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{{short description|Hindu agrarian caste}} {{short description|Tamil agrarian caste}}


{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2019}} {{use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{infobox caste {{infobox caste
| caste_name = Thuluva Vellala | caste_name = Thuluva Vellalar
| image =
| region = ], ], ]
| caption =
Cities : ], ], ].
| languages = ]
| classification = The Arcot Mudaliar and Arcot Vellala sects are classified as Forward Class<ref name="dailythanthi.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-18|title=அரசியல் ரீதியாக அங்கீகாரம் கிடைத்தாலும் 10 சதவீத இட ஒதுக்கீடு நிறைவேறுவதில் சிக்கல்|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/07/18125244/Although-politically-recognized10-per-cent-reservation.vpf|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref> in ], while the other sects of Thuluva Vellala are classified as ] (OBC) at the Central<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/tamilnadu.pdf|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU|website=www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=11 March 2021|page=1|quote= Entry.No 1}}</ref><ref name="bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |title= List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |website= |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=6 March 2021|quote= Sl.No 1}}</ref> and State level<ref name="bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |title= List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |website= |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=6 March 2021|quote= Sl.No 1}}</ref> as serial no.1 Agamudayar including Thuluva Vellala. <br /> where as,
| region = ], ], ]
Thuluva Vellalas are classified as Backward Class (D) in ] under the ‘Mudhaliar’ title.<ref name="Staff Reporter">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-12-12|title=‘Mudaliar’ title added in BC (D) list|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/%E2%80%98Mudaliar%E2%80%99-title-added-in-BC-D-list/article16794750.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}:”The State government has decided to add the title ‘Mudaliar’ in the first line of Sl. No. 39 of Group D of BC list following a request from the Mudaliar community. This will benefit Agamudimudaliar, Aghamudian, Aghamudiar, Agamudivellalar, and Agamudimudaliar, including Thuluva Vellalas.”</ref>
cities: ], ], ]
| languages = ]
| religions = Predominantly ], also ], ] and ] | religions = ], ] and ]{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
| feudal_title = ], ], ], ], ], ]
| related = ] & ]}}
| related = ]
}}
'''Thuluva ]''', {{sfnp|Neild|1979|ps=}}{{efn|] has noted of the Vellalar communities generally that "they were never a tighly-knit community&nbsp;... In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Vellala affiliation was a vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian caste groups. Vellala identity was certainly thought of as a source of prestige, but for that very reason there were any number of groups who sought to claim Vellala status for themselves".{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|p=411|ps=}}}} also known as Agamudaya Mudaliar <ref name="ப உ சண்முகம் பிறந்தநாள் விழா">{{Cite news|date=2012-08-16|title=ப உ சண்முகம் பிறந்தநாள் விழா|work=Dinamani|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-vellore/2012/aug/16/1000-பேருக்கு-அன்னதானம்-542766.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-14|title=துளுவ வேளாளர் சங்கம் கோரிக்கை|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-viluppuram/district-news/467005|access-date=2021-11-12|website=Dinamalar}}</ref> or '''Arcot Mudaliars''',<ref>{{cite book|title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order|author=Jacob Pandian|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1987|page=115}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = Census of India 1961 - District Handbook of Chingleput | url = http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6461/1/22101_1961_CHI.pdf | publisher = Census of India | work = Volume 9: 16| page = 16 | accessdate = 2024-11-23}}</ref> is a caste found in northern ], southern ] and southern ].<ref name="TanjaiTamil">{{cite book |author=Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamiḻp Palkalaik Kaḻakam |title=Glimpses of Tamil Civilization. Articles from the University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization |publisher=Tamil University |others=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU6kuUy/page/142/mode/1up?q=Vel |year=1994 |page=142 |language=en |quote=Tuluva Vellala is a prosperous and progressive caste in Tamil Nadu and they migrated from Tulu Nadu to Tamil Nadu in ancient times.}}</ref><ref name=Walker>{{cite book|title=New Place, Old Ways, Essays on Indian Society and Culture in Modern Singapore|author=Anthony R. Walker|page=200|year=1994|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|quote=The names of these four main Vellalar divisions are the Tondaimandalam (residents of the Pallava country), the Sōliyan (of the Cōla country), the Pandya (from the ancient Pandyan kingdom) and the Konku (from Konku country). Each of these four great divisions is further divided on a territorial basis. For example, the Tuluva are that branch of the Tondaimandalam Vellalar with origins in the Tulu country.}}</ref><ref name=Raghavan>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction|author=M. D. Raghavan|publisher=Kalai Nilayam, 1971|page=130|quote=The Thondaimandalam Vellalas are sub-divided into the Tuluvas, originally of the Tulu country.}}</ref> They were an elite and dominant land-owning community.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Response to John Harriss |first1=S. V. |last1=Rajadurai |first2=V. |last2=Geetha |title=Decentring the Indian Nation |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Wyatt |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Zavos |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-13576-169-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L6RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |page=115}}</ref>


==Etymology==
'''Thuluva Vellala''', also known Tozhu Vellala and Arcot Mudaliars


The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is found in Paripadal, where it is used in the sense of a landowner.<ref>Dev Nathan (1997). From Tribe to Caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.</ref> The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர்) may originate from the root Vellam for flood, denoting their ability to control and store water for irrigation purposes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|page=390|year=2007}}</ref> which led to the development of various land rights, ultimately giving the Vellalar their name.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Venkatasubramanian |first=T. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWeBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Societas to Civitas: Evolution of Political Society in South India : Pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam |date=1993 |publisher=Kalinga Publications |isbn=978-81-85163-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) is also derived from the word Vel (வேள்), a title used by Velir chieftains during the Sangam age.
Their original stronghold in the Tamil country was ] in ] district, the town that served as the capital of the ] king ] in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961|author=India. Office of the Registrar|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1962|page=xxii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topics in South Indian From Early Times Upto 1565 A.D. History|author=A. Krishnaswami (Professor of History)|page=212|year=1975}}</ref>


Since they migrated from the Tulu region of ancient ], they are called Thuluva Vellalar.<ref name=TanjaiTamil/><ref name=Walker/><ref name=Raghavan/>
They were originally significant landowners.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |chapter=Response to John Harriss |first1=S. V. |last1=Rajadurai |first2=V. |last2=Geetha |title=Decentring the Indian Nation |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Wyatt |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Zavos |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-13576-169-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L6RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |page=115}}</ref>

==History==

Thuluva Vellalars are part of larger ] community. An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as ] brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the ''Tuluva Vellalas'') from the ] in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in ].<ref>{{cite book|title= Untouchability: A Historical Study Upto 1500 A.D. : with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu|author=Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan Hanumanthan|page=101|publisher=Koodal Publishers}}</ref> Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies ] with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the '']''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History|author=M. Arokiaswami|publisher=Amudha Nilayam|page=72|year=1954}}</ref>

Sometimes this migration of Thuluva Vellalas is also assigned to later ] times when ] Ballalas of ] had occupied portions of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference|year=1964}}</ref>

==Demographics==

Their original stronghold in present-day Tamil Nadu was ] in ] district, the town that served as the capital of the ] king ] in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961|author=India. Office of the Registrar|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1962|page=xxii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topics in South Indian From Early Times Upto 1565 A.D. History|author=A. Krishnaswami (Professor of History)|page=212|year=1975}}</ref>

Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous<ref name=TanjaiTamil/> in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education<ref>{{Cite book|title=Census Book of India 1961|publisher=The Director of stationery and Printing, Madras.|year=1961|volume=9 North Arcot District |location=Madras|pages=31|language=Tamil|chapter=3}}</ref> and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.

The community commonly use Mudaliar<ref>{{Cite web |last=AP court orders |title=Doctypes |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/113966190/?formInput=thuluva%20%20%20doctypes%3A%20judgments}}</ref> and Udayar titles. However Naicker,<ref>Glossary of Caste Name, North Arcot District, 1951</ref> Gounder, Reddy and Pillai titles are also present in some pockets.

==Gotra and Kuladevi==

===Gotra===

In Hindu tradition, ] represents a lineage or ancestral family line. The system of gotra is significant for understanding one's heritage and lineage and plays an essential role in cultural and religious practices.

These primary groupings can be further divided into sub-categories, including:

*Vanadhirayar
*Kalingarayar
*Siva Maharshi

These sub-groupings often signify deeper historical and cultural connections within the broader Shiva or Vishnu lineages.

===Kuladevi===

The ] refers to the female family deity or guardian goddess worshipped by a specific family or clan across generations. Families revere their kuladevi for protection, prosperity, and familial well-being. Commonly worshipped kuladevis include:

*Pachayamman
*Angala Parameshwari
*Saptha Kannimar: A group of seven divine sisters.
*Ammachchar
*EllaiAmman: Often revered as the boundary guardian deity of a village or a region.

These deities are central to family rituals, festivals, and religious ceremonies, reinforcing the cultural and spiritual ties of a family to their ancestral roots.

==Caste-based Reservation Status==

In ]

Arcot Mudaliar and Arcot Vellala sects: Classified as ].<ref name="dailythanthi.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-18|title=அரசியல் ரீதியாக அங்கீகாரம் கிடைத்தாலும் 10 சதவீத இட ஒதுக்கீடு நிறைவேறுவதில் சிக்கல்|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/07/18125244/Although-politically-recognized10-per-cent-reservation.vpf|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

Other sects of Thuluva Vellala: Classified under the ] (OBC) category at both the Central<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/tamilnadu.pdf|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU|website=www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=11 March 2021|page=1|quote= Entry.No 1}}</ref> and State levels.<ref name="bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |title= List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=6 March 2021|quote= Sl.No 1}}</ref> Thuluva Vellala is listed as entry number 1 alongside Agamudayar.

In ]

Thuluva Vellala, Agamudi Mudaliar, and Aghamudi Vellala: Recognized under the Backward Class (D) category under the umbrella term ‘Mudhaliar’.<ref name="Staff Reporter">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-12-12|title='Mudaliar' title added in BC (D) list|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/‘Mudaliar’-title-added-in-BC-D-list/article16794750.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}: "The State government has decided to add the title ‘Mudaliar’ in the first line of Sl. No. 39 of Group D of BC list following a request from the Mudaliar community. This will benefit Agamudimudaliar, Agamudivellalar, and Agamudimudaliar, including Thuluva Vellalas."</ref>

This ] status allows these communities to access benefits and opportunities related to education, employment, and other social programs as per their classifications.

==Current status==

The Thuluva Vellalar community, also referred to as Thuluva Vellala Mudaliars, was historically classified as a ] (FC) in ].<ref name="dailythanthi.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-18|title=அரசியல் ரீதியாக அங்கீகாரம் கிடைத்தாலும் 10 சதவீத இட ஒதுக்கீடு நிறைவேறுவதில் சிக்கல்|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/07/18125244/Although-politically-recognized10-per-cent-reservation.vpf|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Rajadurai | first1 = S. V. | last2 = Geetha | first2 = V. | year = 2004 | title = Response to John Harriss | editor1-last = Wyatt | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Zavos | editor2-first = John | publisher = Routledge | pages = 115 | isbn = 978-1-13576-169-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0L6RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 | accessdate = 2024-11-23}}</ref> However, over time, they were reclassified as a ] (BC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/tamilnadu.pdf|title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU|website=www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=11 March 2021|page=1|quote= Entry.No 1}}</ref><ref name="bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |title= List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |publisher=Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu |access-date=6 March 2021|quote= Sl.No 1}}</ref> The reclassification has its roots in the socio-political and economic changes that occurred in Tamil society, particularly after ].


==Notable people== ==Notable people==

===Social Leaders, Activists===

]

*] - Dalavoy of the Vijayanagar viceroy Viswanatha Nayaka.
*] - <ref>{{Cite book|last=K|first=Kumaresan|title=Dravida Thalaivar C. Natesanar|year=1984|location=Madras|pages=Introduction, p.4}}</ref> one of the founders of the ], politician, activist and ].
*] - A freedom fighter from ], participated in the ] in 1942. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/16/stories/2002121601420200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728222145/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/16/stories/2002121601420200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 July 2004 | title=Courage was his watchword | date=16 December 2002 | newspaper=] | accessdate=13 June 2016 }}</ref>
*] - Indian ], Indian scholar, essayist, and activist for the ].
*] - Historian, rationalist, and Deputy Speaker of the ]. <ref name="india_speakerslist">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

===Tamil Literature===

*] - Also known as Mu. Va., a ] scholar, author, and academic from ].
*] - An early ] composer who lived in what is now ], ].

===Philanthropists===

]

*] - Founded the R.B.A.N.M.'s Educational Charities and R.B.A.N.M.'s Chattram and other charities.
*] - ] and ] who founded ].
*] - Chairman of ].
*] - Founder of Pachayappa Educational Trust. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vallal Pachaiyappa {{!}} Pachaiyappa's College|url=https://pachaiyappascollege.edu.in/vallal|access-date=2021-11-13|website=pachaiyappascollege.edu.in}}</ref>


===Politics=== ===Politics===

* Sir Dr. ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=K|first=Kumaresan|title=Dravida Thalaivar C. Natesanar|year=1984|location=Madras|pages=Introduction, p.4}}</ref>{{qn|date=July 2020}} one of the founders of the ], politician, activist and philanthropist
]
* Diwan Bahadur Sir ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andrew wyatt, John Zavos|title=Decentring the Indian Nation|pages=115}}</ref> KCSI - Founder Chairman of ] and the Diwan of Mysore

*]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-08-16|title=ப உ சண்முகம் பிறந்தநாள் விழா|work=Dinamani|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-vellore/2012/aug/16/1000-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-542766.html}}</ref> - Former Tamil Nadu minister of Public Works Department
*] - Indian politician and theosophist; served as Minister of Public Health and Excise for the ] (1926–1928).
*] - Founder of Puthiya Needhi Katchi and Chancellor of Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Demu |first1=Blessey |title=Honorary Fellowship for A C Shanmugam |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/honorary-fellowship-for-a-c-shanmugam-513926.html |website=news18.com |publisher=News18 |access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref>
*] - KCSI, Founder-Chairman of ] and the Diwan of Mysore. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Andrew Wyatt, John Zavos|title=Decentring the Indian Nation|pages=115}}</ref>
*] - Politician and legislator of the ].
*] - Former Tamil Nadu minister of Public Works Department.

===Civil Service and Judiciary===

*] - Member of the ] (1926–1936).
*] - Chief ] and broker for the ].
*]- was an Indian lawyer, politician and Indian independence ] who campaigned for ].

===Arts and Cinema===

]

*] - Indian ] and winner of several national and international awards. <ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=A. R. Rahmam Biography|url=https://arrahman.com/biography.aspx|website=arrahman.com|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
*] - Tamil music composer, actor, and playback singer. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Balu |first1=Aparijitha |title=GV Prakash Kumar On A Signing Spree |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gv-prakash-kumar-sivappu-manjal-pachai-signing-bachelor/ |agency=Silver Screen |date=14 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 }}</ref>
*] - Indian actor and politician.
*] - Founder and chairman of ]. <ref name="Ganesh">{{Cite web| url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/28/stories/2010122853330400.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050547/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/28/stories/2010122853330400.htm | title= Rs.686 crore for conservation, protection of natural resources | date= 28 December 2010 | archive-date= 29 June 2011 }}</ref>
*] - Known as the '''"Founding Father of Modern Tamil Theatre"''', playwright, director, and recipient of the ]. <ref name=hindu20030730>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/30/stories/2003073000230300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225203457/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/30/stories/2003073000230300.htm |archive-date=25 December 2004 |title=The Mount Road congregations |date=30 July 2003 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>
*] - Malayalam music composer and father of ].
*] - Known as the '''"Father of ]"'''. <ref name=dc>{{cite news|title=Classics must be preserved, says B. Mahendra|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130529/entertainment-kollywood/article/classics-must-be-preserved-says-b-mahendra|access-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref>
*] - Playback singer, producer, and mother of actor ].
*] - Tamil actor and grandson of ].
*] - Tamil actor and cousin of ].

]

===Educationists, Doctors, Scientists, and Academicians===

*Sir ] - First Indian Principal of ] and Vice Chancellor of the ].
*] - Scientist, author, and Under-Secretary-General of ]. <ref name="Padma announcement">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/padma/20030125.htm | title=Padma announcement | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>
*Dr. ] - Chairman of Tamil Nadu Medical Council.
*Dr. ] - Renowned Indian medical practitioner.

===Entrepreneurs and Industrialists===

*]- founder of ].
*]- the Founder Chairman of CavinKare, chairman of ] and also President of ] – Chennai Chapter.


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*]
*] *]
*]
*]


== References == == References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


'''Bibliography'''
]
*{{cite book |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900 |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1989 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-52189-103-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC}}
*{{cite journal |last=Neild |first=Susan M. |title=Colonial Urbanism: The Development of Madras City in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=217–246 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00008301 |jstor=312124|s2cid=144309252 }}

] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 13:15, 28 December 2024

Tamil agrarian caste

Thuluva Vellalar
ReligionsHinduism, Christianity and Jainism
LanguagesTamil
RegionTamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka cities: Chennai, Bangalore, Vellore
Feudal titleMudaliar, Pillai, Goundar, Udayar, Chettiar, Nayakar
Related groupsTamil people

Thuluva Vellalar, also known as Agamudaya Mudaliar or Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka. They were an elite and dominant land-owning community.

Etymology

The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is found in Paripadal, where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர்) may originate from the root Vellam for flood, denoting their ability to control and store water for irrigation purposes. which led to the development of various land rights, ultimately giving the Vellalar their name. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) is also derived from the word Vel (வேள்), a title used by Velir chieftains during the Sangam age.

Since they migrated from the Tulu region of ancient Tamizhagam, they are called Thuluva Vellalar.

History

Thuluva Vellalars are part of larger Vellalar community. An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as Ādonda Chakravarthi brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the Tuluva Vellalas) from the Tulu areas in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in Thondaimandalam. Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the Mackenzie Manuscripts.

Sometimes this migration of Thuluva Vellalas is also assigned to later Chola times when Hoysala Ballalas of Karnataka had occupied portions of Kanchipuram and Trichy.

Demographics

Their original stronghold in present-day Tamil Nadu was Thiruvannamalai in North Arcot district, the town that served as the capital of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala III in the 14th century.

Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.

The community commonly use Mudaliar and Udayar titles. However Naicker, Gounder, Reddy and Pillai titles are also present in some pockets.

Gotra and Kuladevi

Gotra

In Hindu tradition, Gotra represents a lineage or ancestral family line. The system of gotra is significant for understanding one's heritage and lineage and plays an essential role in cultural and religious practices.

These primary groupings can be further divided into sub-categories, including:

  • Vanadhirayar
  • Kalingarayar
  • Siva Maharshi

These sub-groupings often signify deeper historical and cultural connections within the broader Shiva or Vishnu lineages.

Kuladevi

The Kuladevi refers to the female family deity or guardian goddess worshipped by a specific family or clan across generations. Families revere their kuladevi for protection, prosperity, and familial well-being. Commonly worshipped kuladevis include:

  • Pachayamman
  • Angala Parameshwari
  • Saptha Kannimar: A group of seven divine sisters.
  • Ammachchar
  • EllaiAmman: Often revered as the boundary guardian deity of a village or a region.

These deities are central to family rituals, festivals, and religious ceremonies, reinforcing the cultural and spiritual ties of a family to their ancestral roots.

Caste-based Reservation Status

In Tamil Nadu

Arcot Mudaliar and Arcot Vellala sects: Classified as Forward Class.

Other sects of Thuluva Vellala: Classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category at both the Central and State levels. Thuluva Vellala is listed as entry number 1 alongside Agamudayar.

In Andhra Pradesh

Thuluva Vellala, Agamudi Mudaliar, and Aghamudi Vellala: Recognized under the Backward Class (D) category under the umbrella term ‘Mudhaliar’.

This reservation status allows these communities to access benefits and opportunities related to education, employment, and other social programs as per their classifications.

Current status

The Thuluva Vellalar community, also referred to as Thuluva Vellala Mudaliars, was historically classified as a Forward Caste (FC) in Tamil Nadu. However, over time, they were reclassified as a Backward Class (BC). The reclassification has its roots in the socio-political and economic changes that occurred in Tamil society, particularly after Indian independence.

Notable people

Social Leaders, Activists

C. Natesa Mudaliar

Tamil Literature

Philanthropists

Vallal Pachaiyappa Mudaliar

Politics

Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar

Civil Service and Judiciary

Arts and Cinema

Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
Arcot Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar

Educationists, Doctors, Scientists, and Academicians

Entrepreneurs and Industrialists

See also

References

Notes

  1. Susan Bayly has noted of the Vellalar communities generally that "they were never a tighly-knit community ... In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Vellala affiliation was a vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian caste groups. Vellala identity was certainly thought of as a source of prestige, but for that very reason there were any number of groups who sought to claim Vellala status for themselves".

Citations

  1. Neild (1979)
  2. Bayly (2004), p. 411
  3. "ப உ சண்முகம் பிறந்தநாள் விழா". Dinamani. 16 August 2012.
  4. "துளுவ வேளாளர் சங்கம் கோரிக்கை". Dinamalar. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  5. Jacob Pandian (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. p. 115.
  6. "Census of India 1961 - District Handbook of Chingleput" (PDF). Volume 9: 16. Census of India. p. 16. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  7. ^ Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamiḻp Palkalaik Kaḻakam (1994). Glimpses of Tamil Civilization. Articles from the University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization. https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU6kuUy/page/142/mode/1up?q=Vel. Tamil University. p. 142. Tuluva Vellala is a prosperous and progressive caste in Tamil Nadu and they migrated from Tulu Nadu to Tamil Nadu in ancient times. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
  8. ^ Anthony R. Walker (1994). New Place, Old Ways, Essays on Indian Society and Culture in Modern Singapore. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 200. The names of these four main Vellalar divisions are the Tondaimandalam (residents of the Pallava country), the Sōliyan (of the Cōla country), the Pandya (from the ancient Pandyan kingdom) and the Konku (from Konku country). Each of these four great divisions is further divided on a territorial basis. For example, the Tuluva are that branch of the Tondaimandalam Vellalar with origins in the Tulu country.
  9. ^ M. D. Raghavan. Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction. Kalai Nilayam, 1971. p. 130. The Thondaimandalam Vellalas are sub-divided into the Tuluvas, originally of the Tulu country.
  10. Rajadurai, S. V.; Geetha, V. (2004). "Response to John Harriss". In Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (eds.). Decentring the Indian Nation. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-13576-169-1.
  11. Dev Nathan (1997). From Tribe to Caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
  12. Vijaya Ramaswamy (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 390.
  13. Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993). Societas to Civitas: Evolution of Political Society in South India : Pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam. Kalinga Publications. ISBN 978-81-85163-42-0.
  14. Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan Hanumanthan. Untouchability: A Historical Study Upto 1500 A.D. : with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu. Koodal Publishers. p. 101.
  15. M. Arokiaswami (1954). The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 72.
  16. Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference. 1964.
  17. India. Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications. p. xxii.
  18. A. Krishnaswami (Professor of History) (1975). Topics in South Indian From Early Times Upto 1565 A.D. History. p. 212.
  19. "3". Census Book of India 1961 (in Tamil). Vol. 9 North Arcot District. Madras: The Director of stationery and Printing, Madras. 1961. p. 31.
  20. AP court orders. "Doctypes".
  21. Glossary of Caste Name, North Arcot District, 1951
  22. ^ "அரசியல் ரீதியாக அங்கீகாரம் கிடைத்தாலும் 10 சதவீத இட ஒதுக்கீடு நிறைவேறுவதில் சிக்கல்". Dailythanthi.com. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  23. "CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU" (PDF). www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in. Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. p. 1. Retrieved 11 March 2021. Entry.No 1
  24. ^ "List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu". Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 6 March 2021. Sl.No 1
  25. Staff Reporter (12 December 2016). "'Mudaliar' title added in BC (D) list". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 February 2021.: "The State government has decided to add the title ‘Mudaliar’ in the first line of Sl. No. 39 of Group D of BC list following a request from the Mudaliar community. This will benefit Agamudimudaliar, Agamudivellalar, and Agamudimudaliar, including Thuluva Vellalas."
  26. Rajadurai, S. V.; Geetha, V. (2004). Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (eds.). Response to John Harriss. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-13576-169-1. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  27. "CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF TAMILNADU" (PDF). www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in. Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu. p. 1. Retrieved 11 March 2021. Entry.No 1
  28. K, Kumaresan (1984). Dravida Thalaivar C. Natesanar. Madras. pp. Introduction, p.4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. "Courage was his watchword". The Hindu. 16 December 2002. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  30. "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India". Government of Tamil Nadu.
  31. "Vallal Pachaiyappa | Pachaiyappa's College". pachaiyappascollege.edu.in. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  32. Demu, Blessey. "Honorary Fellowship for A C Shanmugam". news18.com. News18. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  33. Andrew Wyatt, John Zavos. Decentring the Indian Nation. p. 115.
  34. "A. R. Rahmam Biography". arrahman.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  35. Balu, Aparijitha (14 September 2019). "GV Prakash Kumar On A Signing Spree". Silver Screen. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  36. "Rs.686 crore for conservation, protection of natural resources". 28 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  37. Muthiah, S. (30 July 2003). "The Mount Road congregations". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 25 December 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  38. "Classics must be preserved, says B. Mahendra". Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  39. "Padma announcement". Retrieved 13 August 2014.

Bibliography

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