Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 07:32, 6 January 2025

Abraham Accords

Representatives (left-to-right): Bahraini foreign minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al-Zayani Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu American president Donald Trump Emirati foreign minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al-Nahyan
Type	Normalization treaty
Context	Arab–Israeli conflict
Signed	September 15, 2020
Location	Washington, D.C., United States
Negotiators	United States
Signatories	Israel September 15, 2020:  Bahrain  United Arab Emirates December 22, 2020:  Morocco January 6, 2021:  Sudan
Languages	English Arabic Hebrew

The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and between Israel and Bahrain on September 15, 2020. Mediated by the United States, the announcement of August 13, 2020, concerned Israel and the Emirates before the subsequent announcement of an agreement between Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020. On September 15, 2020, the signing of the agreements was hosted by US president Trump on the Truman Balcony of the White House amid elaborate staging intended to evoke the signings of historic formal peace treaties in prior administrations.

As part of the two agreements, both the Emirates and Bahrain recognized Israel's sovereignty, enabling the establishment of full diplomatic relations. Israel's initial agreement with the Emirates marked the first instance of Israel establishing diplomatic relations with an Arab country since 1994, when the Israel–Jordan peace treaty came into effect. The agreements were named "Abraham Accords" to highlight the common belief of Judaism and Islam in the prophet Abraham.

On October 23, 2020, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize ties; the agreement is unratified as of 2024. As part of the agreement, the US removed Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and gave them a US$1.2 billion loan. On January 6, 2021, the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum. On December 22, 2020, the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement was signed. In exchange for Morocco's recognition of Israeli sovereignty, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.

Background

The Israeli–Palestinian peace process was advanced with the Oslo Accords in 1993 and 1995 but later collapsed with the start of the Second Intifada and the ending of committed peace broker Bill Clinton's term as US president. Israel increased settlement construction in the West Bank and withdrew from Gaza in 2005. After Hamas came to power in Gaza in the 2006 election, Israel began to tighten the Gaza blockade, with Egypt's assistance from 2008 onward. A rapprochement between Israel and Sunni Arab states took place in the 2010s due to their shared fear of Shiite Iran and its nuclear program. By 2017, unofficial cooperation with Saudi Arabia had been ongoing for at least 5 years, with intelligence services from both countries assisting each other and officials regularly sharing intelligence. By 2016, summits and conferences between high-ranking Israeli—Palestinian and Israeli—Arab politicians and direct contacts between their security and intelligence services had not only become routine but were openly discussed in major Arab media.

In 2018, the Omani foreign minister visited Jerusalem, and Netanyahu, accompanied by his national security advisor and the head of Mossad, visited Oman in October "to advance the peace process in the Middle East as well as several matters of joint interest regarding the achievement of peace and stability in the Middle East", according to a joint statement. Also in October 2018, the Israeli sports minister attended the 2018 Judo Grand Slam Abu Dhabi. Two Israeli judokas won gold medals, and Israel's national anthem was played during the award ceremonies, a first at Gulf state sporting events. In August 2019, Israel's foreign minister announced military cooperation with the Emirates amidst rising tensions with Iran.

The February 2019 Warsaw Conference was proposed by the US with the intent to build up a coalition against Iran. Due to West European states opposing withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal and resumption of economic sanctions against Iran, host Poland played down the anti-Iranian aspects of the two-day conference, and the closing Polish-US statement did not mention Iran. Among the representatives of the 70 nations in attendance were a number of Arab officials, creating the first situation since the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991 where an Israeli leader and senior Arab officials were all in attendance at the same international conference focused on the Middle East. The Madrid Conference at the time set the stage for the Oslo Accords. Among those with whom Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu met was the Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah—whose country he had visited in October 2018. Two days after Netanyahu's visit at the time, bin Alawi suggested while at a conference in Bahrain that it was time for Israel to be treated like the other states in the Middle East, and the officials of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia did not disagree.

In January 2020, Trump announced the Trump peace plan for the Middle East in a joint press conference with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The plan provided for a unified Jerusalem as Israel's capital and Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and the principal Jewish settlements in the West Bank, amounting to annexation of roughly 30% of the territory. The Palestinians would get some desert areas near the Egyptian border, limited sovereignty, and a non-contiguous state with numerous Israeli enclaves. The New York Times wrote that "ather than viewing it as a serious blueprint for peace, analysts called it a political document by a president in the middle of an impeachment trial working in tandem with Mr. Netanyahu, a prime minister under criminal indictment who is about to face his third election in a year".

History

Agreements between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain

When Netanyahu took office in May 2020, he hinted that his cabinet would begin discussing annexation of parts of the West Bank, as envisioned in the Trump peace plan, in July. On June 12, 2020, Emirati ambassador to the US Yousef Al Otaiba authored an op-ed addressed to the Israeli public that was published on the front page of Yedioth Ahronoth. He warned that Israel's planned annexation of West Bank territory would put a stop to any normalization of relations with the Emirates and other Arab states.

At the end of June, Al Otaiba told Trump's son-in-law and senior adviser, Jared Kushner, and his assistant, Avi Berkowitz, that the Emirates "would agree to normalization with Israel in return for an Israeli announcement that West Bank annexation was off the table". The White House also had reservations about annexation, which Berkowitz had discussed with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu over three days of meetings in June 2020. Berkowitz then told Netanyahu of Al Otaiba's offer of the UAE alternative to annexation. On July 2, 2020, Al Otaiba met with Berkowitz to further discuss the plan. Along with a mutual opposition to Iran, the concerns detailed by Al Otaiba's op-ed and planning with Kushner and Berkowitz helped bring vested parties to the negotiating table to identify an alternative solution that ultimately resulted in a normalization agreement reached in August 2020. As a result of the deal, annexation was postponed.

Hours after the August 13 announcement of the agreement between Israel and the Emirates, senior Bahraini officials called Kushner and Berkowitz with the message "We want to be next." Over the next 29 days, Kushner and Berkowitz negotiated with and traveled to Bahrain before closing the deal on September 11, 2020, in a call between Trump, Netanyahu, and the king of Bahrain.

Israeli prime minister Netanyahu, Emirati foreign minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Bahraini foreign minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani signed the agreements on September 15, 2020, on the Truman Balcony overlooking the South Lawn of the White House. The elaborate ceremony was staged to suggest the grandeur of significant treaties of the past. According to the Washington Post, Trump's political backers saw the staging as a way to bolster Trump's "standing as a statesman".

Developments after the Israel–Hamas war

On November 2, 2023, in view of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war, Bahrain said that it had recalled its ambassador to Israel and that the Israeli ambassador had left Bahrain. Israel said that its relations with Bahrain were stable.

Sudan

On October 23, 2020, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize ties in an agreement mediated by Trump administration officials. As part of the agreement, the US removed Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and gave it a US$1.2 billion loan to help the Sudanese government clear the country's debts to the World Bank. Sudan agreed to pay US$335 million in compensation to American victims of terror, but denied any wrongdoing. On January 6, 2021, the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.

On February 2, 2023, Israel and Sudan announced they had finalized an agreement to normalize relations, with the signing to take place after the establishment of a civilian government in Sudan. Normalization is widely opposed in Sudan, and fighting between rival military factions has delayed the signing.

Agreement between Israel and Morocco

On December 10, 2020, President Trump announced that Israel and the Kingdom of Morocco had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations. The agreement was negotiated by Trump senior adviser Jared Kushner and Middle East envoy Avi Berkowitz and marked Kushner and Berkowitz's fourth normalization agreement in as many months. As a component of the deal, the United States agreed to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara.

Documents

The documents related to the Abraham Accords are as follows:

Aftermath

Protests and violence

After Trump left office, in February 2021, State Department spokesperson Ned Price said that "the United States will continue to urge other countries to normalize relations with Israel" and that normalization is "not a substitute for Israeli-Palestinian peace... We hope that Israel and other countries in the region join together in a common effort to build bridges and... contribute to tangible progress towards the goal of advancing a negotiated peace between Israelis and Palestinians." Axios reported in March 2021 that the Biden administration supports widening the normalization process to other countries and that it prefers the term "normalization process" to "Abraham Accords". In March 2021, a group of 18 US senators introduced a bill to aid the State Department in developing an appropriate strategy "to strengthen and expand the Abraham Accords and other related normalization agreements with Israel."

The normalization agreements were criticized by citizens of the four Arab states that signed the accords as well as many citizens of other Arab countries, especially because they failed to make progress resolving the Palestinian conflict. The criticism increased in May 2021 after violent protests erupted in Jerusalem, Hamas fired rockets into Israel, and Israel retaliated with airstrikes on Gaza. A Fatah Central Committee member said the Abraham Accords, were "one of the reasons" for the October 7, 2023, attack by Hamas on Israel.

United Arab Emirates

In August 2020, the Emirates for the first time established telephone links to Israel by unblocking direct dialing to Israel's +972 country code.

As the war in Gaza was escalating, the Emiratis were beginning to get frustrated with the accords. Many had been afraid to speak publicly due to lack of free speech in the Emirates. However, the Dubai deputy police chief, Dhahi Khalfan said that Israel "proved that its intentions are evil" and that the Gulf leaders must "reconsider the issue of dealing with Israel". However, the Emirati officials didn't express any intentions to cut ties with Israel.

Morocco

In August 2021, the agreement was cited by Algeria as one of the reasons for unilaterally cutting relations with Morocco.

In November 2021, the Israeli minister of defense, Benny Gantz, signed a joint security understandings agreement with Moroccan defense minister Abdellatif Loudiyi, the first time that Israel openly signed such an agreement openly with an Arab state. The agreement formalized the defense ties between the two countries, allowing for smoother cooperation between their defense establishments.

Oman

Oman postponed a decision to normalize ties with Israel until after the US presidential election on November 3, 2020. In February 2021, Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi said that Oman would keep their level of "relations and dialogue" with Israel, involving the "appropriate channels of communication", and that Oman was "committed to peace between Israel and the Palestinians based on a two-state solution."

Expansion to other Muslim-majority states

In June 2023, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken warned Israel that rising tensions with the Palestinians, including through advancing settlement activity, threatened the expansion of normalization agreements with Arab nations, particularly Saudi Arabia. Speaking alongside Blinken earlier in June, the Saudi Foreign Minister had stated that "without finding a pathway to peace for the Palestinian people ... any normalization will have limited benefits."

Abraham Fund

The Abraham Fund was a program established by the US Government that was supposed to raise $3 billion to boost trade and agriculture in the region, facilitate access to clean water and affordable electricity, and "enable strategic infrastructure projects". The fund was set up as an arm of the newly-formed U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and to be overseen by the DFC's chief executive officer Adam Boehler, who had been Kushner's college roommate. Its first projects were reported to be the upgrading of checkpoints between Israel and Palestinian territories and a gas pipeline to be built between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Despite numerous visits by Kushner and US secretary of the treasury Steven Mnuchin with rulers in the region in the last months of the Trump presidency, the fund never received any money, and no projects were ever begun. Following the transition to the Biden administration and the resignation of its Trump-appointed manager, the future of the fund was thrown into question.

Jordan solar power plant

In November 2021, Israel, the Emirates, and Jordan signed a letter of intent for the sale of 600 MW of electricity to Israel annually, produced by solar farms in Jordan to be built by the UAE government-owned Masdar, while Israel would sell 200 million cubic meters of desalinated water to Jordan each year. A renewed memorandum of understanding was signed in November 2022. The purchase agreements were scheduled to be signed in November 2023 at the COP28 climate change conference in Dubai but were removed from the agenda because of the Israel–Hamas war.

Economic impact

While Israel and the Emirates had long-maintained de facto recognition in areas of business including the diamond trade, and high tech industries including artificial intelligence and defense, the accord opened the door to a much wider range of economic cooperation, including formal investments. In November 2021, OurCrowd Arabia became the first Israeli venture capital firm to receive a license from the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM), and in November 2022, OurCrowd launched Integrated Data Intelligence Ltd. (IDI), offering artificial intelligence for business, in Abu Dhabi as part of a $60 million joint investment with the Abu Dhabi Investment Office. Together with OurCrowd, in November 2022, fintech company Liquidity Group opened an office as part of a $545 million government incentive program.

A host of Israeli and Emirati law enterprises including law firms and healthcare providers announced collaborations. Lishot, an Israeli water quality testing company was among the first Israeli firms making direct deliveries to Dubai. A number of kosher restaurants were opened in the Emirates to cater to Jewish visitors. Abu Dhabi Investment Office opened its first overseas branch in Israel. Emirati businesses and individuals began acquiring stakes in Israeli assets, such as Beitar Jerusalem football team, Haifa Port Company, and Israir Airlines.

According to Israel's Ministry of Defense, the value of Israeli defense exports to countries with which it normalized relations in 2020 reached $791 million.

Trump's envoy Jared Kushner, his treasury secretary Steve Mnuchin, and his ambassador to Israel David Friedman, now have ownership stakes in funds receiving billions of dollars of investments directly from the governments of Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, and Qatar, raising complaints about conflicts of interest.

Environmental impact

On August 14, 2021, the Associated Press reported that a secret oil deal between Israel and the Emirates struck in 2020 as part of the Abraham Accords, has turned the Israeli resort town of Eilat into a waypoint for Emirati oil headed for Western markets. It was expected to endanger the Red Sea reefs, which host some of the greatest coral diversity on the planet. As Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia also share the gulf's waters, an ecological disaster was likely to impact their ecosystems.

Collaborative efforts

In mid-December 2020, a delegation from the Emirates and Bahrain visited Israel, the occupied Golan Heights and Jerusalem with the aim of cultural exchange as part of the normalization process. The delegations held a meeting with Israel President Reuven Rivlin. In January 2021, a collaborative event was organized by Tel Aviv International Salon, Sharaka, and OurCrowd to attain the 'business of peace' between Persian Gulf countries and the state of Israel.

From March 23–25, 2021, a virtual hackathon event was organized by Israel-is, which gathered participants from the Emirates, Bahrain, and Morocco, as well as Israel. Then on March 27, 2021, an event was organized to commemorate International Holocaust Memorial Day, which again saw participation from the Emirates, Bahrain and Morocco, as well as Saudi Arabia.

March 2021 also saw the Israeli and Emirati national rugby teams play their first-ever match, in honor of the Abraham Accords. In June 2021, influencers from UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and Egypt visited Magen David Adom, Israel's ambulance service, focused on Magen David Adom's "lifesaving work and its technological expertise". The visit was filmed for "Finding Abraham", a film that was premiered at the UN on the anniversary of the signing of the Abraham Accords in September 2021.

Opinion polling

Surveys show that in Arab countries that have signed normalization agreements with Israel, the majority of citizens view the Abraham Accords negatively.

In November 2022, 76% of Saudi respondents said they had negative views of the Abraham Accords. According to the poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between November 14 and December 6, 2023, 96% of Saudi participants believed that Arab nations should cut ties with Israel, and only 16% of Saudis said Hamas should accept a two-state solution.

See also

• Camp David Accords
• Egypt–Israel peace treaty
• Israel–Jordan peace treaty
• Arab–Israeli alliance
• Indo-Abrahamic Alliance
• Iran–Israel proxy conflict
• Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

References

1. "Moroccan Foreign Minister Bourita Says Abraham Accords Provide "Incredible Momentum" for Peace in Middle East | AJC". www.ajc.org. June 12, 2023.
2. ^ Federico-O'Murchú, Seán (August 13, 2020). "Read the full statement by the US, Israel and UAE on normalizing Israel-UAE relations". CNN. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
3. ^ Riechmann, Deb; Lee, Matthew; Lemire, Jonathan (August 13, 2020). "Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
4. ^ Riechmann, Deb; Lee, Matthew; Lemire, Jonathan (September 15, 2020). "Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?". Washington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
5. "The Abraham Accords". U.S. Department of States. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
6. ^ "Israel, UAE and Bahrain sign Abraham Accord; Trump says "dawn of new Middle East"". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
7. Meuse, Alison Tahmizian (September 16, 2020). "Israel inks twin Arab treaties with UAE, Bahrain". Asia Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
8. "The Abraham Accords Declaration". State.gov. U.S. State Department. September 15, 2020. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
9. ^ Yaari, Ehud (April 21, 2023). "The Fighting in Sudan Threatens Peace Efforts with Israel". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
10. ^ Lawder, David (January 7, 2021). Ellis, Aurora (ed.). "U.S. Treasury signs loan deal to clear Sudan's $1.2 billion World Bank arrears". Reuters.
11. ^ "Sudan quietly signs Abraham Accords weeks after Israel deal". Reuters. January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
12. Kelemen, Michele (December 10, 2020). "Morocco Agrees To Join Trump Administration's Abraham Accords". NPR. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
13. Tharoor, Ishan (October 24, 2023). "The election that led to Hamas taking over Gaza". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
14. Pressman, Jeremy (June 1, 2016). "A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict" (PDF). University of Connecticut. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
15. Salama, Vivian (November 15, 2017). "'An open secret': Saudi Arabia and Israel get cozy". NBC News. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
16. Pollock, David (August 25, 2016). "The New Normal: Today's Arab Debate Over Ties With Israel". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
17. ^ "Israeli PM Netanyahu makes rare visit to Oman". Reuters. October 26, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
18. "Israel wins second judo gold in Abu Dhabi, 'Hatikva' plays again". The Times of Israel. October 29, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
19. Egozi, Arie (August 16, 2019). "Israel Meets with UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
20. Czulda, Robert (February 12, 2019). "The Warsaw Summit: Not So 'Anti-Iranian' but Still a Success". Atlantic Council. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
21. Sanger, David E.; Santora, Marc (February 13, 2019). "Anti-Iran Message Seeps Into Trump Forum Billed as Focusing on Mideast Security". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
22. Raphael, Ahren (February 14, 2019). "In Warsaw, Pence hails sight of Netanyahu 'breaking bread' with Arab leaders". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
23. "Trump reveals Israeli-Palestinian peace plan". Deutsche Welle. January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
24. McGreal, Chris (January 28, 2024). "All that's missing from Trump's 'overly good' Middle East plan is Palestinians". The Guardian.
25. ^ Estrin, Daniel (June 18, 2020). "Netanyahu Plans To Annex Parts Of The West Bank. Many Israeli Settlers Want It All". NPR. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
26. Crowley, Michael; Halbfinger, David M. (February 4, 2020). "Trump Releases Mideast Peace Plan That Strongly Favors Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
27. Holmes, Oliver (May 17, 2020). "Netanyahu takes office in deal that could see West Bank annexation". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
28. Holmes, Oliver (June 9, 2020). "What would Israel annexing the West Bank mean?". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
29. Ahren, Raphael (June 12, 2020). "In first-ever op-ed for Israeli paper, UAE diplomat warns against annexation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
30. Al Otaiba, Yousef (June 12, 2020). "Annexation will be a serious setback for better relations with the Arab world". YNetNews. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
31. ^ Ravid, Barak (August 13, 2020). "Behind the scenes: How the Israel-UAE deal came together". Axios. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
32. ^ Cohen, Sam Zieve (September 30, 2020). "UAE's Al Otaiba goes behind the scenes of the Abraham Accords". Jewish Insider. The Jewish Insider. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
33. ^ Ravid, Barak (September 11, 2020). "Behind the scenes of the U.S.- brokered Israel-Bahrain agreement". Axios. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
34. Makovsky, David (September 16, 2020). "How the Abraham Accords Look Forward, Not Back". Washington Institute. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
35. Hamad, Mohammad (November 2, 2023). "Bahrain says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable". Reuters. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
36. Holland, Steve (October 23, 2020). "Israel, Sudan agree to normalize ties with U.S. help: joint statement". Reuters. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
37. Suliman, Adela (October 23, 2020). "Sudan formally recognizes Israel in U.S.-brokered deal". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
38. "Israel, Sudan announce deal to normalize relations". Reuters. February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
39. Lee, Matthew (December 11, 2020). "Israel, Morocco to normalize ties; shifts W Sahara policy". Associated Press. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
40. Ravid, Barak (December 10, 2020). "Morocco to normalize ties with Israel in deal with Trump over Western Sahara". Axios. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
41. Ravid, Barak (December 11, 2020). "Scoop: Fallout between Trump and top GOP senator made Morocco-Israel deal possible". Axios. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
42. "Full text of the Abraham Accords signed by Israel, the UAE and Bahrain". The White House. September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
43. Landau, Noa (September 16, 2020). "Full Text: The Israel-UAE-Bahrain Abraham Accords Peace Agreement". Haaaretz. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
44. "Abraham Accords: Full text". Jerusalem Post. September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
45. Samuels, Ben (February 2, 2021). "Israel's Normalization Pacts Not a Substitute for Peace With Palestinians, State Dept. Says". Haaretz. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
46. Ravid, Barak (March 10, 2021). "Israel pushes White House ceremony to seal Sudan normalization deal". Axios. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
47. "Department Press Briefing – April 1, 2021". US State Department News. April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021. Mr Price: Of course I can say the term "Abraham Accords," Matt. ....But we call them normalization agreements.
48. Nahmias, Omri (March 28, 2021). "Bipartisan senators introduce bill to strengthen, expand Abraham Accords". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
49. Knipp, Kersten (May 1, 2021). "Israel's Arab allies walk a diplomatic tightrope". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
50. "Israel responds to Hamas rockets with airstrikes in Gaza". Deutsche Welle. May 1, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
51. ^ Isaac Stanley-Becker (February 10, 2024). "How Trump advanced Arab-Israeli peace but fueled Palestinian rage". The Washington Post.
52. "Israel and UAE launch direct phone links after historic accord". BBC News. August 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
53. "As Israel's Ties to Arab Countries Fray, a Strained Lifeline Remains". The New York Times. March 10, 2024. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
54. Karam, Souhail (August 25, 2021). "Algeria Cuts Diplomatic Ties With Morocco as Tensions Build". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
55. Ari Gross, Judah (November 21, 2021). "In Morocco, Gantz signs Israel's first-ever defense MOU with an Arab country". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
56. "Sudan, Oman postpone normalising ties with Israel until after US elections". Middle East Monitor. October 3, 2020. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
57. Barrington, Lisa (February 11, 2021). Heinrich, Mark (ed.). "Oman content with current Israel relationship, foreign minister says". Reuters. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
58. "Blinken says US told Israel that violence with Palestinians could jeopardize possible normalization with Saudi Arabia". CNN.
59. "U.S., Israel, UAE Announce Establishment of Abraham Fund Following Accords Commitment". U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. October 20, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
60. ^ Schneider, Tal. "Trump's $3 billion Abraham Fund may be tapped out before staking a dime". The Times of Israel. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
61. "U.S., Israel, UAE Announce Establishment of Abraham Fund Following Accords Commitment". U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. October 20, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
62. Rappeport, Alan; Swanson, Ana; Thrush, Glenn (October 25, 2020). "Kodak Loan Debacle Puts a New Agency in the Hot Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
63. ^ Kelly, Kate; Kirkpatrick, David (May 22, 2022). "Kushner's and Mnuchin's Quick Pivots to Business With the Gulf". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
64. Zaken, Danny (July 7, 2021). "US freezes Abraham Fund, as Israel—UAE business ties falter". Globes. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
65. Udasin, Sharon (November 23, 2021). "Israel, Jordan, UAE sign pivotal deal to swap solar energy, desalinated water". The Hill. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
66. Surkes, Sue (November 8, 2022). "Israel, Jordan, UAE sign new MOU on deal to swap solar energy for desalinated water". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
67. Bromberg, Gidon (January 1, 2024). "COP28 – A Missed Opportunity for Regional Climate Resilience". The Jerusalem Strategic Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
68. Shnidman, Ronen (November 27, 2018). "Diamond Trade Binds Israel and the UAE Together". CTECH. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
69. Heller, Aron (November 6, 2019). "Israeli robotics delegation to Dubai marks warming Gulf ties". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
70. "UAE-based intelligence firm said recruiting IDF veterans from elite cyber unit". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
71. Scheer, Steven (November 22, 2021). "Israeli venture firm OurCrowd gets license to operate in the UAE". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
72. Lieber, Dov (November 16, 2022). "Israel's OurCrowd to Launch AI Business in U.A.E." Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
73. Ben-David, Ricky (November 16, 2022). "Two Israeli companies join $545m innovation program in Abu Dhabi". The Times of Israel. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
74. "Israeli, UAE lawyers to open annual IBA Global Conference". Globes. February 11, 2020. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
75. "Tel Aviv's Asserson Law Offices teams with Dubai firm Araa". Globes. September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
76. Ashkenazi, Shani (October 26, 2020). "Hadassah in talks to set up hospital in Dubai". Globes. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
77. Zaken, Dan (March 9, 2020). "DHL flies first consignments direct from Israel to Dubai". Globes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
78. "UAE-Israel treaty: Data insights will be key for sizing up deals". Gulf News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
79. Godinho, Varun (September 17, 2020). "Abu Dhabi Investment Office to open first international branch in Tel Aviv". Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
80. Zaken, Danny (July 12, 2020). "UAE businessman buys 50% Beitar Jerusalem stake". Globes. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
81. "The Dubai tycoon with ambitions for Haifa Port". Globes. February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
82. Raz-Chaimovitz, Michal (October 13, 2020). "Dubai-based NY Koen Group to bid for Israir". Globes. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
83. Avis, Daniel (April 12, 2011). "Israel's 'Abraham Accords' 2021 Defense Exports Hit $791 Million". Bloomberg.
84. Jonathan Swan; Kate Kelly; Maggie Haberman; Mark Mazzetti (March 30, 2023). "Kushner Firm Got Hundreds of Millions From 2 Persian Gulf Nations". The New York Times.
85. Zion, Ilan Ben (August 14, 2021). "Secretive Israel-UAE oil deal endangers prized Eilat corals". Associated Press. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
86. Alsaied, Najat (December 28, 2020). "The Sharaka Project brings Israeli-Arab peace to ordinary people -opinion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
87. Frantzman, Seth J. (January 7, 2021). "Medved: How Israel and Gulf economies can do the 'business of peace'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
88. "Live Event: UAE & Israel: The Business of Peace". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
89. "Israeli & Emirati entrepreneurs join Abraham Accords virtual Hackathon". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
90. Rudee, Eliana (January 28, 2021). "Abraham Accords inspire first Arab-led commemoration of Holocaust". Israel Hayom. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
91. Rudee, Eliana (January 27, 2021). "In a first, Arab-initiated event commemorates the Holocaust in wake of Abraham Accords". Jewish News Syndicate. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
92. "Israel, UAE rugby teams celebrate Abraham Accords in friendly". i24News. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
93. "The Start of a Beautiful Friendship". mdauk.org. July 7, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
94. "Across the Mideast, a Surge of Support for Palestinians as War Erupts in Gaza". The New York Times. October 9, 2023.
95. "Saudi Arabia Offers Its Price to Normalize Relations With Israel". The New York Times. March 11, 2023.
96. "Saudis Overwhelmingly Oppose Ties With Israel, Poll Finds". The New York Times. December 22, 2023.

Links to related articles

v t e Arab–Israeli conflict v t e Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All-Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Ba'athist Iraq Israel Jordan Palestinian Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Amal al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Arab League Arab Liberation Front Army of Islam DFLP Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Kataeb Lebanese Forces al-Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood PIJ PLF PLO Palestinian Popular Struggle Front PFLP PFLP-GC Popular Resistance Committees as-Sa'iqa Syrian Social Nationalist Party Former Abu Nidal Organization Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black September Organization Haganah Holy War Army Irgun Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic v t e Armed engagements 1947–1959 1948 Palestine war Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency (1949–1956) Suez Crisis (1956) 1960–1979 Samu incident (1966) Six-Day War (1967) War of Attrition (1967–1970) Battle of Karameh (1968) Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1968–1982) Gift (1968) Yom Kippur War (1973) Sabena Flight 571 (1972) Lod Airport massacre (1972) Munich massacre (1972) Bayonet (1972–1979) Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (1973) Ma'alot massacre (1974) Savoy Hotel attack (1975) Entebbe (1976) Coastal Road massacre (1978) Litani (1978) 1980–1999 Misgav Am hostage crisis (1980) Opera (1981) Lebanon War (1982) Bus 300 affair (1984) South Lebanon conflict (1985) Wooden Leg (1985) First Intifada (1987–1993) Mothers' Bus attack (1988) Tunis raid (1988) Iraqi missile attacks against Israel (1991) Bramble Bush (1992) Palestinian suicide attacks (1993–2008; list) Accountability (1993) Grapes of Wrath (1996) 2000–2021 Second Intifada (2000–2005) Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel (2001–) Ain es Saheb airstrike (2003) Bringing Home the Goods (2006) Summer Rains (2006) Autumn Clouds (2006) Lebanon War (2006) Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–) Hot Winter (2007–2008) Gaza War (2008–2009) Palestinian militancy campaign (2010) Southern Israel cross-border attacks (2011) Returning Echo (2012) Pillar of Defense (2012) Gaza War (2014) Wave of violence (2015–2016) Gaza border protests (2018) Gaza–Israel clashes (2018) Gaza–Israel clashes (2019) Black Belt (2019) Israel–Palestine crisis (2021) Breaking Dawn (2022) Shield and Arrow (2023) Israel–Hamas war (2023–2024) v t e Diplomacy and peace proposals Background 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946–47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948–1983 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1982 Reagan peace plan 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement 1991–2016 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2000 Isratin 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2016 John Kerry Parameters 2019–present 2019 Trump peace plan 2020 Abraham Accords Israel–UAE normalization agreement Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement Israel–Sudan normalization agreement Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement v t e Diplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict Background 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946–47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948–1983 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1982 Reagan peace plan 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement 1991–2016 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2000 Isratin 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2016 John Kerry Parameters 2019–present 2019 Trump peace plan 2020 Abraham Accords Israel–UAE normalization agreement Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement Israel–Sudan normalization agreement Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement v t e Foreign relations of Israel Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Cameroon Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Kenya Liberia Libya Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Haiti Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru United States military Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Hong Kong East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Former states East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral Arab world Arab League Arab–Israeli conflict Arab–Israeli alliance European Union United Nations Diplomacy Alliance of the periphery Camp David Accords Egypt Jordan Oslo Accords Abraham Accords United Arab Emirates Bahrain Sudan Morocco Diplomatic missions of Israel in Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs International recognition Legitimacy Free trade agreements of Israel v t e Foreign relations of Bahrain Americas United States Asia Bangladesh India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kuwait Malaysia Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Germany United Kingdom Multilateral relations European Union Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Arab League Gulf Cooperation Council Non-Aligned Movement Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Bahrain / in Bahrain v t e Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya Nigeria Somalia (Somaliland) South Africa Tanzania Americas Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Peru United States Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Vietnam Yemen Europe Cyprus Denmark France Germany Greece Holy See Kosovo North Macedonia Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain United Kingdom Oceania Australia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates Multilateral relations United Nations (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO) Arab League (ALECSO, CAEU, AMF) Gulf Cooperation Council Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OPEC BRICS Non-Aligned Movement World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation International Monetary Fund World Bank International Monetary Fund International Maritime Security Construct Indo-Abrahamic Alliance v t e Foreign relations of Sudan Africa Algeria Central African Republic Chad Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya South Sudan Americas United States Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Israel Malaysia Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Europe Bulgaria Denmark Germany Norway Russia Spain Ukraine United Kingdom Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations Arab League European Union Related topics Diplomatic missions of / in Sudan Foreign Ministry African Union Mission in Sudan Foreign aid to Sudan v t e Foreign relations of Morocco Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Benin Egypt Kenya Libya Mauritania Senegal Tunisia Americas Argentina Canada Mexico Peru United States Asia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Israel Jordan Malaysia Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Europe Denmark France Germany Italy Kosovo Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain United Kingdom Oceania Australia Former Yugoslavia Multilateral relations African Union Arab League Arab Maghreb Union European Union World Bank Territorial disputes Western Sahara conflict Legal status Morocco's autonomy proposal MINURSO Western Sahara War Plazas de soberanía Perejil Island crisis Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates Diplomatic missions of / in Morocco Moroccan diaspora Moroccan diplomats v t e First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021) Tenure Transition Inauguration speech Opinion polling 2017 2018 2019 Social media 2018 midterm elections Government shutdowns January 2018 2018–2019 Executive actions executive orders presidential proclamations State funeral of George H. W. Bush State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg Executive clemency pardon of Joe Arpaio commutation of Jaime Davidson Travel bans reactions legal challenges protests replacement Executive Order 13767 Family separation policy Migrant detentions Operation Faithful Patriot Stormy Daniels scandal Anonymous senior official op-ed Relations with Israel Jerusalem recognition Golan Heights recognition Peace plan Abraham Accords UAE Bahrain Sudan Morocco Kosovo–Serbia agreement North Korea crisis peace process Singapore summit Hanoi summit DMZ summit Trump–Ukraine scandal Relations with Russia Helsinki summit Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials Russian bounty program Farmer bailouts Saudi Arabia arms deal Syria strikes 2017 2018 Proposed invasion of Venezuela Taiwan call Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Assassination of Qasem Soleimani Afghanistan withdrawal COVID-19 pandemic response Communication White House COVID-19 outbreak Political interference with science agencies Federal government data breach Crossfire Hurricane Classified information disclosures Mueller special counsel investigation Durham special counsel investigation Legal affairs Impeachments efforts resolutions impeachment inquiry first impeachment first trial second impeachment second trial proposed expungements Photo op at St. John's Church 2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration National Garden of American Heroes Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election Fake electors plot Chesebro memos Eastman memos Lawsuits Texas v. Pennsylvania Jeffrey Clark letter January 6 United States Capitol attack timeline aftermath continued protests domestic reactions international reactions Presidential Library Judicial appointments Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barrett Supreme Court candidates controversies Biden transition Timeline First 100 days 2017 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 January 2021 Trips 2017 2018 2019 2020–2021 international by Rex Tillerson by Mike Pompeo Riyadh summit Singapore summit Helsinki summit Hanoi summit DMZ summit Speeches Joint session of Congress (2017) Warsaw speech (2017) National Scout Jamboree (2017) State of the Union Address 2018 2019 2020 2019 Oval Office address 2020 Oval Office address Farewell address (2021) Policies Economy tax cuts China trade war tariffs USMCA Environment Paris Agreement withdrawal America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 Foreign policy as candidate as President America First Immigration Infrastructure Racial views Social issues cannabis Space policy Personnel Cabinet formation Ambassadors Attorneys Economic advisors Withdrawn appointees Short-tenure appointees Dismissals and resignations attorneys Comey inspectors general ← Obama administration Biden administration → v t e Iran–Israel proxy conflict Background Iranian revolution Iran–Iraq war 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus reactions Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries Iranian strikes on Israel April 2024 October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April 2024 October 2024 intelligence leak Hezbollah–Israel conflict Israeli–Lebanese conflict South Lebanon conflict 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing AMIA bombing 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2006 Lebanon War Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt Francop Affair January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident Operation Northern Shield 2019 Beirut drone crash 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Assassination of Fuad Shukr 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks 20 September 2024 Beirut attack September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike Assassination of Hashem Safieddine 2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement Projectile attacks from Lebanon Israeli–Palestinian conflict Karine A affair Victoria Affair Operation Full Disclosure Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War (2008–2009) 2014 Gaza War Israel–Hamas war Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh Syrian civil war January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015) March 2017 Israel–Syria incident February 2018 Israel–Syria incident Operation House of Cards September 2018 Syria missile strikes August 2019 Syria missile strikes November 2019 Syria missile strikes January 2021 Syria airstrikes 2023 Damascus airstrike Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents Hezbollah involvement International incidents Operation Outside the Box 2009 Sudan airstrikes 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 2012 Bangkok bombings 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 2012 Burgas bus bombing Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2022 Istanbul terror plot 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen Nuclear program of Iran Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists Ardeshir Hosseinpour Massoud Ali-Mohammadi Majid Shahriari Fereydoon Abbasi Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Mohsen Fakhrizadeh AMAD Project Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive Bid Kaneh explosion Stuxnet 2020 Iran explosions 2021 Natanz incident 2023 Iran drone attacks Related Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Russia–Hamas relations Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Ahmad Reza Djalali Axis of Resistance Arab–Israeli alliance Abraham Accords Warsaw Middle East conference People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Little Satan Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel Views on military action against Iran Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iranian support for Hamas Israel and state-sponsored terrorism Quds Day Prisoner X2 Tehran Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict v t e Iran–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Iran to the United States Embassy of the United States, Tehran Ambassadors of the United States to Iran Interests Section of Iran in the United States Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Iran–United States Claims Tribunal Iranian Directorate Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group Diplomacy Persian Corridor Persian Gulf Command Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 1953 Iranian coup d'état Abadan Crisis Timeline Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights Exercise Delawar Project Dark Gene Safari Club Island of Stability Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Negotiations Joint Plan of Action Framework Reactions Criticism Aftermath U.S. withdrawal Conflicts Iran–Iraq War United States support for Iraq Bridgeton incident Iran Air Flight 655 Iran Ajr Iran–Contra affair Operation Staunch Operation Eager Glacier Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Nimble Archer Operation Praying Mantis Syrian civil war Yemeni Civil War Arab–Israeli alliance Abraham Accords February 2019 Warsaw Conference Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition International Maritime Security Construct Assassination of Qasem Soleimani reactions Thirteen revenge scenarios Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites Operation Martyr Soleimani 2020 Camp Taji attacks Incidents after 1979 Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner Iranian revolution Iran hostage crisis Timeline Guadeloupe Conference Operation Credible Sport Operation Eagle Claw Canadian Caper Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 1980 October Surprise theory Negotiations Algiers Accords America can't do a damn thing against us Beirut barracks bombings Khobar Towers bombing Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal Disappearance of Robert Levinson United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 2008 Naval dispute Filipino Monkey Project Cassandra Detention of American hikers United States diplomatic cables leak 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot Strait of Hormuz dispute RQ-170 incident MV Maersk Tigris 2016 Naval incident Nuclear program of Iran Timeline P5+1 Operation Merlin Charming Kitten Stuxnet Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani Arrest of Meng Wanzhou Deportation of Iranian students at US airports May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone 2019 K-1 Air Base attack December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 2020 Iran explosions 2021 Erbil rocket attacks 2021 Natanz incident February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present) 2024 Erbil attack Tower 22 drone attack Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections Legislation United States sanctions against Iran Maximum pressure campaign Executive Order 12170 Executive Order 12172 Executive Order 13769 reactions Trump travel ban Executive Order 13780 Executive Order 13876 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act Iran Nonproliferation Act Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act Iran Freedom and Support Act Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act Kyl–Lieberman Amendment Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act Public Law 113-100 Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Dames & Moore v. Regan United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Oil Platforms case United States v. Banki Bank Markazi v. Peterson Certain Iranian Assets Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity Groups and individuals Iran Action Group Iran–America Society Iranian Students Association in the United States National Iranian American Council Organization of Iranian American Communities United Against Nuclear Iran Farashgard Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Jundallah Kingdom Assembly of Iran National Council of Iran National Council of Resistance of Iran People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Elliott Abrams Kaveh L. Afrasiabi Howard Baskerville William J. Fallon Brian Hook Joseph Macmanus Robert Malley Stephen D. Mull Erwin David Rabhan Jason Rezaian Scott Ritter Craig Wadsworth Michael R. White Roxana Saberi Saeed Abedini Saeid Aboutaleb Shahram Amiri Sirous Asgari Mahmoud Reza Banki Haleh Esfandiari Amir Mirza Hekmati Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Shahrzad Mirgholikhan Mohammad Hosseini Esha Momeni Mohammad Mosaddegh Baquer Namazi Siamak Namazi Sahar Nowrouzzadeh Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Noor Pahlavi Trita Parsi Maryam Rajavi Abdolreza Shahlaei Ali Shakeri Masoud Soleimani Morad Tahbaz Kian Tajbakhsh Karan Vafadari Xiyue Wang Nizar Zakka Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees Abdul Majid Muhammed Related 1998 FIFA World Cup match Academic relations between Iran and the United States American Islam Anti-American sentiment in Iran Axis of evil CIA activities in Iran Copyright relations Death to America Dual containment Great Satan International Conference on Hollywoodism Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iranian frozen assets Opposition to military action against Iran State Sponsor of Terrorism United States involvement in regime change United States and state-sponsored terrorism 650 Fifth Avenue Alavi Foundation Alborz High School American Institute of Iranian Studies American School of Isfahan Community School, Tehran Damavand College Iran Bethel School Iranzamin School Saint Peter Church, Tehran Tehran American School "Bomb Iran" Overthrow Not for the Faint of Heart Category v t e Bahrain–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Bahrain, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Bahrain to the United States Embassy of the United States, Manama Ambassadors of the United States to Bahrain Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Diplomacy Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement Abraham Accords Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement Arab–Israeli alliance Negev Summit Military relations Bahraini Guantanamo Bay detainees Bahrain School Naval Support Activity Bahrain Major non-NATO ally International Maritime Security Construct American Mission Hospital Category:Bahrain–United States relations v t e United Arab Emirates–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, Washington, D.C. Embassy of the United States, Abu Dhabi Ambassadors of the United States to the United Arab Emirates Consulate General of the United States, Dubai Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Diplomacy Al Dhafra Air Base U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation International Maritime Security Construct Abraham Accords Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement Arab–Israeli alliance Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Indo-Abrahamic Alliance I2U2 Group Negev Summit Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange Incidents Dubai Ports World controversy United States diplomatic cables leak Murder of Ibolya Ryan Rehaif v. United States Emirati Guantanamo Bay detainees Related UAE Healthy Kidney 10K Category:United Arab Emirates–United States relations v t e Benjamin Netanyahu 9th Prime Minister of Israel (1996–1999; 2009–2021; 2022–) Leader of the Opposition (1993–1996; 2006–2009; 2021–2022) Chairman of Likud (1993–1999, 2005–) Premiership Governments 27 (1996–1999) 32 (2009–2013) 33 (2013–2015) 34 (2015–2020) 35 (2020–2021) 37 (2022–2023) 38 (war cabinet) (2023–) 2014 Gaza War 2018–2022 Israeli political crisis Abraham Accords Bahrain United Arab Emirates Morocco Sudan Operation Israel Guarantees 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests reactions Israel–Hamas war 2024 drone attack on Benjamin Netanyahu's residence 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal International trips Arrest warrant Elections Likud leadership 1993 January 1999 2002 2005 2007 2012 2014 2019 Knesset 1996 1999 2009 2013 2015 April 2019 September 2019 2020 2021 2022 Family Sara Netanyahu (wife) Yair Netanyahu (son) Avner Netanyahu (son) Benzion Netanyahu (father) Yonatan Netanyahu (brother) Iddo Netanyahu (brother) Related Trial Project 315 2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm The Netanyahus The Bibi Files Category

• Abraham Accords
• Arab–Israeli peace process
• Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
• Iran–Israel proxy conflict
• Middle East peace efforts
• First presidency of Donald Trump
• Benjamin Netanyahu
• Foreign relations of Israel
• Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
• Foreign relations of Bahrain
• Foreign relations of Sudan
• Foreign relations of Morocco
• Foreign relations of the United States
• Bahrain–Israel relations
• Bahrain–United States relations
• Israel–Morocco relations
• Israel–Sudan relations
• Israel–United Arab Emirates relations
• Israel–United States relations
• Morocco–United States relations
• Sudan–United States relations
• United Arab Emirates–United States relations
• Eponymous treaties
• Abraham