
|align=right|90.0% | ||
| |{{Yes|Elected}} | |||
| |Defeated {{N}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| | rowspan="2" |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|1,507 | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|96.9% | |||
| |6,891,139 | |||
| |{{Yes|Elected}} | |||
| |51.6% | |||
| |Elected {{Y}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |align=right|1,481 | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |7,658,724 | |||
| |58.4% | |||
| |Elected {{Y}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| | rowspan="2" |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|1,481 | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |6,423,906 | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |49.8% | |||
| |Defeated {{N}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |align=right|1,308 | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |2,925,513 | |||
| |23.1% | |||
| |Defeated {{N}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| | rowspan="2" |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|1,184 | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |] | ||
| |align=right|1,012 | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| | rowspan="2" |Lee Teng-hui | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|641 | |||
| |align=right|100% | |||
| |{{Yes|Unopposed}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |] | ||
| |5,813,699 | |align=right|5,813,699 | ||
| |54.0% | |align=right|54.0% | ||
| | |
|{{Yes|Elected}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| | rowspan="2" |Lien Chan | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |] | ||
| |align=right|2,925,513 | |||
| |2,430 | |||
| |align=right|23.1% | |||
| |90.03% | |||
| | |
|{{No|Defeated}} | ||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|6,442,452 | |||
| |align=right|49.9% | |||
| |{{No|Defeated}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| | rowspan="2" |] | |||
| |Vincent Siew | |||
| |align=right|7,659,014 | |||
| |align=right|58.5% | |||
| |{{Yes|Elected}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|6,891,139 | |||
| |align=right|51.6% | |||
| |{{Yes|Elected}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|3,813,365 | |||
| |align=right|31.0% | |||
| |{{No|Defeated}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] (] {{small|]}}) | |||
| |align=right|5,522,119 | |||
| |align=right|38.6% | |||
| |{{No|Defeated}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |align=right|4,671,021 | |||
| |align=right|33.5% | |||
| |{{No|Defeated}} | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| {{Notelist}} | |||
| === Legislative elections === | === Legislative elections === | ||
| <!-- Note that the Legislative Yuan is the legislature of the Republic of China only. The members of the Executive Yuan which can form the government of the Republic of China are appointed by the President of the Republic of China and irrelevant to the Legislative Yuan. --> | <!-- Note that the Legislative Yuan is the legislature of the Republic of China only. The members of the Executive Yuan which can form the government of the Republic of China are appointed by the President of the Republic of China and irrelevant to the Legislative Yuan. --> | ||
| {|class=wikitable | {|class=wikitable | ||
| |- | |||
| !Election | !Election | ||
| !Total seats won | !Total seats won | ||
| Line 591: | Line 718: | ||
| !Status | !Status | ||
| !President | !President | ||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|716|759|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |||
| |rowspan="3"|Chiang Kai-shek | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|8|11|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|8|11|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 599: | Line 735: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|Chiang Kai-shek {{KMT/logo}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|41|51|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|41|51|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 610: | Line 745: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|42|52|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|42|52|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 616: | Line 751: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |Yen Chia-kan |
|Yen Chia-kan | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|79|97|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|79|97|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 625: | Line 760: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="3"| Chiang Ching-kuo |
|rowspan="3"| Chiang Ching-kuo | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|83|98|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|83|98|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 636: | Line 771: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|79|100|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|79|100|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 644: | Line 779: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|94|130|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|94|130|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| | | | | ||
| | | | | ||
| Line 650: | Line 785: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="4"|] |
|rowspan="4"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|95|161|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|95|161|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |5,030,725 | |5,030,725 | ||
| |53.0% | |53.0% | ||
| Line 660: | Line 795: | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|85|164|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|85|164|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |4,349,089 | |4,349,089 | ||
| |46.1% | |46.1% | ||
| Line 668: | Line 803: | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !rowspan="2"|] | !rowspan="2"|] | ||
| |rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|123|225|hex={{ |
|rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|123|225|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|4,659,679 | |rowspan="2"|4,659,679 | ||
| |rowspan="2"|46.4% | |rowspan="2"|46.4% | ||
| Line 677: | Line 812: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{yes2|Opposing majority}} | |{{yes2|Opposing majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="4"|] |
|rowspan="4"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|68|225|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|68|225|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |2,949,371 | |2,949,371 | ||
| |31.3% | |31.3% | ||
| Line 687: | Line 822: | ||
| |{{partial|Opposing plurality}} | |{{partial|Opposing plurality}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|79|225|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|79|225|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |3,190,081 | |3,190,081 | ||
| |34.9% | |34.9% | ||
| Line 695: | Line 830: | ||
| |{{partial|Opposing plurality}} | |{{partial|Opposing plurality}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !rowspan="2"|] | !rowspan="2"|] | ||
| |rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|81|113|hex={{ |
|rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|81|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|5,291,512 | |rowspan="2"|5,291,512 | ||
| |rowspan="2"|53.5% | |rowspan="2"|53.5% | ||
| Line 704: | Line 839: | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|] |
|rowspan="2"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|64|113|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|64|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |5,863,379 | |5,863,379 | ||
| |44.5% | |44.5% | ||
| Line 714: | Line 849: | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|35|113|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|35|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |3,280,949 | |3,280,949 | ||
| |26.9% | |26.9% | ||
| Line 721: | Line 856: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{no|Minority}} | |{{no|Minority}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|] |
|rowspan="2"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|38|113|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|38|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |4,723,504 | |4,723,504 | ||
| |33.3% | |33.3% | ||
| Line 730: | Line 865: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{no|Minority}} | |{{no|Minority}} | ||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|52|113|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |4,764,293 | |||
| |34.6% | |||
| |{{increase}} 14 seats | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{partial|Opposing plurality}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| === Local elections === | === Local elections === | ||
| {|class=wikitable | {|class=wikitable | ||
| |- | |||
| !Election | !Election | ||
| !Magistrates and mayors | !Magistrates and mayors | ||
| Line 742: | Line 887: | ||
| !Party leader | !Party leader | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !]<br />{{small| |
!]<br />{{small|provincial}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|2|3|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|91|175|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|83|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|390|2148|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|1120|7744|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| !]<br />{{small|unified}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|6|22|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|386|906|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|80|204|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|538|2137|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|1794|7836|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| !]<br />{{small|municipalities only}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|3|5|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|130|314|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|1195|3757|hex={{Kuomintang/meta/color}}}} | |||
| |] | |rowspan="3"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|8|23|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|522|886|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|236|319|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !]<br />{{small| |
!]<br />{{small|municipal}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|48|96|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|9|23|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|382|897|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|195|319|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|] | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !]<br />{{small| |
!]<br />{{small|municipal}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|32|96|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|32|96|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|14|23|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|408|901|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|173|319|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |rowspan="5"|] | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !]<br />{{small| |
!]<br />{{small|municipal}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|1|2|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|41|96|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|12|17|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|289|587|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|121|211|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !]<br />{{small| |
!]<br />{{small|municipal}} | ||
| |{{composition bar |
|{{composition bar|3|5|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|130|314|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
| |{{composition bar|1195|3757|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{n/a}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| !]<br />{{small|unified}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|6|22|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|386|906|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|80|204|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|538|2137|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|1794|7836|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !]<br />{{small|unified}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|15|22|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|394|912|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|83|204|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|390|2148|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|1120|7744|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| !]<br />{{small|unified}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|14|22|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|367|910|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|76|204|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|294|2139|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |{{composition bar|953|7748|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| === National Assembly elections === | === National Assembly elections === | ||
| {|class=wikitable | {|class=wikitable | ||
| |- | |||
| !Election | !Election | ||
| !Total seats won | !Total seats won | ||
| Line 842: | Line 989: | ||
| !President | !President | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar| |
|{{composition bar|132|274|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}|ref=(Senate)}}{{composition bar|269|596|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}|ref=(House)}} | ||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |1,508,384 | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |38.92% | |||
| |{{decrease}} 66 seats | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{partial|Plurality}} | |||
| | | | | ||
| |] | |||
| |{{Partial|Plurality}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| | {{composition bar|2901|3045|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| | | |||
| |rowspan="3"|] | |||
| |{{Yes|Majority}} | |||
| |rowspan="3"|] | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|15|15|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| | | |||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|43|53|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| | | |||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|61|76|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| | | |||
| |rowspan="2"|] | |||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |||
| |rowspan="2"|] | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|68|84|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| |align=right|? | |||
| | | |||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|254|325|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|254|325|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |6,053,366 | |align=right|6,053,366 | ||
| |69.1% | |align=right|69.1% | ||
| |{{increase}} 186 seats | |{{increase}} 186 seats | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |rowspan="2"|] |
|rowspan="2"|] | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| !] | !] | ||
| |{{composition bar|183|334|hex={{ |
|{{composition bar|183|334|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | ||
| |5,180,829 | |align=right|5,180,829 | ||
| |49.7% | |align=right|49.7% | ||
| |{{decrease}} 71 seats | |{{decrease}} 71 seats | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{yes|Majority}} | |{{yes|Majority}} | ||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{composition bar|117|300|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}} | |||
| |align=right|1,508,384 | |||
| |align=right|38.92% | |||
| |{{decrease}} 66 seats | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{partial|Plurality}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| {{Div col |
{{Div col}} | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| {{Div col end}} | {{Div col end}} | ||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{NoteFoot}} | |||
| ; Words in native languages | |||
| {{Notelist-ur}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{ |
{{reflist}} | ||
| === Sources === | |||
| {{refbegin|30em}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Fenby |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Fenby |url=https://archive.org/details/chiangkaishekchi0000fenb |title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost |date=2005 |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=978-0786714841 |oclc=1029283712}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Bulag |first=Uradyn Erden |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsatchinase0000bula |title=The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Pakula |first=Hannah |title=The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China |title-link=The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China |date=2009 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8 |oclc=310397746}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Lipman |first=Jonathan Neaman |title=Familiar Strangers: a History of Muslims in Northwest China |date=2004 |publisher=] |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-295-97644-0 |doi=10.6069/9780295800554 |jstor=j.ctvbtzmb8 |oclc=36485989 |doi-access=free |jstor-access=free}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=FitzGerald |first=Frances |author-link=Frances FitzGerald (journalist) |title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam |title-link=Fire in the Lake |date=1972 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-15919-7 |oclc=375867}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| == Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
| {{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
| * {{cite book |last1=Bergere |first2=Janet |last2=Lloyd |first1=Marie-Claire |title |
* {{cite book |last1=Bergere |first2=Janet |last2=Lloyd |first1=Marie-Claire |title=Sun Yat-sen |year=2000 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-4011-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00berg}} | ||
| * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title |
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title=Taiwan: A Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4}} | ||
| * John F. Copper. ''The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012'' (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 |
* John F. Copper. ''The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012'' (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 pp. – How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000. | ||
| * Westad, Odd Arne. ''Decisive encounters: the Chinese civil war, 1946–1950'' (Stanford University Press, 2003). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908202747/https://www.amazon.com/Decisive-Encounters-Chinese-1946-1950-Paperback/dp/B00OVMULDY |date=8 September 2021 }} | |||
| {{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| {{Sister project links}} | {{Sister project links}} | ||
| * |
* {{Official website|http://www.kmt.org.tw/}} (Chinese) | ||
| * {{Official website}} (English, inactive since 2020) | |||
| ** | |||
| * ( 31 October 2009) | * ( 31 October 2009) | ||
| * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120041112/http://www.npf.org.tw/ |date=20 January 2017 }}{{in lang|zh}} | |||
| {{Chinese Nationalist Party}} | |||
| {{portalbar|Conservatism|Taiwan|China|Politics}} | |||
| {{Taiwanese political parties}} | |||
| {{Chinese Civil War}} | {{Chinese Civil War}} | ||
| {{Cross-Strait relations}} | |||
| {{Cold War}} | {{Cold War}} | ||
| {{International |
{{International Democracy Union}} | ||
| {{Chinese political parties}} | |||
| {{KMTleaders}} | |||
| {{Taiwanese political parties}} | |||
| {{Warlord era}} | {{Warlord era}} | ||
| {{Chinese Nationalist Party}} | |||
| {{Taiwan topics}} | {{Taiwan topics}} | ||
| {{China topics}} | {{China topics}} | ||
| {{portalbar|Conservatism|Taiwan|China|Politics}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Line 935: | Line 1,137: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:34, 11 January 2025
Taiwanese political party This article is about the party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). For the political party currently active in the People's Republic of China, see Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang. "KMT" redirects here. For other uses, see KMT (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Minkuotang or Kumintang.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kuomintang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Kuomintang 中國國民黨 Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Chungkuo Kuomintang | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Other name | Nationalist Party of China Chinese Nationalist Party |
| Abbreviation | KMT |
| Chairman | Eric Chu |
| Secretary-General | Justin Huang |
| Founder | Sun Yat-sen |
| Founded | 24 November 1894; 130 years ago (1894-11-24) Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii (original form) 10 October 1919; 105 years ago (1919-10-10) Shanghai French Concession (current form) |
| Preceded by |
|
| Headquarters | No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., Zhongshan District, Taipei City 104, Taiwan |
| Newspaper | Central Daily News |
| Think tank | National Policy Foundation |
| Youth wing | Kuomintang Youth League Three Principles of the People Youth League (1938–1947) |
| Education wing | Institute of Revolutionary Practice |
| Military wing | National Revolutionary Army (1925–1947) |
| Paramilitary wing | Blue Shirts Society (1932–1938) |
| Membership (2022) |  451,174 |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing Historical: Big tent |
| National affiliation | Pan-Blue Coalition |
| Regional affiliation | Asia Pacific Democrat Union |
| International affiliation | |
| Colours | Blue |
| Anthem | "Three Principles of the People" |
| Legislative Yuan | 52 / 113 |
| Municipal mayors | 4 / 6 |
| Magistrates/mayors | 10 / 16 |
| Councillors | 367 / 910 |
| Township/city mayors | 83 / 204 |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| kmt.org.tw | |
| Kuomintang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) "Kuomintang (Guómíndǎng)" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國國民黨 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国国民党 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Chinese Nationals' Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abbreviation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國民黨 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国民党 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Nationals' Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tibetan | ཀྲུང་གོའི་གོ་མིན་ཏང | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhuang name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhuang | Cunghgoz Gozminzdangj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Дундадын (Хятадын) Гоминдан (Хувьсгалт Нам) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠭᠣᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠩ (ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uyghur name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uyghur | جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Manchu script | ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romanization | Jungg'o-i G'omindang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Part of a series on the | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of Taiwan | ||||||||||||||||
 | ||||||||||||||||
| Chronological | ||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
| Topical | ||||||||||||||||
| Local | ||||||||||||||||
| Lists | ||||||||||||||||
 Taiwan portal | ||||||||||||||||
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949. The KMT is a centre-right to right-wing party and the largest in the Pan-Blue Coalition, one of the two main political groups in Taiwan. Its primary rival is the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), the largest party in the Pan-Green Coalition. As of 2024, the KMT is the largest single party in the Legislative Yuan. The current chairman is Eric Chu.
The party originated as the Revive China Society founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 in Honolulu. The party underwent reorganization before and after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which resulted in the collapse of the Qing dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), with Sun as the first president. In 1919, Sun re-established the party under the name "Kuomintang" in the Shanghai French Concession. From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek successfully led the Northern Expedition against regional warlords and unified the fragmented nation, leading to the fall of the Beiyang government. After a period of alliance with the communists, the right wing of the party led by Chiang Kai-shek took power and purged the Communist Party members. The KMT was the sole ruling party of the ROC in China from 1928 to 1949, however the party had no actual control over a lot of territory during this period due to the civil war with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the war against Japanese aggression. The party retreated to Taiwan in December 1949, following its defeat by the communists in the civil war.
From 1949 to 1987, the KMT ruled Taiwan as an authoritarian one-party state after the February 28 incident. During this period, martial law was in effect and civil liberties were curtailed as part of its anti-communism efforts, with the period known as the White Terror. The party oversaw Taiwan's economic development, but experienced diplomatic setbacks, including the ROC losing its United Nations seat and most countries, including its ally the US, switching diplomatic recognition to the CCP-led People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son, lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties. His successor Lee Teng-hui continued democratic reforms and was re-elected in 1996 through a direct presidential election, the first time in the ROC history. The 2000 presidential election ended 72 years of KMT's dominance in the ROC. The KMT reclaimed power from 2008 to 2016, with the landslide victory of Ma Ying-jeou in the 2008 presidential election, whose presidency significantly loosened restrictions on economic and cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China. The KMT lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the 2016 election, but regained a legislative plurality in the 2024 election.
The KMT is a member of the International Democracy Union. The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, advocated by Sun Yat-sen and organized on a basis of democratic centralism. As the KMT strongly supports the ROC as the only representative of China, it strongly opposes both Chinese unification under the PRC and formal Taiwan independence. As the KMT opposes non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes while still strongly adhering to the ROC constitution, the party favors a closer relationship with the PRC and accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations. It seeks to maintain Taiwan's status quo rather than the formal independence or the unification.
History
Main article: History of the KuomintangFounding and Sun Yat-sen era
.jpg)
The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of Sun Yat-sen, a proponent of Chinese nationalism and democracy who founded the Revive China Society at the capital of the Republic of Hawaii, Honolulu, on 24 November 1894. On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with other anti-monarchist societies in Tokyo, Empire of Japan, to form the Tongmenghui, a group committed to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and to establish a republic in China.
.jpg)
The group supported the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912. Although Sun and the Tongmenghui are often depicted as the principal organizers of the Xinhai Revolution, this view is disputed by scholars who argue that the Revolution broke out in a leaderless and decentralized way and that Sun was only later elected provisional president of the new Chinese republic. However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the provisional presidency of the republic to Yuan Shikai, who arranged for the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor, on 12 February.
On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the Huguang Guild Hall in Beijing, where the Tongmenghui and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections. Sun was chosen as the party chairman with Huang Xing as his deputy.
The most influential member of the party was the third ranking Song Jiaoren, who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed constitutional monarchists and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first National Assembly election in December 1912.
However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the Second Revolution in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the parliament. Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914.
Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period.
Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at Canton to oppose the Beiyang government but was soon forced out of office and exiled to Shanghai. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China (中國國民黨) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920.
In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the Soviet Union after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was Mikhail Borodin, an agent of the Comintern—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), establishing a Leninist party structure that lasted into the 1990s. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the First United Front between the two parties. Mao Zedong and early members of the CCP also joined the KMT in 1923.
Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the Tongmenghui days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the first party congress in 1924 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CCP, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood.
Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China
When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to Wang Jingwei ("Reorganization Group") and Hu Hanmin ("Western Hills Group"), respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the Whampoa Military Academy. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of Guangdong. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the warlord Beiyang government based in Beijing.
Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through Hong Kong and Japan under the Meiji Restoration, Chiang knew relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was firmly rooted in his ancient Han Chinese identity and was steeped in Chinese culture. As his life progressed, he became increasingly attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-ancient Chinese outlook and he studied the ancient Chinese classics and ancient Chinese history assiduously. In 1923, after the formation of the First United Front, Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union. Although Chiang did not follow the Soviet Communist doctrine, he, like the Communist Party, sought to destroy warlordism and foreign imperialism in China, and upon his return established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou, following the Soviet Model.
Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the Chinese mainland and after the national government relocated to Taiwan.
Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the Northern Expedition to defeat the northern warlords and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the Nationalist Government appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), and the Northern Expedition to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months.
A split erupted between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of Wuhan in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanjing in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the Shanghai massacre on 12 April, led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.
During the Nanjing incident in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, the United Kingdom and Imperial Japan, looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed. These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars' worth of British concessions in Hankou, refusing to hand them back to the UK government. Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanjing.
NRA took Beijing in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty, and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the Nanjing decade.
After the Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the unequal treaties signed between the foreign powers and the Qing dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.
Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized one-party state with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the Central Plains War. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in Gansu waged war against the Guominjun in favor of the KMT during the conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930.
In 1931, Japanese aggression resumed with the Mukden Incident and occupation of Manchuria, and the CCP founded the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) in Jiangxi while secretly recruiting within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by the expansion of communist influence; he wanted to suppress internal conflicts before confronting foreign aggression. The KMT were aided by German military advisors. The CSR was destroyed in 1934 after a series of KMT offensives. The communists abandoned bases in southeast China for Shaanxi in a military retreat called the Long March; less than 10% of the communist army survived. A new base, the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, was created with Soviet aid.
KMT secret police persecuted suspected communists and political opponents with terror. In The Birth of Communist China, C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."
In 1936, Chiang was kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang in the Xi'an Incident and forced into the Second United Front, an anti-Japanese alliance with the CCP; the Second Sino-Japanese War started the following year. The alliance brought little coordination and was treated as a temporary cease fire in the civil war. The New Fourth Army Incident in 1941 ended the alliance.
Japan surrendered in 1945, and Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CCP. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied Manchuria, the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CCP to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies.
Full-scale civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the Chinese gold yuan in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CCP's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CCP a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from hyperinflation, widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with US government. US President Harry S. Truman wrote that "the Chiangs, the Kungs and the Soongs (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.
At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CCP side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CCP in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.
By the end of 1949, the CCP controlled almost all of mainland China, as the KMT retreated to Taiwan with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces and refugees. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (also known as the Left Kuomintang), which still currently exists as one of the eight minor registered parties of the People's Republic of China.
In Taiwan: 1945–present
| This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kuomintang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the Penghu islands, became a Japanese colony via the Treaty of Shimonoseki following the First Sino-Japanese War.
After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, General Order No. 1 instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general Chen Yi acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as Taiwan Retrocession Day.
Tensions between the local Taiwanese and mainlanders from mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in Taipei when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer in front of Tianma Tea House triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the ROC Army in the February 28 Incident. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "White Terror", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in the death or disappearance of over 30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.
Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that Kinmen and Matsu had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the Battle of Guningtou on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarters were set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road. In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion. The provision declared martial law in Taiwan and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the CCP. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also initiated the Project National Glory to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts.
However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CCP full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the National Revolutionary Army during the KMT Islamic insurgency in 1950–1958 in mainland China. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in Nanjing, that were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government, actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained China's seat in the United Nations until 1971 as well as recognition by the United States until 1979.
Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved relations between Taiwan and the mainland and created the Taiwan economic miracle. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the National Assembly.
Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement Tangwai ("outside the KMT") created the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's democratization.
Martial law ceased in 1987 and the President Lee Teng-hui terminated the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion in 1991. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. Lee Teng-hui, the ROC's first democratically elected president and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with Taiwan independence.
The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the New Party in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the 2000 presidential election. Upset at the choice of Lien Chan as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General James Soong launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the People First Party (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward Chinese unification. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001.
Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the December 2001 legislative elections and lost its position as the largest party in the Legislative Yuan. However, the party did well in the 2002 local government mayoral and council election with Ma Ying-jeou, its candidate for Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate for Kaohsiung mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated electoral strategies. In 2004, the KMT and PFP ran a joint presidential ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice-president.
The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President Chen Shui-bian by merely over 30,000 votes was a bitter disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for several weeks protesting alleged electoral fraud and the "odd circumstances" of the shooting of President Chen. However, the fortunes of the party were greatly improved when the KMT did well in the legislative elections held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan achieving a majority for the Pan-Blue Coalition.
Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First Party and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, James Soong appeared to be reconciling with President Chen Shui-Bian and the Democratic Progressive Party. Many PFP members including legislators and municipal leaders have since defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party.
In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker Wang Jin-pyng in the first public election for KMT chairmanship. The KMT won a decisive victory in the 3-in-1 local elections of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and Kaohsiung in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of Kaohsiung by the slim margin of 1,100 votes.
On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC president. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the Republic of China presidential election on 22 March 2008. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman Ma Ying-jeou to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, with vice-presidential candidate Vincent Siew, and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the 2008 legislative elections, winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the Legislative Yuan. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans.
On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the chairmanship election. On 26 July, Ma won 93.9% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT, taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.
On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the local election to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in 2009 and 2010. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman Wu Den-yih. Chairmanship election was held on 17 January 2015 and Eric Chu was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February. In September 2021, Kuomintang elected its former leader (in office 2015–2016), veteran politician Eric Chu, as its new leader to replace Johnny Chiang (in office 2020–2021). In January 2024, no party won a majority in Taiwan's legislative election for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.
Current issues and challenges
Party assets
Upon arriving in Taiwan the KMT occupied assets previously owned by the Japanese and forced local businesses to make contributions directly to the KMT. Some of this real estate and other assets was distributed to party loyalists, but most of it remained with the party, as did the profits generated by the properties.
As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion. Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "black gold").
After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the 2004 presidential election that the KMT retained assets that were illegally acquired. During the 2000–2008 DPP presidency, a law was proposed by the DPP in the Legislative Yuan to recover illegally acquired party assets and return them to the government. However, due to the DPP's lack of control of the legislative chamber at the time, it never materialized.
The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman Ma Ying-Jeou's position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed.
In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in Taipei to Evergreen Group for NT$2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.
In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.
In August 2016, the Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the martial law period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.
Supporter base
Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.
The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among mainlanders and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among Taiwanese aboriginals. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-Hakka and Mandarin-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the Hokkien-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the Democratic Progressive Party.
The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT. Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for Ma Ying-jeou. In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader Mona Rudao at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.
On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on same-sex marriage, though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the 2020 presidential candidate Han Kuo-yu oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and people in the Taipei metropolitan area. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from Christian groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.
Organization
.jpg)
.JPG)
Leadership
The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president.
Current Central Committee Leadership
Further information: Chairman of the Kuomintang and Secretary-General of the Kuomintang| Position | Name(s) |
|---|---|
| Chairman | Eric Chu |
| Vice Chairpersons | Huang Min-hui, Andrew Hsia, Sean Lien |
| Secretary-General | Justin Huang |
| Deputy Secretaries-General | Chiang Chun-ting [zh] (full-time), Wang Yu-min [zh] (full-time), Lee Yen-hsiu, Hsieh Yi-fong, Alex Fai |
| Policy Committee Executive Director | Tseng Ming-chung |
| Organizational Development Committee [zh] Director | Hsu Yu-chen |
| Culture and Communications Committee [zh] Director | Ling Tao [zh] |
| Administration Committee Director | Chiu Da-chan [zh] |
| Party Disciplinary Committee [zh] Director | Lee Guei-min [zh] |
| Institute of Revolutionary Practice Director | Lin Yi-hua [zh] |
Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)
- Hong Yuh-chin [zh] (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)
- Tseng Yung-chuan (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)
- Lin Yi-shih (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)
- Lin Hung-chih (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)
- Alex Fai (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)
- Lai Shyh-bao (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)
- Liao Kuo-tung (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)
- Lin Te-fu (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018)
- Johnny Chiang (14 June 2018 – 2019)
- Tseng Ming-chung (2019 – 2020)
- Lin Wei-chou [zh] (2020 – 2021)
- Alex Fai (2021 – 2022)
- Tseng Ming-chung (2022 – present)
Party organization and structure
The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a Leninist principle of democratic centralism:
- National Congress
- Party chairman
- Vice-chairmen
- Central Committee [zh]
- Central Steering Committee for Women
- Central Standing Committee
- Secretary-General
- Deputy Secretaries-General
- Executive Director
- Party chairman
Standing committees and departments
- Policy Committee
- Policy Coordination Department
- Policy Research Department
- Mainland Affairs Department
- Institute of Revolutionary Practice, formerly National Development Institute
- Kuomintang Youth League
- Research Division
- Education and Counselling Division
- Party Disciplinary Committee
- Evaluation and Control Office
- Audit Office
- Culture and Communications Committee
- Cultural Department
- Communications Department
- KMT Party History Institute
- Administration Committee
- Personnel Office
- General Office
- Finance Office
- Accounting Office
- Information Center
- Organizational Development Committee
- Organization and Operations Department
- Elections Mobilization Department
- Community Volunteers Department
- Overseas Department
- Youth Department
- Women's Department
Party charter
The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions. The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019.
Factions
- “Mainlander” faction (外省派) - Ma Ying-jeou, Eric Chu
- “Taiwanese” faction (本土派) - Hou You-yi , Johnny Chiang
- Huang Fu-hsing faction (黃復興) - Hau Pei-tsun
Ideology in mainland China
Main article: History of the Kuomintang| Part of a series on |
| Three Principles of the People |
|---|
 |
Principles
|
| History |
| Parties |
| Organisations |
| People |
| Outside of mainland China |
| Related ideologies |
| Related topics |
Chinese nationalism
See also: Chinese nationalism § State nationalismThe KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism.
The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words feudal and counterrevolutionary as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be revolutionaries. Chiang called the warlords feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT. Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations. Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".
Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States. He and his New Life Movement called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a CC Clique member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".
KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general Ma Bufang of Qinghai presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against Western imperialism to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.
Fascist influences
The Blue Shirts Society, a fascist paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti-foreign and anti-communist, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism. In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence. Close Sino-German ties also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism. It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism. Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".
According to Stanley Payne, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class populist or 'nation-building' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism (except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired European fascism and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism." The Sino-German relationship also rapidly deteriorated as Germany failed to pursue a détente between China and Japan, which led to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. China later declared war on fascist countries, including Germany, Italy, and Japan, as part of the Declarations of war during World War II and Chiang, the head of the KMT, became the most powerful "anti-fascist" leader in Asia.
Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique
The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the New Guangxi Clique of Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren, implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General Bai Chongxi led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.
The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique.
Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation
Main articles: Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang and Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps UprisingThe KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.
One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as social welfare as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker Henry George, (see Georgism) the land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.
The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.
The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General". Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.
The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of Whampoa Military Academy graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.
The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and reactionary, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent comprador trader.
The merchants were supported by the Western powers, who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT. The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee. The British Communist Party sent a letter to Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.
In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the proletariat.
As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster Du Yuesheng was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by H.H. Kung and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was Soong Ai-ling, the sister of Soong Mei-ling who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.
The KMT also promotes government-owned corporations. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People.
"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."
The KMT Muslim Governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui, promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.
Corporations such as CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.
Marxists also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CCP, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and was in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the KMT opposed the CCP ideology. The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with Chiang Kai-shek formed the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang when the KMT was on the edge of defeat in the civil war and later joined the government of the CCP.
Confucianism and religion in its ideology
The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.
The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the May Fourth Movement. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and Sun Yat-sen criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.
The KMT also incorporated Confucianism in its jurisprudence. It pardoned Shi Jianqiao for murdering Sun Chuanfang, because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of filial piety to one's parents in Confucianism. The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.
In response to the Cultural Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.
Education
The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's Three Principles of the People were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.
Soviet-style military
Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Armed Forces, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute. Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.
Anti-communism
See also: Anti-communism in China § Republic of China (1912–1949)Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the COMINTERN (Soviet Union) and pursuing a communist revolution to overthrow the Republic of China . On 12 April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in what was known as the Shanghai massacre which led to the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Nationalist government then led 5 military campaigns in order to wipe out Chinese Soviet Republic, a Soviet-puppet state established by the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, the Kuomintang was successful, eventually forcing the Chinese Communist Party to escape on a long march until a full-scale invasion of China by Japan forced both the Nationalists and the Communists into an alliance. After the war, the two parties were thrown back into a civil war. The Kuomintang were defeated in the mainland and escaped in exile to Taiwan while the rest of mainland China became Communist in 1949.
Policy on ethnic minorities
Further information: List of ethnic groups in China, Zhonghua minzu, and Xinjiang conflictFormer KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the Zhonghua minzu (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true. In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.
The KMT retained the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.
The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like Al-Azhar University and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims. KMT Muslim Warlord Ma Bufang built a girls' school for Muslim girls in Linxia City which taught modern secular education.
Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang allowed them to participate.
Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. Ma Chengxiang was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.
The KMT incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among Hui people and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.
Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of Xinjiang by the KMT, as was the Tatar Burhan Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.
The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the Ma Bufang Mansion along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.
General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims. This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members. Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the KMT flag and the flag of the Republic of China.
The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.
In 1939, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Turkey and Syria to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra, they asked him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications. Ma Tianying (馬天英) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.
Anti-separatism
The KMT, being anti-separatist, claims sovereignty over Outer Mongolia and Tuva as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.
KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the Sino-Tibetan War with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of Golog seven times during the KMT Pacification of Qinghai, eliminating thousands of Tibetans.
General Ma Fuxiang, the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:
Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.
Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.
Ideology in Taiwan
Anti-communism
See also: Anti-communism in China § Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present)On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the February 28 incident and the government began the White Terror in Taiwan in order to purge communist spies and prevent Chinese communist subversion. While in Taiwan, the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang remained anti-communist and attempted to recover the mainland from the Communist forces. During the Cold War, Taiwan was referred to as Free China while the China on the mainland was known as Red China or Communist China in the West, to mark the ideological difference between the capitalist 'Free World' and the communist nations. The ROC government under the Kuomintang also actively supported anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia and around the world. This effort did not cease until the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. The Kuomintang continued to be anti-communist during the period of Chiang Chin-kuo. Contacts between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party have started since 1990s to re-establish Cross-Strait relations. Even though anti-communism is written under Kuomintang's party charter, the modern Kuomintang is now seen as PRC-friendly, with both sides having a common opposition to Taiwanese nationalism.
Three Principles of the People
Main article: Three Principles of the PeopleSun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on Three Principles of the People, namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan. The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the ROC Constitution, but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.
Chinese democracy
The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo advocated Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in Kinmen today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China.
Cross-Strait relations
A Chinese nationalist party, the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is strongly opposed to formal Taiwanese independence and the party also holds that the ROC is the sole legitimate representative of all of China. It favors a closer relationship with the PRC and the CCP, though it also opposes Chinese unification under the "One country, two systems" framework of the PRC. It opposes any non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes. The party also accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations. Although the KMT's long-term goal is to unify China under the ROC, the party advocates maintaining the status quo of Taiwan.
Chinese conservatism
 | The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In modern Taiwanese politics, the Kuomintang is seen as a centre-right to right-wing political party. The Kuomintang believes in the values associated with conservatism. The Kuomintang has a strong tradition of defending the established institutions of the Republic of China, such as defending Constitution of the Republic of China, defending the five branches of government (modeled on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of Three Principles of the People), espousing the One-China policy as a vital component for the Republic of China (ROC)'s international security and economic development, as opposed to Taiwanization. The Kuomintang claims to have a strong tradition of fighting to defend, preserve and revive traditional Chinese culture and religious freedom as well as advocating for Confucian values, economic liberalism and anti-communism. The KMT still sees the Republic of China in Taiwan as presenting the true cultural China which has preserved Chinese culture, as compared to the People's Republic of China which had experienced Chinese cultural destruction during the Cultural Revolution.
Some Kuomintang conservatives see traditional social or family values as being threatened by liberal values and oppose same-sex marriage. KMT conservatives are also typically against the abolishment of capital punishment, arguing the need to maintain deterrence against harsh crimes. Conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. In terms of education policy, KMT policies advocate increasing more Classical Chinese content in Chinese education and Chinese history content in order to reinforce Chinese cultural identity, as opposed to de-sinicization attempts by advocates of Taiwan independence who typically decrease Classical Chinese and Chinese history content in schools in order to achieve Taiwanization.
Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang
Malaysian Chinese Association
The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the Malayan Communist Party, supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.
Tibet Improvement Party
Main article: Tibet Improvement PartyThe Tibet Improvement Party was founded by Pandatsang Rapga, a pro-ROC and pro-KMT Khampa revolutionary, who worked against the 14th Dalai Lama's Tibetan Government in Lhasa. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Heather Stoddard. He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an autonomous Republic within the ROC. Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government. The KMT was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government.
Vietnamese Nationalist Party
Main article: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
The KMT assisted the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng party which translates literally into Chinese (越南國民黨; Yuènán Guómíndǎng) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro Chinese. The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti-imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of Indochina and against the Vietnamese Communist Party. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training.
The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League. When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches. The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT. The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. Lu Han, a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.
The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General Zhang Fakui (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party. The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyễn Hải Thần. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.
A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyễn Hải Thần, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China. General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of Tonkin in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support. The VNQDD opposed the government of Ngo Dinh Diem during the Vietnam War.
The party dissolved after the Fall of Saigon in 1977 and was later re-founded in 1991 as the People's Action Party of Vietnam (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam).
Ryukyu Guomindang
See also: Ryukyu independence movementThe Ryukyu Guomindang (琉球国民党) was established on 30 November 1958. Tsugumasa Kiyuna headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party (琉球革命党) which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.
Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp
The pro-ROC camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. One of these members, the 123 Democratic Alliance, dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwanese government after the 2000 presidential election.
Sponsored organizations
Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association (中國回教公會).
KMT Muslim General Bai Chongxi was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation. The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.
The Chinese Muslim Association was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the Taipei Grand Mosque which was built with funds from the KMT.
The Yihewani (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the Xidaotang were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like Hu Songshan ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons.
Election results
Presidential elections
| Election | Candidate | Running mate | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | Sun Yat-sen | — | 33 | 6.9% | Defeated |
| 1948 | Chiang Kai-shek | Li Zongren | 2,430 | 90.0% | Elected |
| 1954 | Chen Cheng | 1,507 | 96.9% | Elected | |
| 1960 | 1,481 | 100% | Unopposed | ||
| 1966 | Yen Chia-kan | 1,481 | 100% | Unopposed | |
| 1972 | 1,308 | 100% | Unopposed | ||
| 1978 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Hsieh Tung-min | 1,184 | 100% | Unopposed |
| 1984 | Lee Teng-hui | 1,012 | 100% | Unopposed | |
| 1990 | Lee Teng-hui | Lee Yuan-tsu | 641 | 100% | Unopposed |
| 1996 | Lien Chan | 5,813,699 | 54.0% | Elected | |
| 2000 | Lien Chan | Vincent Siew | 2,925,513 | 23.1% | Defeated |
| 2004 | James Soong ( PFP)
|
6,442,452 | 49.9% | Defeated | |
| 2008 | Ma Ying-jeou | Vincent Siew | 7,659,014 | 58.5% | Elected |
| 2012 | Wu Den-yih | 6,891,139 | 51.6% | Elected | |
| 2016 | Eric Chu | Wang Ju-hsuan ( Ind.)
|
3,813,365 | 31.0% | Defeated |
| 2020 | Han Kuo-yu | Chang San-cheng ( Ind.)
|
5,522,119 | 38.6% | Defeated |
| 2024 | Hou Yu-ih | Jaw Shaw-kong | 4,671,021 | 33.5% | Defeated |
Legislative elections
| Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Changes | Election leader | Status | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 716 / 759 | Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | Chiang Kai-shek | |||
| 1969 | 8 / 11 | Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | ||||
| 1972 | 41 / 51 | Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | ||||
| 1975 | 42 / 52 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Yen Chia-kan | |||
| 1980 | 79 / 97 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Chiang Ching-kuo | |||
| 1983 | 83 / 98 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | ||||
| 1986 | 79 / 100 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | ||||
| 1989 | 94 / 130 | Lee Teng-hui | Majority | Lee Teng-hui | |||
| 1992 | 95 / 161 | 5,030,725 | 53.0% |  7 seats
|
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
| 1995 | 85 / 164 | 4,349,089 | 46.1% | 12 seats
|
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
| 1998 | 123 / 225 | 4,659,679 | 46.4% | 7 seats (adjusted) |
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
| Opposing majority | Chen Shui-bian | ||||||
| 2001 | 68 / 225 | 2,949,371 | 31.3% | 46 seats
|
Lien Chan | Opposing plurality | |
| 2004 | 79 / 225 | 3,190,081 | 34.9% | 11 seats
|
Lien Chan | Opposing plurality | |
| 2008 | 81 / 113 | 5,291,512 | 53.5% | 41 seats (adjusted) |
Wu Po-hsiung | Opposing majority | |
| Majority | Ma Ying-jeou | ||||||
| 2012 | 64 / 113 | 5,863,379 | 44.5% | 17 seats
|
Ma Ying-jeou | Majority | |
| 2016 | 35 / 113 | 3,280,949 | 26.9% | 29 seats
|
Eric Chu | Minority | Tsai Ing-wen |
| 2020 | 38 / 113 | 4,723,504 | 33.3% | 3 seats
|
Wu Den-yih | Minority | |
| 2024 | 52 / 113 | 4,764,293 | 34.6% | 14 seats
|
Eric Chu | Opposing plurality | Lai Ching-te |
Local elections
| Election | Magistrates and mayors | Councillors | Township/city mayors | Township/city council representatives | Village chiefs | Party leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 provincial |
2 / 3 | 91 / 175 | — | — | — | Lee Teng-hui |
| 1997 | 8 / 23 | 522 / 886 | 236 / 319 | — | — | |
| 1998 municipal |
1 / 2 | 48 / 96 | — | — | — | |
| 2001 | 9 / 23 | 382 / 897 | 195 / 319 | — | — | Lien Chan |
| 2002 municipal |
1 / 2 | 32 / 96 | — | — | — | |
| 2005 | 14 / 23 | 408 / 901 | 173 / 319 | — | — | Ma Ying-jeou |
| 2006 municipal |
1 / 2 | 41 / 96 | — | — | — | |
| 2009 | 12 / 17 | 289 / 587 | 121 / 211 | — | — | |
| 2010 municipal |
3 / 5 | 130 / 314 | — | — | 1,195 / 3,757 | |
| 2014 unified |
6 / 22 | 386 / 906 | 80 / 204 | 538 / 2,137 | 1,794 / 7,836 | |
| 2018 unified |
15 / 22 | 394 / 912 | 83 / 204 | 390 / 2,148 | 1,120 / 7,744 | Wu Den-yih |
| 2022 unified |
14 / 22 | 367 / 910 | 76 / 204 | 294 / 2,139 | 953 / 7,748 | Eric Chu |
National Assembly elections
| Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Changes | Party leader | Status | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 132 / 274(Senate)269 / 596(House) | ? | ? | Sung Chiao-jen | Plurality | Yuan Shikai | |
| 1947 | 2,901 / 3,045 | ? | ? | Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | Chiang Kai-shek | |
| 1969 | 15 / 15 | ? | ? | Majority | |||
| 1972 | 43 / 53 | ? | ? | Majority | |||
| 1980 | 61 / 76 | ? | ? | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Chiang Ching-kuo | |
| 1986 | 68 / 84 | ? | ? | Majority | |||
| 1991 | 254 / 325 | 6,053,366 | 69.1% | 186 seats
|
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | Lee Teng-hui |
| 1996 | 183 / 334 | 5,180,829 | 49.7% | 71 seats
|
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
| 2005 | 117 / 300 | 1,508,384 | 38.92% | 66 seats
|
Lien Chan | Plurality | Chen Shui-bian |
See also
- Elections in Taiwan
- Index of Taiwan-related articles
- Military of the Republic of China
- One nation, two states
- Whampoa Military Academy
Notes
- Words in native languages
References
- ^ "Wishing China's Communist Party a happy birthday". 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Taiwan – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- "Kuomintang Official Website". Kuomintang. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- Wakeman, Frederic (2003). "Ideological Rivalries: The Blue Shirts and the "CC" Clique". In Wakeman, Frederic (ed.). Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. University of California Press. pp. 98–109. doi:10.1525/california/9780520234079.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-520-23407-9. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- "最大在野黨實力！ 國民黨資產202億、黨員45萬人". NOWnews. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^
- "New face for KMT in Taiwan". The Australian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP...
- Qi, Dongtao (11 November 2013). "Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012". The China Quarterly. 216: 1018–1044. doi:10.1017/S0305741013001124. S2CID 154336295.
Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.
- Shim, Jaemin (2018). "Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan". GIGA Focus | Asia (5). German Institute for Global and Area Studies. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- "New face for KMT in Taiwan". The Australian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^
- Fell, Dafydd (2005). Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. Routledge. pp. 98, 117. ISBN 1-134-24021-X.
- Rigger, Shelley (2016). "Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections". Orbis. 60 (4): 408–503. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her.
- Yoshiyuki Ogasawara (12 December 2019). "Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
These supporters, called 'Han maniacs,' elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support.
- Congress, United States (19 April 1947). "Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress". U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via Google Books.
- Laws, United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security (19 April 1970). "The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China". U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
- M. Troy Burnett, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4408-5000-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
The center-right Pan-Blue Coalition, led by the KMT, maintains that the ROC is the sole legitimate government for all of China (including Taiwan) and that the aim of the government should be the eventual reunification of the mainland ...
- "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015.
- "Brill's Encyclopedia of China". referenceworks.brillonline.com. 10 November 2008. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- See (Chinese) "Major Events in KMT" History Official Site of the KMT Archived 26 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine last accessed 30 August 2009
- Spence, Jonathan (2012). The Search for Modern China (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton. pp. 249–254. ISBN 978-0-393-93451-9.
- Wright, Mary Clabaugh (4 September 2009). Introduction, China in Revolution. Yale University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-300-01460-0. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- Strand, David (2002). "Chapter 2: Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium". In Goldman, Merle; Perry, Elizabeth (eds.). Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-674-00766-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
- Hugh Chisholm (1922). Hugh Chisholm (ed.). The Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. p. 658. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- Hugh Chisholm (1922). The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes"). The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. p. 658. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ Fenby 2005, p. 413.
- ^ "Nationalist China". Washington State University. 6 June 1996. Archived from the original on 6 September 2006.
- Bowblis, J. "China in the 20th Century". Kings College History. King's College History Department. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- "Foreign News: NANKING". Time. 4 April 1927. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- "China: Japan & France". Time. 11 April 1927. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- Beede, R. Benjamin (1994). The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis Publishing. p. 355. ISBN 0-8240-5624-8.
- "CHINA: Nationalist Notes". Time. 25 June 1928. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- C.P. Fitzgerald, The Birth of Communist China, Penguin Books, 1964, pp. 106. (ISBN 978-0140206944)
- Wesley Marvin Bagby (1992). The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II. University of Delaware Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-87413-418-6.
- "Ceremonies held to commemorate 228 Incident victims (2014/02/28)" Archived 11 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. englishnews.ftv.com.tw.
- "Party's History". Kuomintang. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
Following the government of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang relocates to Taiwan. Kuomintang Party headquarters are set up at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.
- Riedl, Rachel Beatty; Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph; Ziblatt, Daniel (2020). "Authoritarian-Led Democratization". Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 315–332. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732.
- President Ma elected KMT chairman – CNA ENGLISH NEWS
- Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou registers for KMT leadership race Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine – eTaiwan News
- "Polls open for 9-in-1 local government elections". 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- "Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- "No party gets majority in Legislature; KMT wins most seats - Focus Taiwan". Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. 13 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- Anaforian, Daniel (21 April 2021). "KMT Assets a Barrier to Party Reform and Electoral Success". Global Taiwan Brief. Global Taiwan Institute. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- Xu, Dianqing (May 1997). "The KMT Party's Enterprises in Taiwan". Modern Asian Studies. 31 (2): 399–413. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00014359. S2CID 143714126.
- "Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink". Economist. 6 December 2001. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
- Mo, Yan-chih. "KMT headquarters sold for NT$2.3bn Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Taipei Times. Thursday 23 March 2006. Page 1. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- 2014-07-24, KMT is again 'world's richest party' Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times
- Tai, Ya-chen; Hsieh, Chia-chen; Hsu, Elizabeth (31 August 2016). "Commission to investigate KMT assets launched". Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- "Taiwan's once-powerful Kuomintang faces make-or-break moment". The Mainichi. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. ISBN 978-3-531-94303-9.
- Simon 2011 Archived 20 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 28.
- "The Enlightened Mindset - Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding" 國民黨紀念光復稱莫那魯道抗日英雄. Lihpao (in Traditional Chinese). 26 October 2005. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- Agence France-Presse in Taipei (18 December 2015). "Taiwan pins same-sex marriage hopes on political change". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- "僑團史略". 中國國民黨駐羅省分部 (in Chinese (Taiwan)).
- "Kuomintang News Network". Kmt.org.tw. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- "Kuomintang News Network". www1.kmt.org.tw. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- "KMT Factional Divisions and their Implications for the 2024 Election". 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- Edgar Snow (2008). Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army. Read Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4437-3673-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju. Westview Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8133-1825-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Kai-shek Chiang; Philip Jacob Jaffe (1947). Philip Jacob Jaffe (ed.). China's Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory. Roy Publishers. p. 225. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Simei Qing (2007). From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1945–1960. Harvard University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-674-02344-4. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew (2007). China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory. Read Books. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4067-5838-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong; Zhaohui Hong (1998). Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations. University Press of America. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-7618-1158-9. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju. Westview Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-8133-1825-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Bulag 2002, p. 50.
- ^ Fenby 2005, p. 504.
- Bulag 2002, p. 48.
- Bulag 2002, p. 49.
- Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. University of California Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-520-23407-9. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Fenby 2005, p. 414.
- Schoppa, R. Keith. The Revolution and Its Past Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." The China Quarterly 150: 395–432.
- Payne, Stanley (2021). A History of Fascism 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0299148744. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- Guido Samarani, ed. (2005). Shaping the Future of Asia: Chiang Kai-shek, Nehru and China-India Relations During the Second World War Period. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University.
- Diana Lary (1974). Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925–1937. Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-521-20204-6. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1930). "The Three Principles of the Kuomintang". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 152: 262–265. doi:10.1177/000271623015200130. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1016560. S2CID 220853814.
- Arif Dirlik (2005). The Marxism in the Chinese Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7425-3069-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs, University of Southern California. School of Politics and International Relations (1988). Studies in comparative communism, Volume 21. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 134. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010. - Pakula 2009, p. 346.
- Jay Taylor (2000). The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan. Harvard University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-674-00287-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Fenby 2005, p. 71.
- ^ Pakula 2009, p. 128.
- Fenby 2005, p. 72.
- Fenby 2005, p. 73.
- Fenby 2005, p. 485.
- Fenby 2005, p. 486.
- Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies," 19
- A. Doak Barnett (1968). China on the Eve of Communist Takeover. Praeger. p. 190. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia; Harbans Mukhia (1985). Feudalism and non-European Societies. Psychology Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7146-3245-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju. Westview Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8133-1825-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Hans J. Van de Ven (2003). War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945. Psychology Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-415-14571-8. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers; Ramon H. Myers (1998). The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8018-5650-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Kai-shek Chiang (1946). President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages, 1937–1945. China Cultural Service. p. 137. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Joseph T. Chen (1971). The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in Modern China. Brill Archive. p. 13. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Eugenia Lean (2007). Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-520-24718-5. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Eugenia Lean (2007). Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China. University of California Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-520-24718-5. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
-
De Bary, William Theodore; Lufrano, Richard John, eds. (2001). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century. Introduction to Asian civilizations. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-231-11271-0. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
The meaning of Li, Yi, Lian, and Chi li, yi, lian, and chi have always been regarded as the foundations of the nation they may be interpreted as follows: Li means 'regulated attitude.' Yi means 'right conduct.' Lian means 'clear discrimination.' Chi means 'real self-consciousness.'
- Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman; David S.G. Goodman (2002). China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7007-1630-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- Jay Taylor (2000). The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan. Harvard University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-674-00287-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Peter R. Moody (1977). Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China. Hoover Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8179-6771-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Nancy Bernkopf Tucker (1983). Patterns in the dust: Chinese–American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-231-05362-2. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Wilbur, Nationalist Revolution 114
- Murray A. Rubinstein (1994). The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present. M.E. Sharpe. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-56324-193-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers; Burton F. Beers (1971). The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970). Prentice-Hall. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-13-302976-5. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Cheong Ching (2001). Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism. World Scientific. p. 188. ISBN 978-981-02-4486-6. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Lipman 2004, p. 266.
- Masumi, Matsumoto. "The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui; Jingjun Shui (2000). The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own. Routledge. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-7007-1302-8. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ Bulag 2002, p. 273.
- Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz; Paul Pickowicz (2007). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-674-02616-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- David D. Wang (1999). Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. 577. ISBN 978-962-201-831-0. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Bulag 2002, p. 51.
- Fenby 2005, p. 325.
- Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai (1942). Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11. The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan. p. 1626. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Aliya Ma Lynn (2007). Muslims in China. University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-88093-861-7. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- Paul Kocot Nietupski (1999). Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery at the Crossroads of Four Civilizations. Snow Lion Publications. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-55939-090-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Rubinstein, Murray A. (2007). Taiwan: A New History. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-7656-1495-7.
- Walker, Richard L. (1959). "Taiwan's Development as Free China". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 321. Sage Publications, Inc: 122–135. doi:10.1177/000271625932100114. JSTOR 1030986. S2CID 154403559.
- "RED CHINA: The Third Solution". Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- "Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- Cheung, Han (17 November 2019). "Taiwan in Time: Spies, guerillas and the final counterattack". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Party Charter". Kuomintang. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ "Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- 政策綱領. Kmt.org.tw. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- "Three Principles of the People". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- Wright, Mary C. (1955). From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology. Association for Asian Studies. pp. 515–532.
- Zarrow, Peter (1 July 2021). "The Chinese Communist Party Has Followed Sun Yat-sen's Road Map". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- Post, Louis Freeland (April 12, 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- Samson Ellis and Adrian Kennedy (4 July 2022). "Xi's suppression of Hong Kong democracy pushes Taiwan further from China". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
For Taiwan though, the proposal has never been an option. Even the Kuomintang — a vestige of the losing side in China's civil war and the main force backing eventual unification with the mainland, has rejected the model
- ^ Ivan Kanapathy (17 June 2022). "The Collapse of One China". CSIS. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
Hong Kong's hastening loss of autonomy and civil liberties since then has only sharpened these sentiments in Taiwan... Thus, the KMT faces a dilemma. A significant and growing majority of Taiwanese people do not want political union with the mainland—certainly not if imposed on them. Following its 2020 electoral defeat, the KMT rejected the One Country Two Systems framework but continues to assert the 1992 Consensus
- Micah McCartney (15 August 2022). "Taiwan's KMT: Between a Rock and a Hard Place". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
On August 10, a white paper published by China's Taiwan Affairs Office, the first such document released on Xi Jinping's watch, confirmed that "One Country, Two Systems" is fundamental to Beijing's vision of unification with Taiwan. This is makes a rapprochement with a KMT, or indeed any Taiwanese administration, more difficult to achieve given how "One Country, Two Systems" played out in Hong Kong. Even pro-China former President Ma has declared the framework "dead".
- Brian Hioe (11 May 2023). "Hou You-yi Emphasizes Opposition to Both "One Country, two systems", Taiwaneses independence". Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- "It's Not Techno-Angst That's Driving East Asia to Abandon Nuclear Power". Foreign Policy. 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
In Taiwan, the conservative Kuomintang's aging demographic base and support for closer ties with mainland China now appears out of touch with a younger electorate increasingly distrustful of China and hostile to reunification.
- Glantz, Mickey, ed. (2012). Climate Affairs: A Primer. Island Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-59726-941-4. y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- Leung, Zoe (23 June 2021). "Marriage Equality in Taiwan Hinges on Politics - In past electoral politics, marriage equality was seldom a dominant issue, but the landscape is shifting and some barriers to equality remain in place". The Diplomat. Washington, D.C., United States. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
- Wen, Lii (21 December 2014). "Gay marriage proposal set for review". Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
- Thomson, Jono (25 September 2024). "KMT slams new limitations on Taiwan death penalty". Taiwan News. Taipei City. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
- Fan, Chen-hsiang; Wang, Yang-yu; Kay, Liu (26 September 2024). "KMT lawmakers criticize death penalty court ruling". Taipei City. Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 11 October 2024 – via Focus Taiwan.
- Ching Fatt Yong; R. B. McKenna (1990). The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949. NUS Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-9971-69-137-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
- Gray Tuttle (2007). Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-231-13447-7. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- Melvyn C. Goldstein (1991). A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist state. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-520-07590-0. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia. Vol. 67. Taylor & Francis. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- FitzGerald 1972, p. 238.
- Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross. University of California Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-520-04156-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Keat Gin Ooi (ed.). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross. University of California Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-520-04156-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Ellen J. Hammer (1955). Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955. Stanford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8047-0458-8. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Berch Berberoglu (2007). The State and Revolution in the Twentieth Century: Major Social Transformations of Our Time. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7425-3884-9. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-61530-047-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross. University of California Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-520-04156-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- James P. Harrison (1989). The Endless War: Vietnam's Struggle for Independence. Columbia University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-231-06909-0. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982). The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954. Michael Glazier. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-89453-287-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- Oscar Chapuis (2000). The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-313-31170-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- William J. Duiker (1976). The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941. Cornell University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8014-0951-6. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- N. Khac Huyen (1971). Vision Accomplished?: The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh. Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-02-073590-8. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- James Fitzsimmons (1975). Lugano Review, Volume 2, Issues 4–6. J. Fitzsimmons. p. 6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- FitzGerald 1972, p. 239.
- 石井, 明 (29 October 2010). 中国の琉球・沖縄政策 : 琉球・沖縄の帰属問題を中心に (PDF). Japan Border Review (in Japanese). 1: 71–96. doi:10.14943/jbr.1.71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- Chan, Ming K.; So, Alvin Y. (2002). Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. M.E. Sharpe. p. 142.
- Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- Peter G. Gowing (July–August 1970). "Islam in Taiwan". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Sources
- Fenby, Jonathan (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0786714841. OCLC 1029283712.
- Bulag, Uradyn Erden (2002). The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-1144-6.
- Pakula, Hannah (2009). The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-4893-8. OCLC 310397746.
- Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (2004). Familiar Strangers: a History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. doi:10.6069/9780295800554. ISBN 978-0-295-97644-0. JSTOR j.ctvbtzmb8. OCLC 36485989.
- FitzGerald, Frances (1972). Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-15919-7. OCLC 375867.
Further reading
- Bergere, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (2000). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4011-1.
- Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4.
- John F. Copper. The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012 (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 pp. – How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000.
- Westad, Odd Arne. Decisive encounters: the Chinese civil war, 1946–1950 (Stanford University Press, 2003). excerpt Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Official website (Chinese)
- Official website
(English, inactive since 2020) - The History of Kuomintang (Archived 31 October 2009)
- National Policy Foundation Website (Kuomintang Think Tank) Archived 20 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine(in Chinese)
| Kuomintang | ||
|---|---|---|
| History | | |
| Founders |
| |
| Ideology | ||
| Leaders | ||
| Party congress | ||
| Leadership elections | ||
| Significant venues | ||
| See also | ||
| Notes: Acting leaders italicised ; By-elections denoted with (b) | ||
 Political parties of Taiwan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nationally represented (Legislative Yuan seats) |
|  |
| Locally represented | ||
| Other parties | List of political parties in Taiwan | |
.svg){kind=small}
 Cross-strait relations | |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic posts | |
| Diplomacy |
|
| Conflicts | |
| Incidents |
|
| Legislation | |
| Organizations |
|
| Concepts |
|
| Related |
|
| Cold War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940s |
| ||||||
| 1950s |
| ||||||
| 1960s |
| ||||||
| 1970s |
| ||||||
| 1980s |
| ||||||
| 1990s | |||||||
| Frozen conflicts | |||||||
| Foreign policy | |||||||
| Ideologies |
| ||||||
| Organizations | |||||||
| Propaganda |
| ||||||
| Technological competition | |||||||
| Historians |
| ||||||
| Espionage and intelligence |
| ||||||
| See also | |||||||
| International Democracy Union | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||
| Political parties in Mainland China | |
|---|---|
| National People's Congress |
|
| Banned | |
| Overseas | |
| Historical |
|
 Warlord Era and warlordism during the Nanjing decade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Republic of China (1912–1949) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan articles | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| China articles | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History |
| ||||||||||||
| Geography |
| ||||||||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||||||||
| Economy |
| ||||||||||||
| Society |
| ||||||||||||
- Kuomintang
- 1912 establishments in China
- Republic of China
- Political history of Taiwan
- Three Principles of the People
- International Democracy Union member parties
- Neoliberal parties
- Chinese nationalism outside mainland China
- Centre-right parties in Asia
- Conservative parties in Asia
- Liberal conservative parties
- National conservative parties
- Nationalist parties in Asia
- Organizations based in Taipei
- Parties of one-party systems
- Political parties established in 1912
- Political parties in the Republic of China
- Political parties in Taiwan
- Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)