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{{Mergeto|Mediumship|Talk:Mediumship#Merge with Medium (spirituality)|date=January 2007}} |
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In ], a '''medium''' or '''spirit medium''' (plural '''mediums''') is an individual who has the ability to receive messages from ]s (discorporate entities), or the ability to ] such entities — that is, write or speak in the voice of these entities rather than in the medium's own voice. |
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Some popular and well known people who profess to be mediums are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. |
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==Mediumistic automatism== |
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'''Mediumistic automatism''' is the ] associated with a medium receiving ] messages from ghosts, spirits or the like, the expression of such messages (in speech, ] or ]s) lacking conscious control or intervention by the medium. |
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==Research and supporting arguments== |
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In some cases, individuals have produced personal information (allegedly told to them by a spirit) to their clients well above guessing rates according to an article in The Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. <ref name="Guess"> Journal of the Society for Psychical Research January, 2001 - Vol. 65.1, Num. 862</ref> |
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VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona was created primarily to test the hypothesis that the consciousness (or identity) of a person survives physical death.<ref></ref> Their studies are conducted within a University of Arizona laboratory and have been approved by the University of Arizona Human Subjects Protection Program and an academic advisory board. |
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==Skeptical perspective== |
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] dispute the existence of genuine mediums, arguing that individuals who claim to possess this ability are either self-deluded or charlatans who engage in ] or ] reading.<ref>http://www.csicop.org/articles/19990608-vanpraagh/</ref> |
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Practitioners of mediumship are eligible for the ] (JREF) Paranormal Challenge through March 2007 and may be eligible after that date under certain conditions. The challenge offers a million US dollars to anyone who can provide proof of the paranormal as defined by JREF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randi.org/research/ |title=One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge |accessdate=2007-01-19 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/news/technology/1,72482-0.html |title=Skeptic Revamps $1M Psychic Prize |accessdate=2007-01-19 |publisher=] |date=2007-01-12 }}</ref> |
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] was a famous magician who became a debunker of mediums later in life and, indeed, even in death, because he left a ten-word passphrase with his wife that a medium should say in order to prove they were channelling him. Although many people did claim to channel Houdini, no-one was able to reproduce the passphrase.<ref>http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html</ref> |
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Critics contend that Director of the VERITAS Research Program Dr. ] past studies such as ] have not provided competent scientific evidence for survival of consciousness or that mediums can actually communicate with the dead. They charge that the research he presented is crucially flawed and deviated from accepted norms of scientific methodology.<ref>http://www.csicop.org/si/2003-01/medium.html</ref> |
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==Mediums in fiction== |
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'']'' is an ] ] about a woman (played by ]) who acts as a research medium for the ] district attorney's office. The series is based on the life of ], who claims to use her psychic ability allowing her to contact the dead to help the local law enforcement agency. |
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In the 2004 ] ], the player meets ], a mysterious dead medium who battles and also assists the player. |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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==See also== |
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*'']'' the TV series with ] who plays medium ] |
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==External links== |
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* codified by Allan Kardec (PDF file, use Adobe ); or with you want to see the book in a common web page |
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* by Allan Kardec (PDF) |
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