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{{short description|Academic field within biology}} {{short description|Academic field within biology}}
{{redirect|Crop Science|the journal|Crop Science (journal)|the company|Bayer CropScience}} {{Redirect|Crop Science|the journal|Crop Science (journal)|the company|Bayer CropScience}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Agriculture|related}} {{Agriculture|related}}


'''Agricultural science''' is a broad multidisciplinary field of ] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and ]s that are used in the practice and understanding of ]. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or ]. '''Agricultural science''' (or '''agriscience''' for short<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agriscience {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] via ] |language=en |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |access-date=2022-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064428/https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>) is a broad multidisciplinary field of ] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and ]s that are used in the practice and understanding of ]. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or ].


==History== ==History==
{{Main|History of agricultural science}} {{Main|History of agricultural science}}


In the 18th century, ] conducted experiments on the use of ] (hydrated ]) as a fertilizer.<ref name="JB 1840">John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. ''A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden.'' 1840. p. 45.</ref> In the 18th century, ] conducted experiments on the use of ] (hydrated ]) as a ].<ref name="JB 1840">John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. ''A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden.'' 1840. p. 45.</ref>


In 1843, ] and ] began a set of long-term field experiments at ] in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Long Term Experiments|url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments|publisher=Rothamsted Research|access-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments|archive-date=27 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1843, ] and ] began a set of long-term field experiments at ] in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Term Experiments |publisher=Rothamsted Research |url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |access-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process |date=2014-11-19 |website=tfi.org |language=en |url=https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |access-date=2022-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233037/https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership |website=Harpenden History |language=en |url=https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/topics-cms/farms-and-farming/lawes_and_gilbert_an_unlikely_victorian_agricultural_partnership |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref>


In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the ], which used the term "agricultural science". The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The ] of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.<ref>Hillison J. (1996). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf |date=2 October 2008 }}. ''Journal of Agricultural Education''.</ref> After 1906, public expenditures on agricultural research in the US exceeded private expenditures for the next 44 years.<ref name=ScienceForAg>Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). ''''. ].</ref>{{rp|xxi}} In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the ], which used the term "agricultural science".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hatch Act of 1887 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/capacity-grants/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hatch Act of 1887 |date=2020-11-23 |website=College of Life Sciences and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The ] of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.<ref>Hillison J. (1996). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf |date=2 October 2008}}. ''Journal of Agricultural Education''.</ref> For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.<ref name=ScienceForAg>Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). ''''. ].</ref>{{rp|xxi}}
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Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and ], often referred to as the ], was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial ]s and ]s. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and ], often referred to as the ], was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial ]s and ]s.


As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the environmental impact of agriculture in general and more recently ], industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agricultural scientists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields. These include technological fields that assume the solution to technological problems lies in better technology, such as ], ] technologies, ], ], and ] fields that include references to ] as something essentially different from non-essential economic 'goods'. In fact, the interaction between these two approaches provide a fertile field for deeper understanding in agricultural science. As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the environmental impact of agriculture in general and more recently ], industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agricultural scientists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields. These include technological fields that assume the solution to technological problems lies in better technology, such as ], ] technologies, ], ], and ] fields that include references to ] as something essentially different from non-essential economic 'goods'. In fact, the interaction between these two approaches provide a fertile field for deeper understanding in agricultural science.


New technologies, such as ] and ] (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including ], ], improved ], and ]. Balancing these, as above, are the natural and human sciences of agricultural science that seek to understand the human-nature interactions of ], including interaction of ], and the non-material components of agricultural production systems.--> New technologies, such as ] and ] (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including ], ], improved ], and ]. Balancing these, as above, are the natural and human sciences of agricultural science that seek to understand the human-nature interactions of ], including interaction of ], and the non-material components of agricultural production systems.-->


==Prominent agricultural scientists== ==Prominent agricultural scientists==
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==Fields or related disciplines== ==Fields or related disciplines==
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==Scope== ==Scope==
Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are often confused. However, they cover different concepts: Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts:
*Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research. * Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
*] is ] related to studying and improving plant-based crops. * ] is ] related to studying and improving plant-based crops.
*{{visible anchor|Geoponics}} is the science of cultivating the earth.<ref>“Geoponics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024.</ref>
*] involves growing plants without soil, by using water-based mineral nutrient solutions in an artificial environment.


==Research topics== ==Research topics==
Agricultural sciences include research and development on:<ref name="Bosso 2015">{{cite book | last=Bosso | first=Thelma | title=Agricultural Science | publisher=Callisto Reference | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref><ref name="Boucher 2018">{{cite book | last=Boucher | first=Jude | title=Agricultural Science and Management | publisher=Callisto Reference | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> Agricultural sciences include research and development on:<ref name="Bosso 2015">{{cite book |last=Bosso |first=Thelma |title=Agricultural Science |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref><ref name="Boucher 2018">{{cite book |last=Boucher |first=Jude |title=Agricultural Science and Management |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref>
* Improving ] in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of ]-resistant crops and animals, development of new ]s, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro ] techniques) * Improving ] in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of ] crops and animals, development of new ]s, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro ] techniques)
* Minimizing the effects of pests (]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s) on crop or animal production systems. * Minimizing the effects of pests (]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s) on crop or animal production systems.
* Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of ]s) * Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of ]s)
* Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., ], ], ]) * Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., ], ], ])
* ], relating to crop production modeling * ], relating to crop production modeling
* Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed ], which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of ], which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems. * Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed ], which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of ], which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.
* Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU. * Food production and demand globally, with particular attention paid to the primary producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US, and the EU.
* Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in ]. * Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in ].


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==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report<ref name="Brief"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626071001/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty |date=26 June 2010 }}</ref> * Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report<ref name="Brief"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626071001/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty |date=26 June 2010}}</ref>
*Claude Bourguignon, ''Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology'', Other India Press, 2005 * Claude Bourguignon, ''Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology'', Other India Press, 2005
*Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, ''Computer les kilocalories'', Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977 * Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, ''Computer les kilocalories'', Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977
*Russell E. Walter, ''Soil conditions and plant growth'', Longman group, London, New York 1973 * Russell E. Walter, ''Soil conditions and plant growth'', Longman group, London, New York 1973
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrg817|pmid=12042770|title=Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|volume=3|issue=6|pages=429–441|year=2002|last1=Salamini|first1=Francesco|last2=Özkan|first2=Hakan|last3=Brandolini|first3=Andrea|last4=Schäfer-Pregl|first4=Ralf|last5=Martin|first5=William}} * {{cite journal |title=Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=429–441 |year=2002 |last1=Salamini |first1=Francesco |last2=Özkan |first2=Hakan |last3=Brandolini |first3=Andrea |last4=Schäfer-Pregl |first4=Ralf |last5=Martin |first5=William |pmid=12042770 |doi=10.1038/nrg817 |s2cid=25166879}}
*Saltini Antonio, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, {{ISBN|88-206-2412-5}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2413-3}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2414-1}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2415-X}} * Saltini Antonio, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, {{ISBN|88-206-2412-5}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2413-3}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2414-1}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2415-X}}
*Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), ''The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings'', in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50 * Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), ''The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings'', in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50
*Vavilov Nicolai I., ''World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax,'' Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960 * Vavilov Nicolai I., ''World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax,'' Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960
*Winogradsky Serge, ''Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches,'' Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949 * Winogradsky Serge, ''Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches,'' Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949


==External links== ==External links==
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* - The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world. * – the most comprehensive agricultural library in the world
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Latest revision as of 08:38, 17 December 2024

Academic field within biology "Crop Science" redirects here. For the journal, see Crop Science (journal). For the company, see Bayer CropScience.

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Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.

History

Main article: History of agricultural science

In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) as a fertilizer.

In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.

In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science". The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built. For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.

Prominent agricultural scientists

Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution.

Fields or related disciplines

Scope

Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts:

  • Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
  • Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.
  • Geoponics is the science of cultivating the earth.
  • Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil, by using water-based mineral nutrient solutions in an artificial environment.

Research topics

Agricultural sciences include research and development on:

  • Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)
  • Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems.
  • Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)
  • Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)
  • Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling
  • Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.
  • Food production and demand globally, with particular attention paid to the primary producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US, and the EU.
  • Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.

See also

References

  1. "Agriscience | Meaning & Definition for UK English". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press via Lexico. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  2. John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden. 1840. p. 45.
  3. "The Long Term Experiments". Rothamsted Research. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  4. "Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process". tfi.org. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  5. "Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership". Harpenden History. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  6. "The Hatch Act of 1887". National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  7. "Hatch Act of 1887". College of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  8. Hillison J. (1996). The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From? Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Agricultural Education.
  9. Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). Science for Agriculture. Blackwell Publishing.
  10. “Geoponics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024.
  11. Bosso, Thelma (2015). Agricultural Science. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-058-5.
  12. Boucher, Jude (2018). Agricultural Science and Management. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-965-6.

Further reading

  • Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report
  • Claude Bourguignon, Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology, Other India Press, 2005
  • Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, Computer les kilocalories, Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977
  • Russell E. Walter, Soil conditions and plant growth, Longman group, London, New York 1973
  • Salamini, Francesco; Özkan, Hakan; Brandolini, Andrea; Schäfer-Pregl, Ralf; Martin, William (2002). "Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (6): 429–441. doi:10.1038/nrg817. PMID 12042770. S2CID 25166879.
  • Saltini Antonio, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X
  • Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50
  • Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960
  • Winogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949

External links

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    1. Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
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