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	{{short description\|~~Perso-Arabic alphabet~~ used to write the Punjabi language}}		{{short description\|Script used to write the Punjabi language}}<!-- Should be 40 characters (including spaces) or fewer see ] -->
	{{Distinguish\|\|text=], the Punjabi script used in Punjab, India}}
	{{Infobox Writing system		{{Infobox Writing system
	\|name=Shahmukhi		\| name = Shahmukhi
	\|native_name={{nq\|شاہ مُکھی}}		\| native_name = {{nq\|شاہ مُکھی}}
	\|languages=]		\| languages = ] (incl. ])
			\| time = 17th century–present
	\|time=
	\|type=]		\| type = ]
			\| fam1 = ]
	\|fam1=]
	\|fam2=]		\| fam2 = ]
	\|fam3=]		\| fam3 = ]
	\|fam4=]		\| fam4 = ]
	\|fam5=]		\| fam5 = ]
	\|fam6=]		\| fam6 = ]
			\| fam7 = ]
	\|unicode=<br />
			\| region = ], ], ]
	<br />
	~~<br />~~		\| unicode = {{ubl\|\|
	~~<br />~~		\|
			\|
			\|
	\|iso15924=
			}}
	\|sample=File:Shahmukhi nastaliq.png\|caption="Shahmukhi" written using the ] calligraphic hand}}
			\| iso15924 =
			\| sample = Bulleh_Shah_poetry_example.png
			\| caption = Poetry by ] in Shahmukhi (]){{efn\|'''Romanized Punjabi''' <br/> ''Tussee'n vee uchhay, Tuhadi zaat vee uchhee <br/> Tussee'n vich ] day rehnday <br/> Asee'n Kasoori, Saadi zaat Kasoori <br/> Asee'n vich ] day rehnday'' <br/> <br/> '''Approximate English translation''' <br/> "You are also high, your self is also high <br/> You live inside ] <br/> We are poor, our self is poor <br/> We live inside ]"}}
			}}
	{{Arabic-script sidebar\|Punjabi}}		{{Arabic-script sidebar\|Punjabi}}
	'''Shahmukhi''' ({{Lang-pa\|{{nq\|شاہ مُکھی}}\|label=none}}, {{Lang-pa\|ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ\|lit=from the mouth of the ]\|label=]}}) is a modified ] used by ] (primarily in ]) to write the ] and the ].<ref>https://panjpedia.org/en/saraiki-dialect#:~:text=Saraiki%20is%20also%20spoken%20by,who%20undertook%20to%20promote%20Saraiki.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf\|title=Unicode Proposal for ArLaam\|last1=Evans\|first1=Lorna Priest\|last2=Malik\|first2=M.G. Abbas\|date=1 May 2019\|website=Unicode\|publisher=Punjabi Parchar\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421191456/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009/\|title=Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System\|last1=Singh Saini\|first1=Tejineder\|last2=Singh Lehal\|first2=Gurpreet\|date=August 2008\|website=Aclweb.org\|publisher=Coling 2008 Organizing Committee\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814075221/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009.pdf\|archive-date=14 August 2017\|access-date=21 April 2020\|last3=S Kalra\|first3=Virinder\|pages=177–180}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System\|last1=Sharma\|first1=Saurabh\|last2=Gupta\|first2=Vishal\|date=May 2013\|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence\|volume=5\|issue=2\|page=174\|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187\|s2cid=55699784\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker\|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf\|last1=Dhanju\|first1=Kawarbir Singh\|last2=Lehal\|first2=Gurpreet Singh\|date=October 2015\|website=Learnpunjabi.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221003652/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf\|archive-date=21 December 2018\|access-date=2 May 2020\|last3=Saini\|first3=Tejinder Singh\|last4=Kaur\|first4=Arshdeep}}</ref> It is generally written in the ] ] hand,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> which is also used for ].<ref>{{Cite web\|last1=Malik\|first1=Muhammad Ghulam Abbas\|last2=Boitet\|first2=Christian\|last3=Bhattcharyya\|first3=Pushpak\|date=27 June 2012\|orig-year=2010\|title=ANALYSIS OF NOORI NASTA'LEEQ FOR MAJOR PAKISTANI LANGUAGES\|url=https://www.kau.edu.sa/Show_Res.aspx?Site_ID=611&LNG=EN&RN=62787\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063825/https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/611/Researches/62787_33808.pdf\|archive-date=15 August 2017\|access-date=21 April 2020\|website=King AbdulAziz University\|page=4\|location=Penang, Malaysia}}</ref> Perso-Arabic is one of two scripts used for Punjabi, the other being ], used by ] and ] in ].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Dorren\|first=Gaston\|title=Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages\|publisher=Profile Books\|year=2018\|isbn=978-1782832508}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

			'''Shahmukhi''' ({{Langx\|pa\|{{nq\|شاہ مُکھی}}\|links=no\|label=Shahmukhi}}, {{IPA-pa\|ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː\|pron}}, {{lit\|from the ] mouth}}, {{langx\|pa\|ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ\|links=\|label=]}}) is the ] ]-based script developed from the ] used for the ], predominantly in ]. <ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf\|title=Unicode Proposal for ArLaam\|last1=Evans\|first1=Lorna Priest\|last2=Malik\|first2=M.G. Abbas\|date=1 May 2019\|website=Unicode\|publisher=Punjabi Parchar\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421191456/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009/\|title=Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System\|last1=Singh Saini\|first1=Tejineder\|last2=Singh Lehal\|first2=Gurpreet\|date=August 2008\|website=Aclweb.org\|publisher=Coling 2008 Organizing Committee\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814075221/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009.pdf\|archive-date=14 August 2017\|access-date=21 April 2020\|last3=S Kalra\|first3=Virinder\|pages=177–180}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System\|last1=Sharma\|first1=Saurabh\|last2=Gupta\|first2=Vishal\|date=May 2013\|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence\|volume=5\|issue=2\|page=174\|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187\|s2cid=55699784\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker\|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf\|last1=Dhanju\|first1=Kawarbir Singh\|last2=Lehal\|first2=Gurpreet Singh\|date=October 2015\|website=Learnpunjabi.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221003652/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf\|archive-date=21 December 2018\|access-date=2 May 2020\|last3=Saini\|first3=Tejinder Singh\|last4=Kaur\|first4=Arshdeep}}</ref> It is generally written in the ] ] hand,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> which is also used for ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web\|last1=Malik\|first1=Muhammad Ghulam Abbas\|last2=Boitet\|first2=Christian\|last3=Bhattcharyya\|first3=Pushpak\|date=27 June 2012\|orig-year=2010\|title=Analysis of Noori Nasta'leeq for Major Pakistani Languages\|url=https://www.kau.edu.sa/Show_Res.aspx?Site_ID=611&LNG=EN&RN=62787\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063825/https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/611/Researches/62787_33808.pdf\|archive-date=15 August 2017\|access-date=21 April 2020\|website=King AbdulAziz University\|page=4\|location=Penang, Malaysia}}</ref> Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being ] used mainly in ].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Dorren\|first=Gaston\|title=Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages\|publisher=Profile Books\|year=2018\|isbn=978-1782832508}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
	Shahmukhi is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal\|last1=Sharma\|first1=Saurabh\|last2=Gupta\|first2=Vishal\|date=May 2013\|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System\|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020\|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence\|volume=5\|issue=2\|page=174\|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187\|s2cid=55699784}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography\|publisher=Springer\|year=2019\|isbn=978-3030059774\|pages=142}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It is also used as the main alphabet to write ] in ] and ].

			Shahmukhi is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal\|last1=Sharma\|first1=Saurabh\|last2=Gupta\|first2=Vishal\|date=May 2013\|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System\|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf\|archive-date=21 April 2020\|access-date=21 April 2020\|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence\|volume=5\|issue=2\|page=174\|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187\|s2cid=55699784}}</ref> Shahmukhi has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography\|publisher=Springer\|year=2019\|isbn=978-3030059774\|pages=142}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
	The Shahmukhi alphabet was first used by the ] poets of ].{{cn\|date=April 2020}} It became the conventional writing style for the ] populace of the ]i province of ] following the ], while the largely ] and ] modern-day state of ] adopted the ] or the ] scripts to record the Punjabi language.<ref name=":0" />

	Shahmukhi can be considered as a superset to ] because it has same alphabet as Urdu but with just 2 extra consonants; hence all Urdu readers can naturally read Shahmukhi (and vice-versa) without any practical difficulty. Urdu being the national language of Pakistan, Shahmukhi is colloquially just referred as Urdu script (or Urdu-Shahmukhi).{{cn\|date=June 2021}}

	== History ==		== History ==
			Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the ].{{Citation needed\|date=August 2024}}
	The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|title=Punjabi language\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-06-12\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|title=Panjabi\|work=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2007\|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5\|editor-last=Cardona\|editor-first=George\|pages=655\|editor-last2=Jain\|editor-first2=Dhanesh}}</ref> According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in ]-era ], when Punjabi Muslims learned the ] in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts in writing and standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Dhavan\|first=Purnima\|title=Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab\|date=2019-12-31\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520972100-009\|work=The Persianate World\|pages=168–169\|editor-last=Green\|editor-first=Nile\|publisher=University of California Press\|doi=10.1525/9780520972100-009\|isbn=978-0-520-97210-0\|access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>

			The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|title=Punjabi language\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language\|access-date=2021-06-12\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> However, the writing of Punjabi in the ] is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|chapter=Panjabi\|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2007\|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5\|editor-last=Cardona\|editor-first=George\|pages=655\|editor-last2=Jain\|editor-first2=Dhanesh}}</ref> According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in ]-era ], when Punjabi Muslims learned the ] in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Dhavan\|first=Purnima\|title=Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab\|date=2019-12-31\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520972100-009\|work=The Persianate World\|pages=168–169\|editor-last=Green\|editor-first=Nile\|publisher=University of California Press\|doi=10.1525/9780520972100-009\|isbn=978-0-520-97210-0\|s2cid=211601323 \|access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>

	Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.<ref name=":3" />		Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.<ref name=":3" />

	==Alphabet==		==Alphabet==
			Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the ]'s ]. It is identical to the ], but contains additional letters representing the ]. For writing ], an ] is used that includes 4 additional letters for the ] ({{Nq\|ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ}}).<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Bashir \|first1=Elena \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062344143 \|title=A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki \|last2=Conners \|first2=Thomas J. \|last3=Hefright \|first3=Brook \|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton \|others=Hefright, Brook \|year=2019 \|isbn=978-1-61451-296-7 \|location= \|pages=62; 77 \|oclc=1062344143 \|author-link=Elena Bashir}}</ref>

	=== Vowel diacritics ===		=== Vowel diacritics ===
	~~Though~~ ~~not~~ ~~normally~~ ~~written~~ ~~and~~ ~~only implied~~,~~<ref~~ ~~name=":2"~~ /> ~~like~~ ~~Urdu,~~ ~~Shahmukhi~~ ~~also has diacritics,~~ ~~taken~~ from the ] ~~language~~,<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Bhardwaj\|first=Mangat\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDmDAAAQBAJ&q=diacritics+in+shahmukhi&pg=PA377\|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2016\|isbn=978-1317643265\|pages=378\|quote=It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.}}</ref> to express short vowels.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm\|title=Punjabi - Shahmukhi Script\|website=sanlp.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919092600/http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm\|archive-date=19 September 2019\|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>		Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original ], to express short vowels.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bhardwaj \|first=Mangat \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDmDAAAQBAJ&q=diacritics+in+shahmukhi&pg=PA377 \|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-1317643265 \|pages=378 \|quote=It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.}}</ref>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	Diacritics used in Shahmukhi		Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
	!Symbol
	!Name		!Name
			!Symbol
	!Usage		!Usage
	!]		!]
	!Notes		!Notes
			!Examples
			\|-
			! colspan="6" \|Short vowels
			\|-
			\| align="center" \|Zabar
			\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌َ‎ }}
			\| align="center" \|a
			\| align="center" \|{{IPAlink\|ə\|}}
			\| align="center" colspan="2" \|Written above a letter
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ٰ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Zer
	\|align="center"\|~~Khari~~ ~~Zabar~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌ِ‎ }}
	\|align="center"\|a		\| align="center" \|i
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|{{IPAlink\|ɪ\|}}
			\| align="center" colspan="2" \|Written below a letter
	\|align="center"\|Used in Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq\|{{strong\|عیسیٰ}}}}’ (‘Jesus’)
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|َ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Pesh
	\|align="center"\|~~Zabar~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌ُ‎ }}
	\|align="center"\|a		\| align="center" \|u
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|{{IPAlink\|ʊ\|}}
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" colspan="2" \|Written above a letter
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ً}}~~		\| align="center" \|Nūn Ġunna
	\|align="center"~~\|Zabar~~ ~~Tanwīn~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌٘‎}}
	\|align="center"\|~~-an~~		\| align="center" \|ṉ
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|{{IPAlink\|◌̃\|}}, {{IPAlink\|ŋ\|}}
			\| align="center" \|Nasal vowel diacritic
	\|align="center"\|Used for Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq\|فور{{strong\|اً}}}}’ (‘Immediately’)
			\|‘{{nastaliq\|مُون٘ہہ‎}}’ (‘face’)
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ٓ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Tashdīd
	\|align="center"\|~~Maddah~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌ّ‎}}
	\|align="center"\|ā		\| align="center" \|]
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|{{IPAlink\|ː\|}}
			\| align="center" \|Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged
	\|align="center"\|Used only for Alif Maddah ({{nastaliq\|ا}} + {{nastaliq\|ٓ}} = {{nastaliq\|آ}}), not written as a separate diacritic
			\|‘{{Nq\|کّ}}’ ('kk')
	\|-		\|-
			! colspan="6" \|Loan diacritics
	\|align="center"\|{{Nastaliq\|ِ}}
	\|align="center"\|Zer
	\|align="center"\|i
	\|align="center"\|
	\|align="center"\|Written underneath a letter
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ٍ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Khaṛī Zabar
	\|align="center"~~\|Zer~~ ~~Tanwīn~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌ٰ}}
	\|align="center"\|in		\| align="center" \|á
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|{{IPA link\|ä\|}}
	\|align="center"\|~~Rarely~~ ~~used~~ ~~for~~ Arabic loanwords~~, written underneath a~~ ~~letter~~		\| rowspan="2" align="center" \|Used in certain Arabic loanwords only
			\|‘{{nastaliq\|عیسیٰ}}’ (‘Jesus’)
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ُ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Zabar Tanwīn
	\|align="center"\|~~Pesh~~		\| align="center" \|{{Nastaliq\|◌ً}}
	\|align="center"\|u		\| align="center" \|an
	\|align="center"\|		\| align="center" \|
			\|‘{{nastaliq\|فوراً}}’ (‘Immediately’)
	\|align="center"\|
	\|-		\|-
			! colspan="6" \|Other diacritics
	\|align="center"\|{{nastaliq\|ٔ}}
	\|align="center"\|Hamza
	\|align="center"\|{{strong\|varied}}
	\|align="center"\|-
	\|align="center"\|Used on vowels to indicate a ] between two vowels, examples such as: ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ئ}}}}’, ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ۓ}}}}’, ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ؤ}}}}‘, and {{nq\|{{strong\|أ}}}} , not written as a separate diacritic
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center"\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ّ}}~~		\| align="center" \|Hamza
	\|align="center"\|~~Tashdīd~~		\| align="center" \|{{nastaliq\|◌ٔ}}
	\|align="center"\|]		\| colspan="2" align="center" \|{{strong\|varied}}
			\| colspan="2" align="center" \|Indicates a ] between two vowels, examples such as: ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ئ}}}}’, ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ۓ}}}}’, ‘{{nq\|{{strong\|ؤ}}}}‘, and {{nq\|{{strong\|أ}}}} , not written as a separate diacritic
	\|align="center"\|
	\|align="center"\|Doubles a consonant, goes above the letter being doubled - {{Nq\|کّ}} = kk
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
Line 109:		Line 115:
	\|-		\|-
	!No.		!No.
			!colspan="2"\|Name<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Delacy \|first1=Richard \|title=Beginner's Urdu Script \|date=2003 \|publisher=McGraw-Hill \|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X \|pages=xv–xvi}}</ref>
	!colspan="2"\|Name{{sfn\|Delacy\|2003\|p=XV–XVI}}
	!]		!]
	!Final glyph		!Final glyph
Line 115:		Line 121:
	!Initial glyph		!Initial glyph
	!Isolated glyph		!Isolated glyph
	!]
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| {{Nastaliq\|الف}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|الف}}
	\| ''alif''		\| ''alif''
	\| {{IPA\|/~~ɑː,~~äː, ʔ, ∅/}}		\| {{IPA\|/äː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـا}}		\|{{Nq\|ـا}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـا}}		\|{{Nq\|ـا}}
	\|{{Nq\|ا}}		\|{{Nq\|ا}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਅ''', '''ਆ''' {{Small\|(medial)}}
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2		\| 2
Line 135:		Line 139:
	\|{{Nq\|بـ}}		\|{{Nq\|بـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਬ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3		\| 3
Line 145:		Line 148:
	\|{{Nq\|پـ}}		\|{{Nq\|پـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਪ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 4		\| 4
Line 155:		Line 157:
	\|{{Nq\|تـ}}		\|{{Nq\|تـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਤ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5		\| 5
Line 165:		Line 166:
	\|{{Nq\|ٹـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ٹـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਟ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 6		\| 6
Line 175:		Line 175:
	\|{{Nq\|ثـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ثـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਸ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 7		\| 7
	\| {{Nastaliq\|جيم}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|جيم}}
	\| ''~~jīma~~''		\| ''jīm''
	\| {{IPA\|/d͡ʒ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/d͡ʒ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـج}}		\|{{Nq\|ـج}}
Line 185:		Line 184:
	\|{{Nq\|جـ}}		\|{{Nq\|جـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਜ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 8		\| 8
Line 195:		Line 193:
	\|{{Nq\|چـ}}		\|{{Nq\|چـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਚ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 9		\| 9
Line 205:		Line 202:
	\|{{Nq\|حـ}}		\|{{Nq\|حـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਹ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10		\| 10
Line 215:		Line 211:
	\|{{Nq\|خـ}}		\|{{Nq\|خـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਖ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 11		\| 11
	\| {{Nastaliq\|دال}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|دال}}
	\| ''~~dāla~~''		\| ''dāl''
	\| {{IPA\|/d/}}		\| {{IPA\|/d/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـد}}		\|{{Nq\|ـد}}
Line 225:		Line 220:
	\|{{Nq\|د}}		\|{{Nq\|د}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਦ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 12		\| 12
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈال}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈال}}
	\| ''~~ḍāla~~''		\| ''ḍāl''
	\| {{IPA\|/ɖ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɖ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـڈ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـڈ}}
Line 235:		Line 229:
	\|{{Nq\|ڈ}}		\|{{Nq\|ڈ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਡ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 13		\| 13
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ذال}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ذال}}
	\| ''~~ẕāla~~''		\| ''ẕāl''
	\| {{IPA\|/z/}}		\| {{IPA\|/z/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـذ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـذ}}
Line 245:		Line 238:
	\|{{Nq\|ذ}}		\|{{Nq\|ذ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਜ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 14		\| 14
Line 255:		Line 247:
	\|{{Nq\|ر}}		\|{{Nq\|ر}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਰ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 15		\| 15
Line 265:		Line 256:
	\|{{Nq\|ڑ}}		\|{{Nq\|ڑ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ੜ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16		\| 16
Line 275:		Line 265:
	\|{{Nq\|ز}}		\|{{Nq\|ز}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਜ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 17		\| 17
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ژے}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ژے}}
	\| ''~~zhē~~''		\| ''žē''
	\| {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـژ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـژ}}
Line 285:		Line 274:
	\|{{Nq\|ژ}}		\|{{Nq\|ژ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''-'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 18		\| 18
	\| {{Nastaliq\|سین}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|سین}}
	\| ''~~sīna~~''		\| ''sīn''
	\| {{IPA\|/s/}}		\| {{IPA\|/s/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـس}}		\|{{Nq\|ـس}}
Line 295:		Line 283:
	\|{{Nq\|سـ}}		\|{{Nq\|سـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਸ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 19		\| 19
	\| {{Nastaliq\|شین}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|شین}}
	\| ''~~shīna~~''		\| ''shīn''
	\| {{IPA\|/ʃ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ʃ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـش}}		\|{{Nq\|ـش}}
Line 305:		Line 292:
	\|{{Nq\|شـ}}		\|{{Nq\|شـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਸ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 20		\| 20
	\| {{Nastaliq\|صاد}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|صاد}}
	\| ''~~ṣwāda~~''		\| ''ṣwād''
	\| {{IPA\|/s/}}		\| {{IPA\|/s/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـص}}		\|{{Nq\|ـص}}
Line 315:		Line 301:
	\|{{Nq\|صـ}}		\|{{Nq\|صـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਸ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 21		\| 21
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ضاد}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ضاد}}
	\| ''~~ẓwāda~~''		\| ''ẓwād''
	\| {{IPA\|/z/}}		\| {{IPA\|/z/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـض}}		\|{{Nq\|ـض}}
Line 325:		Line 310:
	\|{{Nq\|ضـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ضـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਜ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 22		\| 22
	\| {{Nastaliq\|~~طوۓ~~}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|طوئیں}}
	\| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''		\| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ēṉ''
	\| {{IPA\|/t/}}		\| {{IPA\|/t/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـط}}		\|{{Nq\|ـط}}
Line 335:		Line 319:
	\|{{Nq\|طـ}}		\|{{Nq\|طـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਤ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 23		\| 23
	\| {{Nastaliq\|~~ظوۓ~~}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ظوئیں}}
	\| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''		\| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ēṉ''
	\| {{IPA\|/z/}}		\| {{IPA\|/z/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـظ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـظ}}
Line 345:		Line 328:
	\|{{Nq\|ظـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ظـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਜ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 24		\| 24
	\| {{Nastaliq\|عین}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|عین}}
	\| ''{{okina}}~~aina~~''		\| ''{{okina}}ain''
	\| {{IPA\|/ə,ɑː,~~ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː~~,eː~~,ɛː~~, ʔ, ∅/}}		\| {{IPA\|/∅/, /äː/, /ə/, /eː/, /oː/, }}
	\|{{Nq\|ـع}}		\|{{Nq\|ـع}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـعـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـعـ}}
	\|{{Nq\|عـ}}		\|{{Nq\|عـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਅ,ਆ,ਇ,ਈ,ਉ,ਊ,ਏ,ਐ,ਓ,ਔ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 25		\| 25
	\| {{Nastaliq\|غین}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|غین}}
	\| ''~~g͟haina~~''		\| ''ġain''
	\| {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـغ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـغ}}
Line 365:		Line 346:
	\|{{Nq\|غـ}}		\|{{Nq\|غـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਗ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 26		\| 26
Line 375:		Line 355:
	\|{{Nq\|فـ}}		\|{{Nq\|فـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਫ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 27		\| 27
	\| {{Nastaliq\|قاف}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|قاف}}
	\| ''~~qāfa~~''		\| ''qāf''
	\| {{IPA\|/q/}}		\| {{IPA\|/q/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـق}}		\|{{Nq\|ـق}}
Line 385:		Line 364:
	\|{{Nq\|قـ}}		\|{{Nq\|قـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਕ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 28		\| 28
	\| {{Nastaliq\|کاف}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|کاف}}
	\| ''~~kāfa~~''		\| ''kāf''
	\| {{IPA\|/k/}}		\| {{IPA\|/k/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـک}}		\|{{Nq\|ـک}}
Line 395:		Line 373:
	\|{{Nq\|کـ}}		\|{{Nq\|کـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਕ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 29		\| 29
	\| {{Nastaliq\|گاف}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|گاف}}
	\| ''~~gāfa~~''		\| ''gāf''
	\| {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـگ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـگ}}
Line 405:		Line 382:
	\|{{Nq\|گـ}}		\|{{Nq\|گـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਗ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 30		\| 30
	\| {{Nastaliq\|لام}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|لام}}
	\| ''~~lāma~~''		\| ''lām''
	\| {{IPA\|/l/}}		\| {{IPA\|/l/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـل}}		\|{{Nq\|ـل}}
Line 415:		Line 391:
	\|{{Nq\|لـ}}		\|{{Nq\|لـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਲ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref>		\| 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref>
	\| {{Nastaliq\|~~لؕام~~}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|اڑلام}}
	\| ''~~ḷāma~~''		\| ''ḷām''
	\| {{IPA\|/ɭ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɭ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـلؕ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـلؕ}}
Line 425:		Line 400:
	\|{{Nq\|لؕـ}}		\|{{Nq\|لؕـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਲ਼'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 32		\| 32
	\| {{Nastaliq\|میم}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|میم}}
	\| ''~~mīma~~''		\| ''mīm''
	\| {{IPA\|/m/}}		\| {{IPA\|/m/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـم}}		\|{{Nq\|ـم}}
Line 435:		Line 409:
	\|{{Nq\|مـ}}		\|{{Nq\|مـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਮ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 33		\| 33
	\| {{Nastaliq\|نون}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|نون}}
	\| ''~~nūna~~''		\| ''nūn''
	\| {{IPA\|/n, ɲ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/n, ɲ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـن}}		\|{{Nq\|ـن}}
Line 445:		Line 418:
	\|{{Nq\|نـ}}		\|{{Nq\|نـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਨ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 34<ref name=":4" />		\| 34<ref name=":4" />
	\| {{Nastaliq\|~~ݨون~~}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|اڑنون}}
	\| ''~~ṇūṇa~~''		\| ''ṇūn''
	\| {{IPA\|/ɳ/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɳ/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـݨ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـݨ}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـݨـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـݨـ}}
	\| {{Nq\|ݨـ}}		\| {{Nq\|ݨـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| ~~{{lang\|pa\|{{~~Nastaliq\|]~~}}}}~~		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| <div style="direction:rtl; font-family:Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki">]</div>
	\|'''ਣ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 35		\| 35
Line 466:		Line 437:
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	{{Small\|{{Nastaliq\|(ن٘)}}}}		{{Small\|{{Nastaliq\|(ن٘)}}}}
	<br />
	\|'''ੰ''', '''ਂ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 36		\| 36
	\| {{Nastaliq\|واؤ}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|واؤ}}
	\| ''wā{{hamza}}oa''		\| ''vā{{hamza}}o''
	\| {{IPA\|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}		\| {{IPA\|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـو}}		\|{{Nq\|ـو}}
Line 477:		Line 446:
	\|{{Nq\|و}}		\|{{Nq\|و}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ੳ''', '''ਵ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 37		\| 37
	\| {{Nastaliq\|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq\|گول ہے}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|نکی ہے}}<br>{{Nastaliq\|گول ہے}}
	\| ''~~choṭī~~ hē''<br>''gol hē''		\| ''nikkī hē''<br>''gol hē''
	\|{{IPA\|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}		\|{{IPA\|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـہ}}		\|{{Nq\|ـہ}}
Line 487:		Line 455:
	\|{{Nq\|ہـ}}		\|{{Nq\|ہـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ਹ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 38		\| 38
Line 497:		Line 464:
	\|{{Nq\|ھ}}		\|{{Nq\|ھ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''varied''' / '''੍ਹ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 39		\| 39
Line 507:		Line 473:
	\|{{Nq\|ء}}		\|{{Nq\|ء}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \|{{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \|{{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''-'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 40		\| 40
Line 517:		Line 482:
	\|{{Nq\|یـ}}		\|{{Nq\|یـ}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \|{{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \|{{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ੲ''', '''ਯ'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 41		\| 41
Line 524:		Line 488:
	\|{{IPA\|/ɛː, eː/}}		\|{{IPA\|/ɛː, eː/}}
	\|{{Nq\|ـے}}		\|{{Nq\|ـے}}
			\|N/A
	\|{{Nq\|ـے}}
			\|N/A
	\|{{Nq\|ے}}
	\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}		\| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" \| {{lang\|pa\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}}
	\|'''ੇ''', '''ੈ'''
	\|}		\|}

			No Punjabi words begin with {{lang\|pnb\|ں}}, {{lang\|pnb\|ھ}}, or {{lang\|pnb\|ے}}. Words which begin with {{lang\|pnb\|ڑ}} are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's ''Waddi Punjabi Lughat''.<ref name="rh-words">{{cite Q\|Q113450202\|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DA%91&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default\|access-date=2022-08-29\|volume=2\|pages=1672-1673}}</ref>
	No Punjabi words begin with {{rtl-lang\|ur\|ں}}, {{rtl-lang\|ur\|ھ}}, {{rtl-lang\|ur\|ڑ}} or {{rtl-lang\|ur\|ے}}.
	The ] of ]s are as follows. In addition, {{Nastaliq\|ل}} and {{Nastaliq\|لؕ}} form ligatures with {{Nastaliq\|ا}}: {{Nastaliq\|لا}} ({{Nastaliq\|ـلا}}) and {{Nastaliq\|لؕا}} ({{Nastaliq\|ـلؕا}}).		The ] of ]s are as follows. In addition, {{Nastaliq\|ل}} and {{Nastaliq\|لؕ}} form ligatures with {{Nastaliq\|ا}}: {{Nastaliq\|لا}} ({{Nastaliq\|ـلا}}) and {{Nastaliq\|لؕا}} ({{Nastaliq\|ـلؕا}}).

			==== Aspirates ====
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	\| No.		! No.
	\| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC">{{cite web\|title=Urdu romanization\|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf\|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>		! '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC">{{cite web\|title=Urdu romanization\|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf\|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
	\| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/>		! '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC" />
	\| '''IPA'''		! '''IPA'''
	\| Example		! Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|1		\|1
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|بھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|بھ}}
	\| ''bh''		\| ''bh''
			\| {{IPA\|}}
	\|
	\| {{Nastaliq\|بھاری}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|بھاری}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|2		\|2
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|پھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|پھ}}
	\| ''ph''		\| ''ph''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
Line 553:		Line 517:
	\|-		\|-
	\|3		\|3
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|تھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|تھ}}
	\| ''th''		\| ''th''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
	\| {{Nastaliq\|تھم}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|تھم}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|4		\|4
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|ٹھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ٹھ}}
	\| ''ṭh''		\| ''ṭh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
Line 565:		Line 529:
	\|-		\|-
	\|5		\|5
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|جھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|جھ}}
	\| ''jh''		\| ''jh''
			\| {{IPA\|}}
	\|
	\| {{Nastaliq\|جھاڑی}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|جھاڑی}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|6		\|6
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|چھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|چھ}}
	\| ''ch''		\| ''ch''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
Line 577:		Line 541:
	\|-		\|-
	\|7		\|7
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|دھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|دھ}}
	\| ''dh''		\| ''dh''
			\| {{IPA\|}}
	\|
	\| {{Nastaliq\|دھوبی}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|دھوبی}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|8		\|8
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|ڈھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ڈھ}}
	\| ''ḍh''		\| ''ḍh''
			\| {{IPA\|}}
	\|
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈھول}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈھول}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|9		\|9
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|رھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|رھ}}
	\| ''rh''		\| ''rh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
			\|{{Nastaliq\|بارھویں}}
	\| No example?
	\|-		\|-
	\|10		\|10
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|ڑھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ڑھ}}
	\| ''ṛh''		\| ''ṛh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
	\| {{Nastaliq\|کڑھنا}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|کڑھنا}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|11		\|11
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|کھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|کھ}}
	\| ''kh''		\| ''kh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
Line 607:		Line 571:
	\|-		\|-
	\|12		\|12
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|گھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|گھ}}
	\| ''gh''		\| ''gh''
			\| {{IPA\|}}
	\|
	\| {{Nastaliq\|گھبراہٹ}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|گھبراہٹ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|13		\|13
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|لھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|لھ}}
	\| ''lh''		\| ''lh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
			\|{{Nastaliq\|کولھ}}
	\| No example?
	\|-		\|-
	\|14		\|14
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|مھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|مھ}}
	\| ''mh''		\| ''mh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
	\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈمھ}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|ڈمھ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|15		\|15
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|نھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|نھ}}
	\| ''nh''		\| ''nh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
	\| {{Nastaliq\|~~ننھا~~}}		\| {{Nastaliq\|چنھاں}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|16		\|16
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|وھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|وھ}}
	\| ''wh''		\| ''wh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
			\| {{Nastaliq\|وھایا}}
	\| No example?
	\|-		\|-
	\|17		\|17
	\| style="font-size: 150%"\|{{Nastaliq\|یھ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|یھ}}
	\| ''yh''		\| ''yh''
	\| {{IPA\|}}		\| {{IPA\|}}
			\| {{Nastaliq\|یھاوا}}<ref name="waddi-yhawa">{{cite Q\|Q113450202\|volume=3\|page=2958\|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact\|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref>
	\| No example?
	\|}		\|}

	* {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ے}}}} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|یَ}}}}.		* {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ے}}}} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ی}}}}.
	* Vowels are expressed as follows:		* Vowels are expressed as follows:

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	!Romanization
	! colspan="2" \|Final		! colspan="2" \|Final
	!Middle		!Middle
	!Initial		!Initial
	\|-		\|-
	\|a (ਅ)
	\| colspan="2" \|ـہ		\| colspan="2" \|ـہ
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|ā (ਆ)
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|یٰ		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|یٰ
	\| colspan="2" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَا}}		\| colspan="2" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَا}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|آ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|آ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|i (ਇ)
	\| colspan="2" \|N/A		\| colspan="2" \|N/A
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اِ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اِ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|ī (ਈ)
	\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِى}}		\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِى}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِيـ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـِيـ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اِی}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اِی}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|ē (ਏ)
	\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـے‬}}		\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـے‬}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـيـ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـيـ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اے}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اے}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|ai (ਐ)
	\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَے‬}}		\| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَے‬}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَيـ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَيـ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَے}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَے}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|u (ਉ)
	\| colspan="2" \|N/A		\| colspan="2" \|N/A
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـُ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـُ}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اُ}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اُ}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|ū (ਊ)
	\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـُو}}		\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـُو}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اُو}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اُو}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|-		\|-
	\|o (ਓ)
	\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـو}}		\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـو}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|او}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|او}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|au (ਔ)
	\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَو}}		\| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|ـَو}}
	\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَو}}		\| style="font-size: 150%" \|{{Nastaliq\|اَو}}
Line 703:		Line 656:
	=== Difference from Persian and Urdu ===		=== Difference from Persian and Urdu ===
	{{See also\|Persian alphabet\|Urdu alphabet}}		{{See also\|Persian alphabet\|Urdu alphabet}}
	Shahmukhi has more letters ~~added~~ to ~~the~~ Urdu ~~base~~ to represent sounds ~~not~~ ~~present~~ in ~~Urdu~~, which already ~~has~~ additional letters added to the Arabic ~~and Persian~~ base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], and {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ] or ]. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-] letter, {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a ] or a ], this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed ~~below~~. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: ] to represent ] and ] to represent ]. These characters, however are rarely used.		Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ], and {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|]}}}} to represent ] or ]. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-] letter, {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a ] or a ], this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: ] to represent ] and ] to represent ]. These characters, however are rarely used.

	===~~Loanwords~~===		=== Pronunciation ===
			The letter {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ژ}}}} is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi{{strong\|si}}on in English and the letter {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ع}}}} is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.
	In Punjabi, there are many Arabic and Persian ]s. These words contain some sounds which were alien to South Asian languages before the influence of Arabic and Persian, and are therefore represented by introducing dots beneath specific Gurmukhi characters. Since the Gurmukhi alphabet is ], any loanwords which contained pre-existing sounds were more easily transliterated without the need for characters modified with ] dots.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
	! Shahmukhi Letter !! Gurmukhi Letter
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ذ}}}} \|\| ਜ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ص}}}} \|\| ਸ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ض}}}} \|\| ਜ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ط}}}} \|\| ਤ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ظ}}}} \|\| ਜ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|غ}}}} \|\| ਗ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ح}}}} \|\| ਹ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ث}}}} \|\| ਸ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|گ}}}} \|\| ਗ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|چ}}}} \|\| ਚ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|پ}}}} \|\| ਪ
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ژ}}}} \|\| ਜ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|خ}}}} \|\| ਖ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ز}}}} \|\| ਜ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ف}}}} \|\| ਫ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ق}}}} \|\| ਕ਼
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ع}}}} \|\| ''variable''
	\|}

	{{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ژ}}}} is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi{{strong\|si}}on in English

	{{lang\|pnb-Arab\|{{nq\|ع}}}} is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

	== Gallery ==		== Gallery ==
	<gallery>		<gallery>
			File:Modern_Shahmukhi_alphabets_in_Nastaliq.png\|Modern Shahmukhi alphabet table in Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki font
	File:Bulleh Shah poetry example.png\|An example of poetry in Shahmukhi by ], a prominent ]
			File:Standard_Shahmukhi_alphabets.png\|Standard Shahmukhi alphabets
			File:Shahmukhi nastaliq.png\|"Shahmukhi" written in Shahmukhi script
	File:Bhulay Shah.jpg\|Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi		File:Bhulay Shah.jpg\|Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi
	</gallery>		</gallery>
Line 761:		Line 674:

	==References==		==References==
			{{Notelist}}
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			* {{cite Q\|Q113235868\|language=pa}} <!-- Punjabi reader in Arabic script -->
			* {{cite Q\|Q113450202\|language=pa}} <!-- Waddi Punjabi Lughat -->
			* {{cite Q\|Q113270613\|language=pa,ur}} <!-- Gulshan-e-Urdu -->
			* {{cite Q\|Q113301763\|language=pa}} <!-- PILAC Dictionary -->
			* {{cite Q\|Q112690336\|language=en,pa}} <!-- Punjabi-English Dictionary -->
			* {{cite Q\|Q112672112\|language=en,pa}} <!-- Conversion of Scripts -->

	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
			*
	*
			*
			* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130213535/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html \|date=2017-11-30 }}
	*		*
	*		*
Line 771:		Line 695:
	*		*
	*		*
	*		* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903075218/https://saanjhpunjab.org/ \|date=2018-09-03 }}

	{{Arabic alphabets}}		{{Arabic alphabets}}
Line 778:		Line 702:
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahmukhi alphabet}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahmukhi alphabet}}
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]

Latest revision as of 17:36, 16 December 2024

Script used to write the Punjabi language

Shahmukhi شاہ مُکھی
Poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi (Nastaliq)
Script type	Abjad
Time period	17th century–present
Direction	Right-to-left script
Region	Punjab, Hazara, Azad Kashmir
Languages	Punjabi (incl. dialects and varieties)
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Nabataean Arabic Perso-Arabic Shahmukhi
Unicode
Unicode range	U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F U+08A0 to U+08FF U+FB50 to U+FDFF U+FE70 to U+FEFF
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shahmukhi alphabet
ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل ࣇ م ن ݨ (ں) و ه (ھ) ء ی ے
Extended Perso-Arabic script
History Transliteration Diacritics Hamza Numerals Numeration
v t e

Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or king's mouth', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhi used mainly in Punjab, India.

Shahmukhi is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Shahmukhi has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.

History

Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties.

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'. However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards. According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal-era Punjab, when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.

Alphabet

Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script's Persian alphabet. It is identical to the Urdu alphabet, but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology. For writing Saraiki, an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants (ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ).

Vowel diacritics

Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script, to express short vowels.

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
Name	Symbol	Usage	IPA	Notes	Examples
Short vowels
Zabar	◌َ‎	a		Written above a letter
Zer	◌ِ‎	i		Written below a letter
Pesh	◌ُ‎	u		Written above a letter
Nūn Ġunna	◌٘‎	ṉ	,	Nasal vowel diacritic	‘مُون٘ہہ‎’ (‘face’)
Tashdīd	◌ّ‎	Geminate		Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged	‘کّ’ ('kk')
Loan diacritics
Khaṛī Zabar	◌ٰ	á		Used in certain Arabic loanwords only	‘عیسیٰ’ (‘Jesus’)
Zabar Tanwīn	◌ً	an		Used in certain Arabic loanwords only	‘فوراً’ (‘Immediately’)
Other diacritics
Hamza	◌ٔ	varied		Indicates a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘ئ’, ‘ۓ’, ‘ؤ‘, and أ , not written as a separate diacritic

Consonants

No.	Name		IPA	Final glyph	Medial glyph	Initial glyph	Isolated glyph
1	الف	alif	/äː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/	ـا	ـا	ا	ا
2	بے	bē	/b/	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
3	پے	pē	/p/	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ
4	تے	tē	/t/	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
5	ٹے	ṭē	/ʈ/	ـٹ	ـٹـ	ٹـ	ٹ
6	ثے	s̱ē	/s/	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	ث
7	جيم	jīm	/d͡ʒ/	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج
8	چے	cē	/t͡ʃ/	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ
9	وڈّی حے	waḍḍi ḥē	/ɦ/	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح
10	خے	k͟hē	/x/	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	خ
11	دال	dāl	/d/	ـد	ـد	د	د
12	ڈال	ḍāl	/ɖ/	ـڈ	ـڈ	ڈ	ڈ
13	ذال	ẕāl	/z/	ـذ	ـذ	ذ	ذ
14	رے	rē	/r/	ـر	ـر	ر	ر
15	ڑے	ṛē	/ɽ/	ـڑ	ـڑ	ڑ	ڑ
16	زے	zē	/z/	ـز	ـز	ز	ز
17	ژے	žē	/ʒ/	ـژ	ـژ	ژ	ژ
18	سین	sīn	/s/	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
19	شین	shīn	/ʃ/	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
20	صاد	ṣwād	/s/	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	ص
21	ضاد	ẓwād	/z/	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض
22	طوئیں	t̤oʼēṉ	/t/	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	ط
23	ظوئیں	z̤oʼēṉ	/z/	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	ظ
24	عین	ʻain	/∅/, /äː/, /ə/, /eː/, /oː/,	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	ع
25	غین	ġain	/ɣ/	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
26	فے	fē	/f/	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
27	قاف	qāf	/q/	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
28	کاف	kāf	/k/	ـک	ـکـ	کـ	ک
29	گاف	gāf	/ɡ/	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	گ
30	لام	lām	/l/	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
31	اڑلام	ḷām	/ɭ/	ـلؕ	ـلؕـ	لؕـ	لؕ
32	میم	mīm	/m/	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م
33	نون	nūn	/n, ɲ/	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
34	اڑنون	ṇūn	/ɳ/	ـݨ	ـݨـ	ݨـ	ݨ
35	نون غنّہ	nūn ġunnah	/◌̃, ŋ/	ـں	ـن٘ـ	ن٘ـ	ں (ن٘)
36	واؤ	vāʼo	/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/	ـو	ـو	و	و
37	نکی ہے گول ہے	nikkī hē gol hē	/ɦ, ɑː, e:/	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	ہ
38	دو چشمی ہے	do-cashmī hē	/ʰ/ or /ʱ/	ـھ	ـھـ	ھ	ھ
39	ہمزہ	hamzah	/ʔ/, /∅/	ء	ء	ء	ء
40	چھوٹی يے	choṭī yē	/j, iː/	ـی	ـیـ	یـ	ی
41	وڈّی يے	waḍḍi yē	/ɛː, eː/	ـے	N/A	N/A	ے

No Punjabi words begin with ں, ھ, or ے. Words which begin with ڑ are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat. The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, ل and لؕ form ligatures with ا: لا (ـلا) and لؕا (ـلؕا).

Aspirates

No.	Digraph	Transcription	Example
1	بھ	bh	بھاری
2	پھ	ph	پھل
3	تھ	th	تھم
4	ٹھ	ṭh	ٹھیس
5	جھ	jh	جھاڑی
6	چھ	ch	چھوکرا
7	دھ	dh	دھوبی
8	ڈھ	ḍh	ڈھول
9	رھ	rh	بارھویں
10	ڑھ	ṛh	کڑھنا
11	کھ	kh	کھولنا
12	گھ	gh	گھبراہٹ
13	لھ	lh	کولھ
14	مھ	mh	ڈمھ
15	نھ	nh	چنھاں
16	وھ	wh	وھایا
17	یھ	yh	یھاوا

ے (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of ی.
Vowels are expressed as follows:

Final		Middle	Initial
ـہ		ـَ	اَ
یٰ	ـَا		آ
N/A		ـِ	اِ
ـِى		ـِيـ	اِی
ـے‬		ـيـ	اے
ـَے‬		ـَيـ	اَے
N/A		ـُ	اُ
ـُو			اُو
ـو			او
ـَو			اَو

Difference from Persian and Urdu

See also: Persian alphabet and Urdu alphabet

Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: ٹ to represent /ʈ/, ڈ to represent /ɖ/, ڑ to represent /ɽ/, ں to represent /◌̃/, and ے to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, ھ, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/, this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/. These characters, however are rarely used.

Pronunciation

The letter ژ is pronounced 'j' in French or as vision in English and the letter ع is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

Gallery

Modern Shahmukhi alphabet table in Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki font
Standard Shahmukhi alphabets
"Shahmukhi" written in Shahmukhi script
Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi

References

Romanized Punjabi
Tussee'n vee uchhay, Tuhadi zaat vee uchhee
Tussee'n vich Uch day rehnday
Asee'n Kasoori, Saadi zaat Kasoori
Asee'n vich Kasur day rehnday

Approximate English translation
"You are also high, your self is also high
You live inside Uch
We are poor, our self is poor
We live inside Kasur"

Evans, Lorna Priest; Malik, M.G. Abbas (1 May 2019). "Unicode Proposal for ArLaam" (PDF). Unicode. Punjabi Parchar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
Singh Saini, Tejineder; Singh Lehal, Gurpreet; S Kalra, Virinder (August 2008). "Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System". Aclweb.org. Coling 2008 Organizing Committee: 177–180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ Sharma, Saurabh; Gupta, Vishal (May 2013). "Punjabi Documents Clustering System" (PDF). Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence. 5 (2): 174. doi:10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187. S2CID 55699784. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ Dhanju, Kawarbir Singh; Lehal, Gurpreet Singh; Saini, Tejinder Singh; Kaur, Arshdeep (October 2015). "Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker" (PDF). Learnpunjabi.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
Malik, Muhammad Ghulam Abbas; Boitet, Christian; Bhattcharyya, Pushpak (27 June 2012) . "Analysis of Noori Nasta'leeq for Major Pakistani Languages". King AbdulAziz University. Penang, Malaysia. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
Dorren, Gaston (2018). Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1782832508.
Sharma, Saurabh; Gupta, Vishal (May 2013). "Punjabi Documents Clustering System" (PDF). Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence. 5 (2): 174. doi:10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187. S2CID 55699784. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Springer. 2019. p. 142. ISBN 978-3030059774.
Shackle, Christopher. "Punjabi language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
^ Shackle, Christopher (2007). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 655. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
Dhavan, Purnima (2019-12-31), Green, Nile (ed.), "Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab", The Persianate World, University of California Press, pp. 168–169, doi:10.1525/9780520972100-009, ISBN 978-0-520-97210-0, S2CID 211601323, retrieved 2021-06-12
Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J.; Hefright, Brook (2019). A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Hefright, Brook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 62, 77. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. OCLC 1062344143.
Bhardwaj, Mangat (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 378. ISBN 978-1317643265. It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.
Delacy, Richard (2003). Beginner's Urdu Script. McGraw-Hill. pp. xv–xvi.
^ Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed
Muhammad Iqbal Salahuddin (2002). وڈی پنجابی لغت: پنجابی توں پنجابی (in Punjabi). Vol. 2. Lahore: Aziz Publishers. pp. 1672–1673. ISBN 978-969-455-042-8. LCCN 2010341553. OCLC 629702100. OL 31212991M. Wikidata Q113450202. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
^ "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
Muhammad Iqbal Salahuddin (2002). وڈی پنجابی لغت: پنجابی توں پنجابی (in Punjabi). Vol. 3. Lahore: Aziz Publishers. p. 2958. ISBN 978-969-455-042-8. LCCN 2010341553. OCLC 629702100. OL 31212991M. Wikidata Q113450202. Retrieved 2022-08-29.

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