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{{short description|Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary}} {{short description|Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary}}

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{{Infobox person {{Infobox Soldier
| honorific_prefix = Voivode
⚫ |name=Hristo Uzunov<br />Христо Узунов
⚫ | name = Hristo Uzunov
⚫ |birth_date= February 22, 1878
⚫ | native_name = Христо Узунов
⚫ |birth_place= ], ] (now ])
⚫ | image = File:HristoUzunov.png
|death_date= {{death date and age|1905|4|24|1878|2|22}}
⚫ | caption = Hristo Uzunov c. 1900
⚫ |death_place= ], ] (now ])
⚫ | birth_date = 22 February 1878
⚫ |image= HristoUzunov.png
| death_date = 24 April 1905
⚫ |caption= Portrait of Hristo Uzunov
⚫ | birth_place = ], ] (present-day ])
⚫ |other_names = Dule Uzunov
⚫ | death_place = ], ] (present-day ])
|movement=
| placeofburial = ], ]
|organization = Voevoda of the ], (later SMORO, IMORO, IMRO)
| birth_name = Христо Димитров Узунов
|monuments=
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of the IMRO.svg}} ]
|awards=
| serviceyears = 1896-1905
|footnotes=
| commands = Ohrid Branch of the IMARO
| battles = ]<br>]{{KIA}}
| alma_mater = ]
| laterwork = Teacher
}} }}


'''Hristo Dimitrov Uzunov''' (] and {{lang-mk|Христо Димитров Узунов}}) (22 February 1878, ] – 24 April 1905, ], near ]) was a ] teacher<ref>''In Macedonia, the education race produced the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), which organized and carried out the Ilinden Uprising of 1903. Most of IMRO’s founders and principal organizers were graduates of the Bulgarian Exarchate schools in Macedonia, who had become teachers and inspectors in the same system that had educated them. Frustrated with the pace of change, they organized and networked to develop their movement throughout the Bulgarian school system that employed them. The Exarchate schools were an ideal forum in which to propagate their cause, and the leading members were able to circulate to different posts, to spread the word, and to build up supplies and stores for the anticipated uprising. As it became more powerful, IMRO was able to impress upon the Exarchate its wishes for teacher and inspector appointments in Macedonia.'' For more see: Julian Brooks, The Education Race for Macedonia, 1878—1903 in The Journal of Modern Hellenism, Vol 31 (2015) pp. 23-58.</ref> and revolutionary,<ref>''The revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could become a member".'' For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980, {{ISBN|0914710559}}, p. 10.</ref> head of the Ohrid branch of the ] and its ideological leader in the Ohrid region.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Despite his Bulgarian self-identification,<ref>Дневник на Христо Узунов (Memoires from Hristo Uzunov. The original was wrritten in Bulgarian. The notes were made immediately after the Ilinden uprising for much of the winter of 1903, when Uzunov resided in Ohrid as illegal. In short, in chronological order, it traces the history of the Ohrid Revolutionary Organization from its inception in 1894 to the suppression of the uprising. Uzunov probably intended to write a story about the revolutionary movement in Ohrid. Some of the names and facts in the notebook are given with a cipher. They are decrypted by the voivode's brother - Angel Uzunov. All the pages in the notebook are not listed (p. 2, 6—94, 109, 115, 121—124, 130, 136—139). Table 2 consists of a list of killed Bulgarians (only) in Ohrid and Struga areas on suspicion of being IMRO activists.), в: "Дневници и спомени за Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Издателство на Отечествения фронт, София, 1984, </ref><ref>Николов, Борис, Непубликувани документи из архива на Христо Узунов, сп. Исторически преглед, кн. 5, София, 1990, с. 81–91; Nikolov, Boris, Unpublished Documents from the Archive of Hristo Uzunov, Historical Review Magazine, Vol. 5, Sofia, 1990, pp. 81–91(in Bulgarian)</ref> according to the post-WWII ],<ref>Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 '''Hristo Dimitrov Uzunov''' (]/{{langx|mk|Христо Димитров Узунов}}; 22 February 1878 – 24 April 1905) was a ] teacher and revolutionary, head of the Ohrid branch of the ] and its ideological leader in the Ohrid region.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>Дневник на Христо Узунов (Memoires from Hristo Uzunov. The original was written in Bulgarian. The notes were made immediately after the Ilinden uprising for much of the winter of 1903, when Uzunov resided in Ohrid as illegal. In short, in chronological order, it traces the history of the Ohrid Revolutionary Organization from its inception in 1894 to the suppression of the uprising. Uzunov probably intended to write a story about the revolutionary movement in Ohrid. Some of the names and facts in the notebook are given with a cipher. They are decrypted by the voivode's brother - Angel Uzunov. All the pages in the notebook are not listed (p. 2, 6—94, 109, 115, 121—124, 130, 136—139). Table 2 consists of a list of killed Bulgarians (only) in Ohrid and Struga areas on suspicion of being IMRO activists.), в: "Дневници и спомени за Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Издателство на Отечествения фронт, София, 1984, </ref><ref>Николов, Борис, Непубликувани документи из архива на Христо Узунов, сп. Исторически преглед, кн. 5, София, 1990, с. 81–91; Nikolov, Boris, Unpublished Documents from the Archive of Hristo Uzunov, Historical Review Magazine, Vol. 5, Sofia, 1990, pp. 81–91(in Bulgarian)</ref>
{{ISBN|0275976483}}, p. 58.</ref> he was an ethnic ].<ref>The first name of the IMRO was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees", which was later changed several times. Initially its membership was restricted only for Bulgarians. It was active not only in Macedonia but also in ] (the ]). Since its early name emphasized the Bulgarian nature of the organization by linking the inhabitants of Thrace and Macedonia to Bulgaria, these facts are still difficult to be explained from the Macedonian historiography. They suggest that IMRO revolutionaries in the Ottoman period did not differentiate between ‘Macedonians’ and ‘Bulgarians’. Moreover, as their own writings attest, they often saw themselves and their compatriots as ‘Bulgarians’ and wrote in Bulgarian standard language. For more see: ''Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004) Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia. In: Brunnbauer, Ulf, (ed.) (Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism. Studies on South East Europe, vol. 4. LIT, Münster, pp. 165-200 {{ISBN|382587365X}}.''</ref>


==Revolutionary life== ==Revolutionary life==

] with maid waving ] with inscription: "]" in ]:.<ref>National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260</ref><ref>Илиев, Ив. Свети бойни реликви. — Военноисторически сборник, 1983, № 3, е. стр. 207—209.</ref>]] ] with maid waving ] with inscription: "]" in ].<ref>National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260</ref><ref>Илиев, Ив. Свети бойни реликви. — Военноисторически сборник, 1983, № 3, е. стр. 207—209.</ref>]]
Hristo Uzunov was born in 1878 in Ohrid, then in Ottoman Empire. Both his father and mother were active in the ]. After the establishment of the ] his father settled in Sofia and worked here as a librarian in the National Library. It is believed that Uzunov became a member of the revolutionary movement in 1896, while he studied in ]. Afterward he worked as ]'s teacher.<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810855658}}, p. 230.</ref> On August 5, 1898, Dimitar Grdanov, a Serbian teacher in Ohrid, and pro-Serbian activist in Macedonia, was murdered by ], after which Patchev and his fellow conspirators Hristo Uzunov, ] and ] were arrested.<ref name=M501-30>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hhXAAAAYAAJ|title=Makedonija|edition=501-512|year=1995|page=30}}</ref> Between January 1902 and March 1903 he was re-imprisoned in the Bitola jail. He actively took part in the ] in 1903. After the Bulgarian Army officer ] was killed by the Turks in March 1903, Uzunov took over the leadership of the revolutionary organization in Ohrid area.<ref>Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893 – 1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София, 2001, стр. 40.</ref> On July 23, 1903, in the village of ], near Ohrid, the flag of Uzunov's ] was consecrated. The flag was handed over to Uzunov and with it the regional cheta was active during the Ilinden Uprising.<ref>Иванов Иван, Знамената на освободителното движение и въстанията в Македония и Тракия (откъс от "Български бойни знамена и флагове") Издателство на Министерство на отбраната "Св. Георги Победоносец", 1998.</ref> Between 1904 and 1905 he focused at resisting the Serbian ] campaigns in ]<ref></ref> and tried to resolve of the organization's internal problems. Uzunov was born in 1878 in Ohrid, then in Ottoman Empire. Both his father and mother were active at the ].<ref>Църнушанов, Коста. Ролята на българката в македонското освободително движение, сп. Македонски преглед (3). 1995.</ref> After the establishment of the ], his father moved to ] and worked as a librarian in the ].<ref>Енциклопедия. Българската възрожденска интелигенция. Учители, свещеници, монаси, висши духовници, художници, лекари, аптекари, писатели, издатели, книжари, търговци, военни.... София, ДИ „Д-р Петър Берон“, 1988. с. 668.</ref> Uzunov became a member of the revolutionary movement in 1896, while he was studying at the ]. Afterwards, he worked as a teacher in the ].<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810855658}}, p. 230.</ref> After the murder of Dimitar Grdanov, a Serbian teacher in Ohrid by ], Uzunov, along with Patchev, ] and ] were arrested.<ref name=M501-30>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hhXAAAAYAAJ|title=Makedonija|edition=501-512|year=1995|page=30}}</ref> Between January 1902 and March 1903 he was re-imprisoned in ]. He actively participated in the ] in 1903. After ] was killed in March 1903, Uzunov took over the leadership of the revolutionary organization in the Ohrid area.<ref>Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893 – 1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София, 2001, стр. 40.</ref>
]
On 23 July 1903, in the village of ], near Ohrid, the flag of Uzunov's ] was consecrated. The flag was handed over to Uzunov and with it the regional cheta. Uzunov, along with his cheta, participated in the ].<ref>Иванов Иван, Знамената на освободителното движение и въстанията в Македония и Тракия (откъс от "Български бойни знамена и флагове") Издателство на Министерство на отбраната "Св. Георги Победоносец", 1998.</ref> Between 1904 and 1905 he fought against ] in ]<ref></ref> and tried to resolve of the organization's internal problems.


==Death== ==Death==


]
In 1905 Uzunov with his band (]) entered ] and after that ] in order to gain control of that region. On 23 April 1905, they entered the village of Tser in the region of Kičevo, together with the cheta of Kičevo ] ]. On the night of April 24, they were surrounded by a great number of Ottoman forces and after using up their ammunition, facing surrender, they decided to commit suicide.<ref>Трагичната участ на Узунова и четата му, Тома Николов, Отеч. фронт, София, 1989.</ref> Uzunov then wrote a short letter addressed to all "honourable revolutionaries" and after that he and his men killed themselves. His grave is located in Tser, where he died. In 1905 Uzunov went to ] and ] with his ] in order to gain control of the region. On 23 April 1905, they entered the village of ] together with ]. On the night of 24 April they were surrounded by Ottoman forces and after using all of their ammunition, they decided to commit suicide.<ref>Трагичната участ на Узунова и четата му, Тома Николов, Отеч. фронт, София, 1989.</ref> Prior to committing suicide, Uzunov wrote a short letter addressed to all ''honourable revolutionaries''.

He's buried in Cer, where he died.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==External links==
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Latest revision as of 03:37, 25 December 2024

Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary
Voivode
Hristo Uzunov
Hristo Uzunov c. 1900
Native nameХристо Узунов
Birth nameХристо Димитров Узунов
Born22 February 1878
Ohrid, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia)
Died24 April 1905
Cer, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia)
BuriedCer, North Macedonia
Allegiance IMARO
Years of service1896-1905
CommandsOhrid Branch of the IMARO
Battles / warsIlinden Uprising
Macedonian Struggle †
Alma materBulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki
Other workTeacher

Hristo Dimitrov Uzunov (Bulgarian/Macedonian: Христо Димитров Узунов; 22 February 1878 – 24 April 1905) was a Macedonian Bulgarian teacher and revolutionary, head of the Ohrid branch of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and its ideological leader in the Ohrid region.

Revolutionary life

The banner of Uzunov's cheta with maid waving Bulgarian flag with inscription: "Свобода или смърть" in older Bulgarian orthography.

Uzunov was born in 1878 in Ohrid, then in Ottoman Empire. Both his father and mother were active at the Bulgarian national movement. After the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria, his father moved to Sofia and worked as a librarian in the National Library. Uzunov became a member of the revolutionary movement in 1896, while he was studying at the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. Afterwards, he worked as a teacher in the Bulgarian Exarchate. After the murder of Dimitar Grdanov, a Serbian teacher in Ohrid by Metody Patchev, Uzunov, along with Patchev, Kiril Parlichev and Ivan Grupchev were arrested. Between January 1902 and March 1903 he was re-imprisoned in Bitola. He actively participated in the Ilinden Uprising in 1903. After Toma Davidov was killed in March 1903, Uzunov took over the leadership of the revolutionary organization in the Ohrid area.

Excerpt from Uzunov's death note.

On 23 July 1903, in the village of Kuratica, near Ohrid, the flag of Uzunov's cheta was consecrated. The flag was handed over to Uzunov and with it the regional cheta. Uzunov, along with his cheta, participated in the Ilinden Uprising. Between 1904 and 1905 he fought against Serbian guerrillas in Macedonia and tried to resolve of the organization's internal problems.

Death

The graves of Hristo Uzunov and his men.

In 1905 Uzunov went to Bitola and Kičevo with his cheta in order to gain control of the region. On 23 April 1905, they entered the village of Cer together with Vancho Sarbakov. On the night of 24 April they were surrounded by Ottoman forces and after using all of their ammunition, they decided to commit suicide. Prior to committing suicide, Uzunov wrote a short letter addressed to all honourable revolutionaries.

He's buried in Cer, where he died.

References

  1. Радев, Симеон. Ранни спомени, Български писател, 1969, стр. 316.
  2. Трагичната участ на Узунова и четата му, Тома Николов, Отеч. фронт, София, 1989, гл. 16.
  3. Дневник на Христо Узунов (Memoires from Hristo Uzunov. The original was written in Bulgarian. The notes were made immediately after the Ilinden uprising for much of the winter of 1903, when Uzunov resided in Ohrid as illegal. In short, in chronological order, it traces the history of the Ohrid Revolutionary Organization from its inception in 1894 to the suppression of the uprising. Uzunov probably intended to write a story about the revolutionary movement in Ohrid. Some of the names and facts in the notebook are given with a cipher. They are decrypted by the voivode's brother - Angel Uzunov. All the pages in the notebook are not listed (p. 2, 6—94, 109, 115, 121—124, 130, 136—139). Table 2 consists of a list of killed Bulgarians (only) in Ohrid and Struga areas on suspicion of being IMRO activists.), в: "Дневници и спомени за Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Издателство на Отечествения фронт, София, 1984, стр.83-147.
  4. Николов, Борис, Непубликувани документи из архива на Христо Узунов, сп. Исторически преглед, кн. 5, София, 1990, с. 81–91; Nikolov, Boris, Unpublished Documents from the Archive of Hristo Uzunov, Historical Review Magazine, Vol. 5, Sofia, 1990, pp. 81–91(in Bulgarian)
  5. National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260
  6. Илиев, Ив. Свети бойни реликви. — Военноисторически сборник, 1983, № 3, е. стр. 207—209.
  7. Църнушанов, Коста. Ролята на българката в македонското освободително движение, сп. Македонски преглед (3). 1995.
  8. Енциклопедия. Българската възрожденска интелигенция. Учители, свещеници, монаси, висши духовници, художници, лекари, аптекари, писатели, издатели, книжари, търговци, военни.... София, ДИ „Д-р Петър Берон“, 1988. с. 668.
  9. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810855658, p. 230.
  10. Makedonija (501-512 ed.). 1995. p. 30.
  11. Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893 – 1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София, 2001, стр. 40.
  12. Иванов Иван, Знамената на освободителното движение и въстанията в Македония и Тракия (откъс от "Български бойни знамена и флагове") Издателство на Министерство на отбраната "Св. Георги Победоносец", 1998.
  13. Николов, Тома. "Спомени от моето минало", Издателство на Отечествения фронт, София, 1989
  14. Трагичната участ на Узунова и четата му, Тома Николов, Отеч. фронт, София, 1989.
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