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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{Merge to|Coat of arms of Lithuania|date=May 2020|discuss=Talk:Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania#Merging_the_Belarusian_Pahonia_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_together?}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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{{Infobox coat of arms |
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{{R mentioned in hatnote}} |
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| name = Pahonia |
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{{R with history}} |
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| image = Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg |
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| image_width = 150 |
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| image2 = Coat_of_arms_of_Belarusian_People's_Republic.svg |
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| image2_width = 100 |
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| image2_caption = Coat of arms of ] |
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| image3 = Coat of Arms of Lithuania.svg |
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| image3_width = 100 |
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| image3_caption = ] (]) |
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| image4 = POL COA Pogoń Ruska.svg |
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| image4_width = 100 |
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| image4_caption = ] |
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| image5 = POL COA Meszczeryn.svg |
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| image5_width = 100 |
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| image5_caption = Pogon Tatar |
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| image6 = POL COA Pogonia.svg |
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| image6_width = 100 |
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| image6_caption = ] |
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| armiger = |
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| year_adopted = |
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| crest = |
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| torse = |
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| shield = |
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| supporters = |
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| compartment = |
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| motto = |
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| orders = |
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| other_elements = |
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| earlier_versions = ]<br />] |
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| use = ] (1991–1995)<br />] (1918–present ) |
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}} |
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}} |
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] on display as it is widely used during ]]] |
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The '''Pahonia'''<ref>James B. Minahan. The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems . ABC-CLIO, 2009. P. .</ref><ref>Astapienia R. The history of the Great Duchy of Lithuania: Belarus' Medieval Origins // The Journal of Belarusian Studies. 2014. p. .</ref><ref>Łatyszonek O. My ranking of European nations it the early 21st century // The Geopolitical Place of Belarus in Europe and the World. Fundacja Przestrzeni Obywat, 2006. p. </ref> ({{lang-be|Пагоня|Pahonia}}, {{IPA-be|paˈɣonʲa|pron}}; {{lang-pl|Pogoń|lit=pursuit}}; {{lang-lt|]|lit=chase}}) is the historical coat of arms of the ] and the traditional national coat of arms of ]<ref name="EBH">Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі. У 6 т. Т. 1: А — Беліца / Беларус. Энцыкл.; Рэдкал.: М. В. Біч і інш.; Прадм. М. Ткачова; Маст. Э. Э. Жакевіч. — Менск: БелЭн, 1993. — 494 с., к.: іл. ISBN 5-85700-074-2. С. 391.</ref>. From the main colors of Pahonia, which are Belarusian national colors, the historical national ] is originated<ref name="EBH"/>. It was also the official emblem of the ] in 1918 and of the ] from 1991 to 1995. It also is today the emblem of several towns and cities in Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. |
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On May 14, 2007 the Pahonia was declared ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spadchina.by/postanovlenie-soveta-ministrov-respubliki-belarus-ot-14.05.2007-%E2%84%96-578-%C2%ABab-statuse-gistoryika-kulturnyix-kashto%D1%9Enasczej%C2%BB.html|title=Постановление Совета Министров Республики Беларусь от 14.05.2007 № 578 «Аб статусе гiсторыка-культурных каштоўнасцей»|website=spadchina.by}}</ref>. The variation of the historical coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is the current ]. |
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==History== |
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===Grand Duchy of Lithuania=== |
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The charging ] first emerged as a state emblem in the region in 1329 on the seal of duke Alexander Michailovich of ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arche.by/by/page/reviews/15682|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144845/http://www.arche.by/by/page/reviews/15682|url-status= dead|title=About a question of aspects of the foundation of Great Duchy of Lithuania (second part)|archivedate=February 2, 2014}}</ref> He was the deputy of ] of Lithuania to ] which was a part of ] at that time. At the same time, duke ] of ] used Pahonia on his seal as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pawet.net/library/history/bel_history/_articles/kazbiaruk/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%A3._%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.html|title=Pawet: Казбярук У. Летапісы пра нараджэнне Пагоні|website=pawet.net|trans-title=Pawet: Kazbiaruk W. Annals of the birth of Pahoni}}</ref> These facts illustrate that it is the most probable that Pahonia was already in use as a state symbol of Lithuania at least in 1329. However, by ] duke ] of Lithuania (1293–1316) "began ruling on Lithuania and designed a coat of arms and a seal for himself and for Lithuania: armed knight riding on a horse; this symbol at present time is called Pahonia" (quote by "Chronicles about Pahonia's birth"). |
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The symbol of the charging knight on horseback passed down through the generations: from ] to his son, Grand Duke ] (ruled 1377 – 1392), then to Grand Duke ] (ruled 1392 – 1430) and to others. By the 14th century, the charging knight on horseback with a sword had begun to feature in an heraldic shield, first in Jogaila's's seal in 1386 or 1387, and also in the seal of Vytautas in 1401. As early as the 15th century, the heraldic charging knight on horseback became the ] of the ] and of its central part – the ]. 16th-century documents refer to it using the Polish term ''Pogoń''. At first, the charging knight might appear riding either left or right; and sometimes he held a lance. But as of the first half of the 15th century, all depictions show him riding towards the left (as seen by the viewer), with a sword in his raised hand and a shield in the left hand. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Seal of Alexander Nevsky 1236 Avers2.svg|Seal of ] in 1236 |
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File:Печать Дмитрия-Донского 2 Reverse.svg|Seal of ] in XIV century |
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File:Lob Печать Лугвена Ольгердовича.svg|Seal of ] in 1395 |
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File:Lob Погоня Сигизмунда Кейстутовича.svg|Seal of ] in 1432 |
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File:Codex Bergshammar - GDL 1.png|Coat of arms of Lithuania redrawn from the 15th century Codex Bergshammar |
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File:Pahonia_-_Пагоня,_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_COA_(1575)_cut.png|Coat of arms in 1575 |
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File:Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg|An appearance of the coat of arms in the 16th century |
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File:Žygimont Aŭgust, Pahonia. Жыгімонт Аўгуст, Пагоня crop.png|Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
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File:Pogo%C5%84-_Statut_Wielkiego_Ksi%C4%99stwa_z_1588_roku.jpg|The Pahonia as depicted on the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1588 |
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</gallery> |
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In the 15th century, the colors of the seal became uniform. The livery colors became fixed: a white (silver) charging knight on a red field of the heraldic shield. The charging knight at this time bore a blue shield, and set against the blue field appeared a double (gold) cross. The coat of arms featured the Grand Duke's headgear on the crest. |
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At first, the charging knight showed the figure of the ruler of the country, but with time it came to be understood and interpreted as that of a riding knight chasing an intruder out of his native country. Such an understanding became especially popular in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. The explanation has a sound historical foundation. We know that at the ] (1410), where the united Polish–Lithuanian army crushed the army of the ] (thus putting an end to the Knights' eastward expansion) thirty Lithuanian and Ruthenian regiments out of a total of forty fought under banners flying the sign of the Pahonia. |
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With minor stylistic changes, the Pahonia coat of arms remained the state symbol of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1795, when the ] annexed and extinguished the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Third Partition of Poland. |
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=== Russian Empire === |
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<gallery> |
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File:Vilnia, Antokal, Pahonia. Вільня, Антокаль, Пагоня (K. Bachmatovič, 1837).jpg|The Pahonia on the White Columns of Vilnius (1818–1840) |
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File:Viciebsk, Pahonia. Віцебск, Пагоня (1781).jpg|Coat of arms of ] from 1781 |
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File:Coat of arms of Polotsk 1781 (2).svg|Coat of arms of ] Viceroyalty from 1781 |
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File:Coat of arms of Vitebsk Governorate 1856.svg|Coat of arms of ]. 1856 |
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File:Vilnius COA 1845.png|Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate from 1845 |
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File:Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate 1878.svg|Coat of arms of ]. 1878 |
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</gallery> |
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Following the partition of the ], most of the ] was absorbed by the ] and the Pahonia was incorporated into the imperial state emblem. After the ] and Lithuania, ] gave the Pahonia coat of arms to several towns in the newly acquired ethnic ] and ] territories, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. The motive for this was that this territory once belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. |
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The Pahonia was the coat of arms of the ] following the incorporation of ] and surrounding lands into the ]. Pahonia statues placed on white columns greeted visitors at the entrances to the city from 1818 until 1840, when the statues were replaced with two-headed eagles – the state symbol of the ]. |
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Uprisings to restore the ] like the 1830–31 ] and 1863–64 ] saw the Pahonia used as a symbol of rebellion against the ]. |
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During the 19th century ], ] introduced the term ''wytis'' in reference to the Pahonia for the first time in a historical work on Lithuanian culture called ''Budą Senowęs Lietuwiû kalneniu ir Żemaitiû'' (1846). The etymology of this particular name is not universally accepted; it is either a direct translation of the Polish ''Pogoń'', a common noun constructed from the Lithuanian verb ''vyti'' ("to chase") or, less likely, a derivative from the ] title of the knight, ''vytiaz'''. The earliest known Lithuanian name for the symbol is a 17th-century translation of ''Pogonia'' by ] as ''Waikimas'' ("Vaikymas", according to contemporary Lithuanian spelling), which was used until the 19th century together with ''Pagaunia'' (in Lithuanian, "pagauti" means "to catch").<ref name="rimsa2">Lietuviškoje XVIIIa. pabaigos – XIXa. literatūroje valstybės herbas, galima sakyti, vadintas tik Vaikymu, kuris neabejotinai yra lenkiškojo Pogonia atitikmuo</ref> |
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=== Belarusian Democratic Republic === |
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The Pahonia appeared on the state seal of the ] for a short period between 1918 and 1919. ] became part of interwar Poland, and the Pahonia was used as the symbol of several provinces of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, namely the ], the ], and the ]. It was also used by West Belarusian separatist organizations. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Герб БНР 1918.svg|The Pahonia as used in the ] in 1918 |
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File:Pahonia, BNR. Пагоня, БНР (1918-20).jpg|Passport of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, 1918-1919 |
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File:Diplomatic mission of BNR.jpg|Sign of a Belarusian diplomatic mission in late 1910s - early 1920s |
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File:Słucak, Pahonia. Слуцак, Пагоня (1920).jpg|Flag of the 1st Slutsk Regiment during the ], 1920 |
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</gallery> |
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=== Republic of Lithuania in the Interwar === |
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It was the national coat of arms of the independent ] (1918–1940) until the country was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Older version of Lithuania COA.png|]' design, used on coins of the interwar ] |
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File:Coat of arms of Lithuania (1920).png|Interwar ] |
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</gallery> |
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=== World War II === |
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During World War II, the ], the Nazi collaborationist régimes, also used the symbol. |
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=== Soviet Union === |
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During Soviet times the use of the emblem was illegal. It was used only by Belarusian and Lithuanian emigre communities in the USA, Canada, and elsewhere. ] |
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===1990–present=== |
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In the late 1980s, during a new wave of Belarusian national rebirth, the ] adopted the Pahonia as its emblem, despite the fact that its public display constituted a criminal offense in the ].{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Variants were used by Lithuania's independence movement during the ] period. Its use was legalised by Lithuania's Soviet authorities in 1988. |
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On 11 March 1990, Lithuania declared independence from the ] and restored all of its pre-World War II state symbols, including the historic coat of arms. On September 4, 1991, a new design by ] was approved based on recommendations of a special heraldic committee. The new design replaced interwar versions, harkening back to earlier variants used by the ]. It re-established its original colors but placed the horse and rider in an ostensibly more "defensive" posture, ] rather than leaping forward and sword simply elevated rather than ready to strike. |
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].]] |
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In 1991, after the ], the Pahonia became the coat of arms of the independent ]. The official design of the 1991 coat of arms of Belarus was created by a team of artists led by ] and ] basing on various Medieval designs of the Pahonia as the coat of arms of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/26949275.html|title=Крукоўскі паказаў «канструктар», паводле якога малявалася «Пагоня» ВІДЭА|website=Радыё Свабода}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euroradio.fm/yak-stvarali-gerb-pagonya-fota|title=Як стваралі герб “Пагоня” (фота)|website=Навіны Беларусі | euroradio.fm}}</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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File:Belarus-1992-Bill-0.5-Reverse.jpg|] of the National Bank of Belarus, 1992, 50 ]s (]s), reverse |
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File:Belarusian Passport (cover).jpg|Belarusian passport, 1991-1995 |
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File:Constitution of Belarus 1994 1.jpg|Constitution of Belarus, 1994 |
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File:Coat of Arms of Lithuania.svg|"]": the contemporary, "defensive" coat of arms of the ] by ] (official since 1991) |
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File:Flag of Belarus (w-r-w) with Arms (2020).svg|White-red-white flag of Belarus ] with the Pahonia coat of arms |
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File:Banner of the Pahonia coat of arms of Belarus.png|Heraldic banner of the Belarusian Pahonia coat of arms |
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</gallery> |
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In 1995, following a ], ] scrapped the Pahonia's status as the official coat of arms and replaced it with a ]. Since then the Pahonia has served as one of the symbols of the anti-Lukashenko ] in Belarus. |
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In 2004, Lithuania's ] confirmed an historical flag of Lithuania depicting the Pahonia on a rectangular red background, recalling the old battle flags of the ]. The flag does not replace the yellow-green-red tri-color ] ]. It is used on special occasions and buildings of historic significance. |
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It is currently proposed that a larger version of the coat of arms be adopted. It would feature a line from "]", the national anthem of Lithuania, "Vienybė težydi" ("May unity blossom"). The ] already uses a larger version of the coat of arms with this phrase as its ], along with two ]s: the dexter one a ] argent beaked and membered or, langued gules, and the sinister one a ] argent, armed and unguled or, langued gules, and the ducal hat on top of the shield. The ] uses the shield and supporters only. |
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] joined the ] by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015.<ref> {{Dead link|date=August 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The designs of ] share a similar national side for all denominations, featuring the ] and the name of the country, "Lietuva". The design was announced on 11 November 2004 following a public opinion poll conducted by the ]. The horse is again leaping forward, as in more traditional versions. |
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<gallery> |
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File:N22978_2_eur_aversas.jpg|] coin, obverse side |
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File:Flag of Lithuania (state).svg|The historical state flag of Lithuania, official since 2004 |
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</gallery> |
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==Pahonia as a regional coat of arms== |
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The Pahonia is a feature of many emblems of cities and provinces of the former ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/heraldica_litvaniae/regijony/vajvodships.html |title=Middle Age Provinces of Litva |access-date=June 27, 2009 |archive-date=October 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/heraldica_litvaniae/regijony/vajvodships.html&date=2009-10-25+23:55:45 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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File:POL województwo nowogródzkie II RP COA.svg|] |
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File:POL województwo wileńskie II RP COA.svg|Vilnius/] (annexed by Poland from 1926–1939) |
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File:POL województwo poleskie II RP COA.svg|] |
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File:POL województwo białostockie II RP COA.svg|] and ] |
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File:POL Mińskie COA.svg|] |
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File:Coat of Arms of Połacak Voivodeship.svg|] |
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File:Coat of Arms of Viciebsk Voivodeship.svg|] |
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File:Banner of Amścisłaŭ Voivodeship.svg|Banner of the ] |
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</gallery> |
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After the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Russian Empire, the ] and ] governorates inherited coats of arms of their former voivodeships. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Vilna Governorate COA.gif|] coat of arms |
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File:Vitebsk gub coa.png|] coat of arms |
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</gallery> |
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Pahonia is the official emblem of the ] and part of the official emblem of the ]. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Coat of Arms of Vitsebsk Voblasts.svg|] coat of arms |
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File:Coat of arms of Homyel Voblast.svg|] coat of arms |
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</gallery> |
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Pahonia (Vytis) is the official emblem of ] and ] in modern Lithuania. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Vilnius_County_COA.png|] coat of arms |
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File:Panevezys_County_COA.png|] coat of arms |
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</gallery> |
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===Appearances on urban coats of arms=== |
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While being part of the ], some towns in Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus (notably ], ], ] and others) adopted the Pahonia as part of their ]. Some of them continue usage of the coats today: |
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<gallery> |
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File:Coat of Arms of Lepiel, Belarus.svg|] |
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File:Coat of Arms of Vierchniadzvinsk, Belarus.svg|] |
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File:Coat of Arms of Vilejka, Belarus, 1845.png|] (former coat of arms from 1845) |
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File:Coat of Arms of Lida, Belarus, 1845.png|] (former coat of arms from 1845) |
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File:Coat of Arms of Nevel (Pskov oblast).png|], today part of ] of Russia |
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File:Velizh gerb.jpg|], today part of ] of Russia |
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File:POL Brańsk COA.svg|], today part of ] of ] |
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File:Puławy herb.svg|], in ] |
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File:Herb Siedlce.svg|], in Poland |
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File:POL Drohiczyn COA.svg|], in Poland |
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File:Liudvinavas.gif|], in Lithuania |
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</gallery> |
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], ] and several other cities have historically had the Pahonia as part of their city coat of arms: |
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<gallery> |
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File:Coat of Arms of Rečyca, Belarus.svg|] |
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File:Coat of Arms of Mahiloŭ, Belarus.svg|] |
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File:BIA Lipniszki COA.png|] |
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File:Coat of arms of Iziaslav.png|] |
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</gallery> |
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==Pahonia as a political symbol== |
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Pahonia/Pogoń has been used by several political movements on the territory of the former ] and in present-day Belarus |
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<gallery> |
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File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg|Emblem of the ] |
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</gallery> |
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==Other usage== |
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Pahonia is part of the emblems of several organizations in Belarus, including the ], the ], the ] as well as the ] news agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://belapan.com/|title=БелаПАН. Главная|website=belapan.com|trans-title=BelaPAN. home}}</ref> |
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==Design and variations== |
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===Belarus (Pahonia)=== |
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The heraldic ] features a red field with an armored ] on a white (silver) horse holding a silver ] in his right hand above his head. A silver shield hangs on the left shoulder of the charging ], and a golden (yellow) ] appears on the shield. |
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===Western Ukrainian People's Republic=== |
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] |
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The rider carries a shield with the golden lion. |
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{{clearleft}} |
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===Lithuania (Vytis)=== |
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] |
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The main variation is a shield with the ] coat of arms. The rider with Jagiellonian cross was popular in the ] and adopted for many of its voivodeships. |
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Gules, a knight armed cap-à-pie mounted on a horse salient argent, brandishing a sword proper and maintaining a shield azure charged with a cross of Lorraine Or. |
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{{clearleft}} |
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===Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Pahonya)=== |
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] |
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The rider carries a shield with the ]. |
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{{clearleft}} |
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===Ostrogski family=== |
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] |
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Sometimes the rider may carry no shield at all. |
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{{clearleft}} |
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===Other variations=== |
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<gallery> |
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File:Coat of Arms of Mscisłaŭ, Belarus, 1634.png|Minor Pogon |
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File:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|] |
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POL COA Pogonia.svg|Pogon Polska (]) |
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File:POL COA Meszczeryn.svg|Pogon Tatar |
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File:Coat of arms of Belarusian People's Republic.svg|Coat of arms of Belarusian People's Republic |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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*] |
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*] (Vytis) |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{commonscat-inline}} |
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* {{in lang|ru}} |
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226211839/http://belarusdigest.com/2010/03/06/national-symbols-in-belarus-the-past-and-present |date=December 26, 2016 }} |
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