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| ⚫ | {{Nazism sidebar}} |
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| ⚫ | {{Short description|Symbols used by Nazis and neo-Nazis}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Nazism sidebar}} | ||
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|image1 = National_Socialist_swastika.svg | ||
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|caption1 = The ] was the first symbol of ] and remains strongly associated with it in the Western world. | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The 20th-century German ] made extensive use of graphic ], especially the |
The 20th-century German ] made extensive use of graphic ], especially the ], notably in the form of the ], which became the co-national flag of ] in 1933, and the sole national flag in 1935. A very similar flag had represented the Party beginning in 1920. | ||
| Nazi symbols and additional symbols have subsequently been used by ]. | |||
| == The Hakenkruez == | |||
| ⚫ | {{ |
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| ⚫ | The Nazis' principal symbol was the |
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| ==Swastika== | |||
| ⚫ | The black-white-red ] is based on the colours of the ]. This colour scheme was commonly associated with anti-] ], following the fall of the ].<ref name="autogenerated2">], John Broadwin, Volker R. Berghahn. ''The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945''. Berghahn Books, 1997. Pp. 16.</ref> The Nazis denounced the ]-]-] flag of the |
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| ⚫ | {{Main|Swastika#Use in Nazism}} | ||
| ⚫ | The Nazis' principal symbol was the swastika, which the newly established ] formally adopted in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title=History of the Swastika|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412111646/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The formal symbol of the party was the {{lang|de|]}}, an eagle atop a swastika. | ||
| In ''{{lang|de|]}}'' ] described the symbolism of the Nazi flag: "The ] expressed the ] underlying the movement. ] the national thought. And the Hakenkruez signified the ] allotted to us-the struggle for the ] of Aryan mankind and at the same time the triumph of the ideal of ] ..."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt |title=text of ''Mein Kampf'' |publisher=] |access-date=2010-03-02 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66eeqGgVS?url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt |archive-date=2012-04-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>. In the original german version of his autobiography, ''Mein Kampf''<ref name=":1" />'','' Adolf Hitler, referred to the symbol referred to as the black swastika as the Hakenkruez (hooked cross) however all subsequent English translations refer to it as the swastika (disambiguate from Hindu swastika<ref name=":0" />). There is no evidence of the Nazi Hakenkruez to be motivated from the Hindu swastika and the usage of the term swastika<ref name=":0" /> seems coincidental and ignorant towards Hindu traditions. | |||
| ⚫ | The black-white-red ] is based on the colours of the ]. This colour scheme was commonly associated with anti-] ], following the fall of the ].<ref name="autogenerated2">], John Broadwin, Volker R. Berghahn. ''The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945''. Berghahn Books, 1997. Pp. 16.</ref> The Nazis denounced the ]-]-] flag of the ] (the current ]).<ref name="autogenerated2"/> | ||
| ⚫ | Today, certain countries such as ] (see ]), ], ], ], ], ], ] |
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| ⚫ | Today, certain countries such as ], ], ], ], ] (see ]), ], ], ], ], ], ] and other countries have banned Nazi symbols and it is considered a criminal offence if they are displayed publicly for non-educational purposes. On August 9, 2018, Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating", USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/|newspaper=]|title=Germany lifts ban on Nazi symbols in video games|date=9 August 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062836/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Chalk, Andy|date=9 August 2018|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/germany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames/|title=Germany Lifts Ban on Swastikas in Videogames|website=PC Gamer|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062601/https://www.pcgamer.com/germany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames/|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ==Heraldry== | ==Heraldry== | ||
| ] | |||
| {{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| | align = right | | align = right | ||
| | total_width = 320 | | total_width = 320 | ||
| | image1 = DEU Coburg COA.svg | | image1 = DEU Coburg COA.svg | ||
| | alt1 = |
| alt1 = | ||
| | caption1 = | | caption1 = | ||
| | image2 = |
| image2 = Wappen-Coburg-NS-Zeit (neu).svg | ||
| | alt2 = | | alt2 = | ||
| | caption2 = |
| caption2 = | ||
| ⚫ | | footer = The ancient arms of ] (left) featured the head of ], a symbol looked down upon by the Nazi party. In 1934, it was replaced by a coat of arms featuring a sword with a swastika on the pommel (right). The original coat of arms was restored in 1945. | ||
| ⚫ | | footer = The ancient arms of ] (left) featured the head of ], a symbol looked down upon by the Nazi party |
||
| }} | }} | ||
| Under the Nazi regime, government bodies were encouraged to remove religious symbolism from their ]. |
Under the Nazi regime, government bodies were encouraged to remove religious symbolism from their ]. Few German councils actually changed their often ancient symbols. Some, however, did, including ], which replaced the ] representing ] on their arms with a sword and swastika, and ], which added a swastika to the paws of their lion.<ref name=Slater>{{cite book |last=Slater |first=Stephen |year=2003 |title=The Complete Book of Heraldry: An International History Of Heraldry And Its Contemporary Uses |location= London |publisher=Anness Publishing |page= 212 |isbn= 0754810623}}</ref> | ||
| ==Other symbols== | ==Other symbols and insignia== | ||
| ⚫ | Letters of the ] invented by ] were used by the ], particularly the '']'', based on the historical ] reinterpreted by List to signify 'victory' instead of the sun. Other Armanen runes used by the Nazis and subsequently by neo-Nazis include forms derived from ], ], ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo_nazi_life_rune.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Life Rune - From A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121040923/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo_nazi_life_rune.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> and ].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Othala Rune - From A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121000710/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | ||
| Other symbols employed by the Nazis include: | |||
| ] - replica]] | |||
| * The ] (German: Parteiadler), the formal symbol of the Nazi Party | |||
| The ] appears on the ] presented by ] to favored members of the SS, and was used as an insignia by the ] of the SS that administered the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones |access-date=2008-12-17 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084719/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |archive-date=2013-01-21 }}</ref> | |||
| * Various runes from the ], such as the ], ], ] runes and other rune-like symbols<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Othala Rune |access-date=2008-12-17 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217105638/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |archive-date=2008-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/qt-z_sym.html#odal |title=Neonazi flag symbolism |access-date=2008-12-17 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125103303/http://flagspot.net/flags/qt-z_sym.html#odal |archive-date=2009-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as the {{lang|de|]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |title=Wolfsangel |access-date=2008-12-17 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217234148/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |archive-date=2008-12-17 }}</ref> | |||
| * The black ] | |||
| * The brown shirts of the {{lang|de|]}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| * The ] (German: Schwarze Sonne/Sonnenrad) used by ] of the SS. | |||
| * The crossed hammer and sword of ], a strand of Nazism that has an anti-capitalist and socialist ideology. | |||
| * The broken ] Hakenkruez. | |||
| ⚫ | ] used insignia including the {{lang|de|]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |title=Wolfsangel |access-date=2008-12-17 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217234148/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |archive-date=2008-12-17 }}</ref> | ||
| ==Runic letters== | |||
| The ] research unit of the SS also used ]'s neo-heathen ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Lasse |last=Wichert |title=Personale Mythen des Nationalsozialismus: Die Gestaltung des Einzelnen in literarischen Entwürfen |series=Genozid und Gedächtnis |publisher=Wilhelm Fink |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-7705-6342-5 |language=de |page=154}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Letters of the |
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| ], a strand of Nazism with a ]ist ideology, used a crossed hammer and sword as its emblem. | |||
| The fascination that runes seem to have exerted on the Nazis can be traced to the ] and {{lang|de|]}} author {{lang|de|]}}, one of the important figures in Germanic mysticism and runic revivalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1908, List published in ''{{lang|de|]}}'' ("The Secret of the Runes") a set of 18 so-called "]", based on the ], which were allegedly revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after a cataract operation on both eyes in 1902. | |||
| In Nazi contexts, the ''s''-rune is referred to as "Sig" (after List, probably from Anglo-Saxon ''{{lang|ang|Sigel}}''). The "{{lang|de|]}}", while not a rune historically, has the shape of List's "Gibor" rune. Runic "SS" was the symbol of the Schutzstaffel. | |||
| ==Usages by neo-Nazi groups== | ==Usages by neo-Nazi groups== | ||
| Many symbols used by the Nazis have further been appropriated by ] groups, including a number of runes. | Many symbols used by the Nazis have further been appropriated by ] groups, including a number of runes; the so-called ], derived from a mosaic floor in Himmler's remodel of ]; and the ], originally a symbol used to represent pre-Christian and Christian European groups such as the ].{{cn|date=April 2023}} | ||
| Neo-Nazis |
Neo-Nazis also employ various number symbols: | ||
| * ], code for ]. The number comes from the position of the letters in the alphabet: ] = ], ] = ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_18.asp |title=Hate Number Symbols: 18 |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115180438/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_18.asp |archive-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref> | * ], code for ]. The number comes from the position of the letters in the alphabet: ] = ], ] = ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_18.asp |title=Hate Number Symbols: 18 |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115180438/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_18.asp |archive-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref> | ||
| * ], code for |
* ], code for "Heil Hitler", a phrase used in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/1488 |title=Hate Number Symbols: 88 |publisher=] |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406170324/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/1488 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also used as a reference to the "88 Precepts", a manifesto written by ] ]. | ||
| * ], from the ] coined by |
* ], from the ] coined by David Lane: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14words.asp |title=Hate Number Symbols: 14 (words) |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026130724/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14words.asp |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> | ||
| * 14 and 88 are sometimes combined with each other (i.e. 14/88, 8814, 1488).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14-88.asp |title=Hate Number Symbols: 14/88 |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026125752/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14-88.asp |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> They are also sometimes depicted on dice.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Willingham|first1=A.J.|title=These are the new symbols of hate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/us/hate-symbols-changing-trnd/index.html|access-date=20 March 2018|publisher=CNN|date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320231921/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/us/hate-symbols-changing-trnd/index.html|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | * 14 and 88 are sometimes combined with each other (i.e. 14/88, 8814, 1488).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14-88.asp |title=Hate Number Symbols: 14/88 |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026125752/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/numbers_14-88.asp |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> They are also sometimes depicted on dice.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Willingham|first1=A.J.|title=These are the new symbols of hate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/us/hate-symbols-changing-trnd/index.html|access-date=20 March 2018|publisher=CNN|date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320231921/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/us/hate-symbols-changing-trnd/index.html|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| *], originally a symbol used to represent pre-Christian and Christian European groups such as the ] post-World War II it has been used by many neo-Nazi groups. | |||
| In 1997, Wolfgang Fröhlich, a ]<ref name=deny>{{cite magazine|last=Vessely|first=Rebecca|title=Germany restricts internet content|url=https://www.wired.com/1996/12/germany-restricts-internet-content/|magazine=]|date=12 November 1996|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921044121/https://www.wired.com/1996/12/germany-restricts-internet-content/|url-status=live}}</ref> and former ] member for the ], alleged that ]'s favorite food was egg dumplings ('']'').<ref name=jp>{{cite news|title=Some Austrians celebrated 4/20 by eating Hitler's favorite dish|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Some-Austrians-celebrate-420-by-eating-Hitlers-favorite-dish-451938|work=]|date=21 April 2016|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422075627/https://www.jpost.com/international/some-austrians-celebrate-420-by-eating-hitlers-favorite-dish-451938|url-status=live}}</ref> Some restaurants in Austria started advertising the dish as a "daily special" for the 20th of April, which is Hitler's date of birth,<ref name=jp/> and although the allegation about the dish has never been historically confirmed, some ]s began eating it as a symbolic food to celebrate Hitler's birthday.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Herbst |first=Hanna |author-link=Hanna Herbst |date=20 April 2016 |title=Hitler-Verehrer servieren zur Feier des Tages Eiernockerl mit Salat |trans-title=Hitler's admirers serve ''Eiernockerl'' with salad to celebrate the day |url=https://www.vice.com/de_at/article/yvkypj/eiernockerl-mit-gruenem-salat-an-hitlers-geburtstag |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035326/https://www.vice.com/de_at/article/yvkypj/eiernockerl-mit-gruenem-salat-an-hitlers-geburtstag |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |work=] |language=de}}</ref> | |||
| ==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
| <gallery class="center" widths=" |
<gallery class="center" widths="110" heights="110"> | ||
| File: |
File:Parteiadler Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (1933–1945).svg|The ''{{lang|de|]}}'' of the Nazi Party (1933–1945) | ||
| File:Totenkopf.svg|] insignia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084719/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | File:Totenkopf.svg|] insignia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084719/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | ||
| File:Wolfsangel.svg|Horizontally aligned {{lang|de|]}}, used by the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |title=Wolfsangel |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121000444/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | File:Wolfsangel.svg|Horizontally aligned {{lang|de|]}}, used by the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |title=Wolfsangel |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121000444/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/Wolfsangel.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | ||
| File:Wolfsangel 1.svg| |
File:Wolfsangel 1.svg|Vertically aligned {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}}, used by the ] | ||
| File: |
File:Nazi Odal rune.svg|] rune with feet,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Othala Rune - From A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121000710/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> used by the ] (also used by the ] from November 2016 until 2019)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kovaleski|first1=Serge|last2=Turkewitz|first2=Julie|last3=Goldstein|first3=Joseph|last4=Barry|first4=Dan|title=An Alt-Right Makeover Shrouds the Swastikas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/us/alt-right-national-socialist-movement-white-supremacy.html|access-date=12 December 2016|work=The New York Times|date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212013019/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/us/alt-right-national-socialist-movement-white-supremacy.html|archive-date=12 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| File:Schutzstaffel SS.svg|SS '']'', based on the sig ], in turn based on the historical ]. | |||
| File:Schutzstaffel_SS.svg|] runes | |||
| </gallery><gallery class="center" widths="110px" heights="110px"> | |||
| File:Algiz.svg|] rune | File:Algiz.svg|] rune | ||
| File:Celtic-style crossed circle.svg|A simplified version of the ] |
File:Iron Cross (1939).svg|] (1939 version) | ||
| File:Celtic-style crossed circle.svg|A simplified version of the ], as used by various neo-Nazi groups | |||
| File:Sun Cross Swastika.svg|The broken ] used by the ] and the ], also used by the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_celtic_cross.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Celtic Cross |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121040957/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_celtic_cross.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 |
File:Sun Cross Swastika.svg|The broken ] used by the ] and the ], also used by the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_celtic_cross.asp |title=Hate Symbols: Celtic Cross |publisher=] |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121040957/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_celtic_cross.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref> | ||
| File: |
File:Strasserism Hammer and Sword.svg|The Hammer and Sword utilized by adherents of ] | ||
| File: |
File:Black Sun.svg|The ] used by ] and other neo-Nazi groups | ||
| File:Black Sun 2.svg|A variation of the ] used by ] and other neo-Nazi groups | |||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| == |
==See also== | ||
| {{Portal|Germany|Heraldry}} | {{Portal|Germany|Heraldry}} | ||
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==References== | ||
| {{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| {{Nazism}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi Symbolism}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 00:06, 10 January 2025
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.svg)
The swastika was the first symbol of Nazism and remains strongly associated with it in the Western world.
The 20th-century German Nazi Party made extensive use of graphic symbols, especially the swastika, notably in the form of the swastika flag, which became the co-national flag of Nazi Germany in 1933, and the sole national flag in 1935. A very similar flag had represented the Party beginning in 1920.
Nazi symbols and additional symbols have subsequently been used by neo-Nazis.
Swastika
Main article: Swastika § Use in NazismThe Nazis' principal symbol was the swastika, which the newly established Nazi Party formally adopted in 1920. The formal symbol of the party was the Parteiadler, an eagle atop a swastika.
The black-white-red motif is based on the colours of the flags of the German Empire. This colour scheme was commonly associated with anti-Weimar German nationalists, following the fall of the German Empire. The Nazis denounced the black-red-gold flag of the Weimar Republic (the current flag of Germany).
Today, certain countries such as Austria, Brazil, China, France, Germany (see Strafgesetzbuch section 86a), Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and other countries have banned Nazi symbols and it is considered a criminal offence if they are displayed publicly for non-educational purposes. On August 9, 2018, Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating", USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."
Heraldry
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The ancient arms of Coburg (left) featured the head of Saint Maurice, a symbol looked down upon by the Nazi party. In 1934, it was replaced by a coat of arms featuring a sword with a swastika on the pommel (right). The original coat of arms was restored in 1945.
Under the Nazi regime, government bodies were encouraged to remove religious symbolism from their heraldry. Few German councils actually changed their often ancient symbols. Some, however, did, including Coburg, which replaced the Moor's head representing Saint Maurice on their arms with a sword and swastika, and Thuringia, which added a swastika to the paws of their lion.
Other symbols and insignia
Letters of the Armanen runes invented by Guido von List were used by the SS, particularly the Doppel Siegrune, based on the historical sowilo rune reinterpreted by List to signify 'victory' instead of the sun. Other Armanen runes used by the Nazis and subsequently by neo-Nazis include forms derived from Eihwaz, Tiwaz, Algiz and Othala.
The death's head appears on the SS-Ehrenring presented by Heinrich Himmler to favored members of the SS, and was used as an insignia by the Death's Head Units of the SS that administered the concentration camps.
Units of the Wehrmacht used insignia including the Wolfsangel
The Ahnenerbe research unit of the SS also used Wilhelm Teudt's neo-heathen Irminsul symbol.
Strasserism, a strand of Nazism with a Third Positionist ideology, used a crossed hammer and sword as its emblem.
Usages by neo-Nazi groups
Many symbols used by the Nazis have further been appropriated by neo-Nazi groups, including a number of runes; the so-called Black Sun, derived from a mosaic floor in Himmler's remodel of Wewelsburg; and the Celtic cross, originally a symbol used to represent pre-Christian and Christian European groups such as the Irish.
Neo-Nazis also employ various number symbols:
- 18, code for Adolf Hitler. The number comes from the position of the letters in the alphabet: A = 1, H = 8.
- 88, code for "Heil Hitler", a phrase used in the Nazi salute. Also used as a reference to the "88 Precepts", a manifesto written by white supremacist David Lane.
- 14, from the Fourteen Words coined by David Lane: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children."
- 14 and 88 are sometimes combined with each other (i.e. 14/88, 8814, 1488). They are also sometimes depicted on dice.
In 1997, Wolfgang Fröhlich, a Holocaust denier and former district council member for the Freedom Party of Austria, alleged that Adolf Hitler's favorite food was egg dumplings (Eiernockerl). Some restaurants in Austria started advertising the dish as a "daily special" for the 20th of April, which is Hitler's date of birth, and although the allegation about the dish has never been historically confirmed, some neofascists began eating it as a symbolic food to celebrate Hitler's birthday.
Gallery
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The Parteiadler of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)
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SS death's head insignia
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Horizontally aligned Wolfsangel, used by the 2nd SS Panzer Division
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Vertically aligned Wolfsangel, used by the 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
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Odal rune with feet, used by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division (also used by the American-based "National Socialist Movement" from November 2016 until 2019)
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SS Doppel Siegrune, based on the sig Armanen rune, in turn based on the historical sowilo rune.
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Algiz rune
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Iron Cross (1939 version)
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A simplified version of the Celtic cross, as used by various neo-Nazi groups
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The broken sun cross used by the German Faith Movement and the 5th SS Panzer Division, also used by the Thule Society
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The Hammer and Sword utilized by adherents of Strasserism
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The Black Sun used by Esoteric Nazi circles and other neo-Nazi groups
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A variation of the Black Sun used by Esoteric Nazi circles and other neo-Nazi groups
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See also
- Art in Nazi Germany
- Bans on Nazi symbols
- Communist symbolism
- Fascist symbolism
- List of German flags
- List of symbols designated by the Anti-Defamation League as hate symbols
- National symbols of Germany
- Nazi memorabilia
- Propaganda in Nazi Germany
- Rising Sun Flag
- Nazi symbolism in Taiwan
References
- "History of the Swastika". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ Hilmar Hoffmann, John Broadwin, Volker R. Berghahn. The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945. Berghahn Books, 1997. Pp. 16.
- Staff (9 August 2018). "Germany lifts ban on Nazi symbols in video games". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- Chalk, Andy (9 August 2018). "Germany Lifts Ban on Swastikas in Videogames". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- Slater, Stephen (2003). The Complete Book of Heraldry: An International History Of Heraldry And Its Contemporary Uses. London: Anness Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 0754810623.
- "Hate Symbols: Life Rune - From A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ "Hate Symbols: Othala Rune - From A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- "Hate Symbols: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
- "Wolfsangel". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
- Wichert, Lasse (2018). Personale Mythen des Nationalsozialismus: Die Gestaltung des Einzelnen in literarischen Entwürfen. Genozid und Gedächtnis (in German). Wilhelm Fink. p. 154. ISBN 978-3-7705-6342-5.
- "Hate Number Symbols: 18". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- "Hate Number Symbols: 88". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- "Hate Number Symbols: 14 (words)". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- "Hate Number Symbols: 14/88". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- Willingham, A.J. (22 February 2017). "These are the new symbols of hate". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- Vessely, Rebecca (12 November 1996). "Germany restricts internet content". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Some Austrians celebrated 4/20 by eating Hitler's favorite dish". The Jerusalem Post. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- Herbst, Hanna (20 April 2016). "Hitler-Verehrer servieren zur Feier des Tages Eiernockerl mit Salat" [Hitler's admirers serve Eiernockerl with salad to celebrate the day]. Vice (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- "Hate Symbols: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- "Wolfsangel". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- Kovaleski, Serge; Turkewitz, Julie; Goldstein, Joseph; Barry, Dan (10 December 2016). "An Alt-Right Makeover Shrouds the Swastikas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- "Hate Symbols: Celtic Cross". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2015.