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] ''Suldaan'' (]) of the ]]] |
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], the 5th Grand Sultan of the ]|218x218px]] |
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This is a list of '''Somali aristocratic and court titles''' that were historically used by the ]'s various ]ates, ] and ]s. Also included are the ]s reserved for ]ic notables as well as traditional leaders and officials within Somali ] ('']''), in addition to the ]s set aside for distinguished individuals. |
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This is a list of '''Somali aristocratic and court titles''' that were historically used by the ]'s various ]ates, ] and ]s. Also included are the ]s reserved for ]ic notables as well as traditional leaders and officials within Somali ] ('']''), in addition to the ]s set aside for distinguished individuals. |
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==== Kings or Rulers ==== |
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==== Kings or Rulers ==== |
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*'''Suldaan''': From the ] for ] or English "Chief". Very common title for rulers in the pre-colonial and colonial periods; used throughout the Somali territories, particularly by the ].<ref name="Lewis203204" /> Famous Sultans include Dhulbahante & Darawish Sultan ];<ref name="scr">{{cite book |last1=Omar |first1=Mohamed |title=The Scramble in the Horn of Africa |date=2001 |page=402 |quote=This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta}}</ref> ] was the only extant Somali monarch in the British sphere who himself or his kindred luminaries didn't sign a colonial treaty;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jardine |first1=Douglas |title=Mad Mullah of Somaliland |date=1923 |page=35 |quote=Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.}}</ref> Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the ], who built the 13th-century ]; ], 5th Sultan of the ] and one of the founders of the ];<ref>Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899–1901</ref> Sultan ] of the ], who was an anti-colonial figure in the mid-20th century; ], the 1st Sultan of the ]; ], who reigned in the early 19th century as one of the first Sultans of the ]; ], founder of the ]; and ], founder of the ]. The title was also employed by the leaders of the influential ], the House of Garen. |
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*'''Suldaan''': From the ] for ] or English "Ruler". Very common title for rulers in the pre-colonial and colonial periods; used throughout the Somali territories, particularly by the ].<ref name="Lewis203204" /> Famous Sultans include Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the ], who built the 13th-century ]; ], 5th Sultan of the ] and one of the founders of the ];<ref>Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations, 1899–1901</ref> Sultan ] of the ], who was an anti-colonial figure in the mid-20th century; Sultan ] of the ], described as a sovereign ruler of immense influence and a man of mercurial image by the historian I.M. Lewis, would change the court title of the ] Sultanate from Gerad to Sultan after taking over the reign from his ailing father; Sultan ] reigned in the early 19th century as one of the Gerads of the ], which is the longest of all Somali sultanates; Sultan ] also held the title as the Sultan of ]. ], founder of the ]; and ], founder of the ]. The title, Suldaan was used by the influential ] that ruled large parts of East Africa form14th-century to 17th. The ] center of power was the House of Garen. Suldaan ] was the last of Ajuran Dynasty that ruled the ]. |
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], the 5th Grand Sultan of the ]]] |
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] ''Suldaan'' (]) of the ]|218x218px]] |
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], 1st ] & 5th leader of the ]]] |
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], 1st ] & 5th leader of the ]]] |
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* '''Ugaas''': Authentic Somali term for "Sultan". Used throughout the northern and western Somali territories; particularly in the Somali region of Ethiopia and ], but also in central Somalia, southern and northeastern Somalia.<ref name="Lewis203204" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847|pages=204|language=en}}</ref> The Gadabursi, and ]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muuse|first=Guuleed|date=2021-09-07|title=Video: Ugaaska Gaaljecel oo war cusub kasoo saaray kiiska Ikraan, fariin u diray Farmaajo|url=https://www.caasimada.net/video-ugaaska-gaaljecel-oo-war-cusub-kasoo-saaray-kiiska-ikraan-fariin-u-diray-farmaajo/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Caasimada Online|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daawo: Ugaaska Gaaljecel oo war cusub kasoo saaray|url=https://www.axadletimes.com/amp/ax-latest/daawo-ugaaska-gaaljecel-oo-war-cusub-kasoo-saaray.html5|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Axadle Wararka Maanta|language=en-US}}</ref>gave their sultan the title of "Ugaas" romanized as "Ughaz".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdi |first1=Abdirahman |title=Ugaas Xasan Ugaas Yaasiin oo Muqdisho kula kulmay odayaal dhaqan(Sawiro) |url=https://www.horseedmedia.net |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=August 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2000/dec/ugaas.html|title=Taariikhdii Ugaas Yaasiin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlIqAQAAIAAJ|title=Africa|last1=Westermann|first1=Diedrich|last2=Smith|first2=Edwin William|last3=Forde|first3=Cyril Daryll|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=230|language=en}}</ref> |
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* '''Ugaas''': Authentic Somali term for "Sultan". Used throughout the northern and western Somali territories; particularly in the Somali region of Ethiopia and ], but also in central Somalia, southern and northeastern Somalia.<ref name="Lewis203204" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847|pages=204|language=en}}</ref> The Gadabursi, ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muuse|first=Guuleed|date=2021-09-07|title=Video: Ugaaska Gaaljecel oo war cusub kasoo saaray kiiska Ikraan, fariin u diray Farmaajo|url=https://www.caasimada.net/video-ugaaska-gaaljecel-oo-war-cusub-kasoo-saaray-kiiska-ikraan-fariin-u-diray-farmaajo/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Caasimada Online|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daawo: Ugaaska Gaaljecel oo war cusub kasoo saaray|url=https://www.axadletimes.com/amp/ax-latest/daawo-ugaaska-gaaljecel-oo-war-cusub-kasoo-saaray.html5|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Axadle Wararka Maanta|language=en-US}}</ref> gave their sultan the title of "Ugaas" romanized as "Ughaz".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdi |first1=Abdirahman |title=Ugaas Xasan Ugaas Yaasiin oo Muqdisho kula kulmay odayaal dhaqan(Sawiro) |url=https://www.horseedmedia.net |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=August 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2000/dec/ugaas.html|title=Taariikhdii Ugaas Yaasiin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlIqAQAAIAAJ|title=Africa|last1=Westermann|first1=Diedrich|last2=Smith|first2=Edwin William|last3=Forde|first3=Cyril Daryll|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=230|language=en}}</ref> |
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*'''Boqor''': Literally denotes ].<ref name="Orwin">{{cite book|last=Orwin|first=Martin|title=Aspects of Somali phonology|year=1990|publisher=University of London|pages=55}}</ref> However, in practice, it is the '']'' or "King of Kings".<ref name="Lewis208">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|p=208}}</ref> The title is etymologically derived from one of the ] ] terms for "belt", in recognition of the official's unifying role within society.<ref name="Lewis203204">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|pp=203–204}}</ref> According to Kobishchanow (1987), ''Boqor'' is also related to the ] ''Paqar'', which was employed by rulers in the early ] state of ].<ref name="Claessen">{{cite book|last=Claessen|first=H. J. M.|title=Early State Dynamics, Volume 2 of Studies in Human Society|year=1987|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004081011|pages=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afYUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Various Somali ]s and designations have ''Boqor'' as their root. The latter include ''Boqortooyo'', signifying "monarchy", "kingdom" or "empire"; ''Boqornimo'', meaning "]", "]" or "dignitaries";<ref name="Maxamed">{{cite book|last=Maxamed|first=Maxamed Cabdi|title=Lexique somali-français|year=1987|publisher=s.n.|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c8XAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> and ''Boqortinnimo'', denoting "kingship".<ref name="Zorcissa">{{cite book|last=R. David Paul Zorc|first=Abdullahi A. Issa|title=Somali Textbook|year=1990|publisher=Dunwoody Press|isbn=0931745489|pages=551|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRkOAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Historically, the title was mainly used by ] in the northeastern ] region of ].<ref name="Lewis203204" /> The most prominent Boqor in recent times was ], who governed the ] (Majeerteenia) during its 19th-century heyday. Also used among the ] as the law of the King and the 100 men' (heerka boqorka iyo boqolka nin).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC&q=heerka%2520boqorka%2520iyo&pg=PA207|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847|pages=207|language=en}}</ref> |
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*'''Boqor''': Literally denotes ].<ref name="Orwin">{{cite book|last=Orwin|first=Martin|title=Aspects of Somali phonology|year=1990|publisher=University of London|pages=55}}</ref> However, in practice, it is the '']'' or "King of Kings".<ref name="Lewis208">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|p=208}}</ref> The title is etymologically derived from one of the ] ] terms for "belt", in recognition of the official's unifying role within society.<ref name="Lewis203204">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|pp=203–204}}</ref> According to Kobishchanow (1987), ''Boqor'' is also related to the ] ''Paqar'', which was employed by rulers in the early ] state of ].<ref name="Claessen">{{cite book|last=Claessen|first=H. J. M.|title=Early State Dynamics, Volume 2 of Studies in Human Society|year=1987|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004081011|pages=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afYUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Various Somali ]s and designations have ''Boqor'' as their root. The latter include ''Boqortooyo'', signifying "monarchy", "kingdom" or "empire"; ''Boqornimo'', meaning "]", "]" or "dignitaries";<ref name="Maxamed">{{cite book|last=Maxamed|first=Maxamed Cabdi|title=Lexique somali-français|year=1987|publisher=s.n.|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c8XAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> and ''Boqortinnimo'', denoting "kingship".<ref name="Zorcissa">{{cite book|last=R. David Paul Zorc|first=Abdullahi A. Issa|title=Somali Textbook|year=1990|publisher=Dunwoody Press|isbn=0931745489|pages=551|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRkOAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Historically, the title was mainly used by ] in the northeastern ] region of ].<ref name="Lewis203204" /> The most prominent Boqor in recent times was ], who governed the ] (Majeerteenia) during its 19th-century heyday. Also used among the ] as the law of the King and the 100 men' (heerka boqorka iyo boqolka nin).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC&q=heerka%2520boqorka%2520iyo&pg=PA207|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1961-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847|pages=207|language=en}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Often employed interchangeably with "Suldaan" to denote a Sultan. Etymologically signifies "wisdom", "mind" or "understanding". According to Basset (1952), the title corresponds with the honorific ''Al-Jaraad'', which was used during the Middle Ages by ] governors in the ]ic parts of ]. ''Gerad'' was historically employed throughout ] by the ] as well as the ] until the clan's leadership adopted a ] in the 20th century. It is still used by the ] today.<ref name="Lewis203204" /> |
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*''']''': Often employed interchangeably with "Suldaan" to denote a Sultan. Etymologically signifies "wisdom", "mind" or "understanding". According to Basset (1952), the title corresponds with the honorific ''Al-Jaraad'', which was used during the Middle Ages by ] governors in the ]ic parts of ]. ''Gerad'' was historically employed throughout ] by the Tol Je'lo as well as the ] until the clan's leadership adopted a ] in the 20th century. It is still used by the ] today.<ref name="Lewis203204" /> Garad also denotes a ''"chief"'' in ] and ] languages respectively.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad |url=https://en.sewasew.com/phrases/4612?withDetails=1}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Denotes the Head of State.<ref>Mohamed Haji Muktar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35</ref> Style was used especially by rulers in the ] and the Ajuran Sultanate. Notable Imams include ], also known as Ahmed Gurey or Gran (both meaning "the Left Handed"), who led a military campaign during the Middle Ages known as the ] (''Futuh al-Habash''). |
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*''']''': Denotes the Head of State.<ref>Mohamed Haji Muktar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35</ref> Style was used especially by rulers Of ] in the ], ] and the ]. Notable Imams include ], also known as Ahmed Gurey or Gran (both meaning "the Left Handed"), who led a military campaign during the Middle Ages known as the ] (''Futuh al-Habash''). Imam ] who led the Inmate Of hiraab is one of famous imam in ]. |
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*''']''': Used by leaders in the Adal Sultanate. Also employed by commanders in the Ajuran Sultanate's ]. Prominent Emirs include ], the Emir of ] who built the great wall (''Jugol'') around the city. |
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*''']''': Used by leaders in the Adal Sultanate. Also employed by commanders in the Ajuran Sultanate's ]. Prominent Emirs include ], the Emir of ] who built the great wall (''Jugol'') around the city. |
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====Royal family==== |
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====Royal family==== |
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] Ughaz Nur near the age of 80]] |
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] Ughaz Nur near the age of 80|195x195px]] |
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] of the ].]] |
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*'''Amiir''': ]. Honorific set aside for the hereditary son of the King or Sultan.<ref name="Hashi">{{cite book|last=Hashi|first=Awil Ali|title=Essential English-Somali Dictionary|year=1993|publisher=Fiqi Press Ltd.|isbn=0969768508|pages=318}}</ref> Notable Princes include ], the son and heir of Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid of the Sultanate of Hobyo. |
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] of the ].|248x248px]] |
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*'''Amiir''': ]. Honorific set aside for the hereditary son of the King or Sultan.<ref name="Hashi">{{cite book|last=Hashi|first=Awil Ali|title=Essential English-Somali Dictionary|year=1993|publisher=Fiqi Press Ltd.|isbn=0969768508|pages=318}}</ref> Notable Princes include ] of the ], the son and heir of Sultan ].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yPVWJxtLG6IC&q=Musa+Arreh&pg=PA140|title= A grammar of the Somali Language, p.140|isbn= 9781108013260|last1= Kirk|first1= J. W. C.|date= 31 October 2010}}</ref> |
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* '''Ina Boqor''': Alternate court style for the Prince.<ref name="Hashi" /> A term used by ] and a powerful Ajuran princess called ] |
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* '''Ina Boqor''': Alternate court style for the Prince.<ref name="Hashi" /> A term used by ] and a powerful Ajuran princess called ] |
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====Court officials==== |
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====Court officials==== |
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*''']''': ] and/or tax and revenue collector. Title used in the northern Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo, as well as the southern Ajuran Sultanate. Wazirs were also quite common at the royal court of the medieval Sultanate of Mogadishu. When the ] traveller ] visited ] in 1331, he indicated that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan originally from the northern ] region, who had a retinue of wazirs, legal experts, commanders, royal ]s, and other officials at his service.<ref name="Laitin15">{{harvcoltxt|Laitin|Samatar|1987|p=15}}</ref> Other notable wazirs include the maternal grandfather of the Somali General ], who was part of the Sultanate of Hobyo's aristocratic contingent in the southern town of ].<ref name="Hosmp">{{cite web|last=Ahmed III|first=Abdul|title=History of Somali Military Personnel|publisher=THOAPI}}</ref> |
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*''']''': ] and/or tax and revenue collector. Title used in the northern Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo, as well as the southern Ajuran Sultanate. Wazirs were also quite common at the royal court of the medieval Sultanate of Mogadishu. When the ] traveller ] visited ] in 1331, he indicated that the city was ruled by a Somali sultan of ] origin, who had a retinue of wazirs, legal experts, commanders, royal ]s, and other officials at his service.<ref name="Laitin15">{{harvcoltxt|Laitin|Samatar|1987|p=15}}</ref> Other notable wazirs include the maternal grandfather of the Somali General ], who was part of the Sultanate of Hobyo's aristocratic contingent in the southern town of ].<ref name="Hosmp">{{cite web|last=Ahmed III|first=Abdul|title=History of Somali Military Personnel|publisher=THOAPI}}</ref> |
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*'''Boqortiishe''': ].<ref name="Maxamed"/> Style reserved for court officials governing territory on behalf of their Kingdom was mostly used by ] that established many colonies and a famous ruler was ] who ruled ] islands on behalf of ] |
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*'''Boqortiishe''': ].<ref name="Maxamed"/> Style reserved for court officials governing territory on behalf of their Kingdom was mostly used by ] that established many colonies and a famous ruler was ] who ruled ] islands on behalf of ] |
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*'''Wakiil-Boqor''': Alternate court title designating a Viceroy.<ref name="Hashi3">{{cite book|last=Hashi|first=Awil Ali|title=Essential English-Somali Dictionary|year=1993|publisher=Fiqi Press Ltd.|isbn=0969768508|pages=442}}</ref> |
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*'''Wakiil-Boqor''': Alternate court title designating a Viceroy.<ref name="Hashi3">{{cite book|last=Hashi|first=Awil Ali|title=Essential English-Somali Dictionary|year=1993|publisher=Fiqi Press Ltd.|isbn=0969768508|pages=442}}</ref> |
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*''']'''/'''Naïb''': ] or representative of the Sultan. Duties included the administration of ], which was collected by court soldiers. Style was used in the Ajuran Sultanate, Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo.<ref name="Cali">{{cite book|last=Axmed Faarax Cali|first=Francesco Antinucci, ed.|title=Poesia orale somala: storia di una nazione|year=1986|publisher=Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Dipartimento per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Comitato Tecnico Linguistico per l'Universita Nazionale Somala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9skXAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> |
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*''']'''/'''Naïb''': ] or representative of the Sultan. Duties included the administration of ], which was collected by court soldiers. Style was used in the Ajuran Sultanate, Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo.<ref name="Cali">{{cite book|editor-last=Axmed Faarax Cali|editor-first=Francesco Antinucci|title=Poesia orale somala: storia di una nazione|year=1986|publisher=Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Dipartimento per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Comitato Tecnico Linguistico per l'Universita Nazionale Somala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9skXAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Denotes a ]. Especially common title in Somaliland, but also used in the southern Ajuran Sultanate. Prominent Qadis include Ismail ibn ], the ancestor of the ] clan, ], an influential 19th-century diplomat, historian, poet, jurist and scholar who was appointed Qadi of the ] at the age of 18 by ]'s Sultan ]; and the father of Sheikh ], inventor of the ] for the Somali language.<ref name="Laitin8687">{{harvcoltxt|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Denotes a Chief Judge. Especially common title in Somaliland, but also used in the southern Ajuran Sultanate. Prominent Qadis include Ismail ibn ], the ancestor of the ] clan, ], an influential 19th-century diplomat, historian, poet, jurist and scholar who was appointed Qadi of the ] at the age of 18 by ]'s Sultan ]; and the father of Sheikh ], inventor of the ] for the Somali language.<ref name="Laitin8687">{{harvcoltxt|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}</ref> |
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===Female titles=== |
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===Female titles=== |
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] of ] in ]]] |
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====Consorts==== |
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==Religious leaders== |
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==Religious leaders== |
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Islamic leaders within Somali society were often drawn from or elevated to the noble ranks. Below is a list of the titles most often used historically by the clergymen (]): |
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Islamic leaders within Somali society were often drawn from or elevated to the noble ranks. Below is a list of the titles most often used historically by the clergymen (]): |
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*''']''': Honorific for senior Muslim clerics (''wadaad''). Often abbreviated to "Sh".<ref name="Ifla">{{cite book|last=IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, IFLA International Office for UBC., IFLA International Programme for UBC., IFLA UBCIM Programme|title=International cataloguing: quarterly bulletin of the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, Volume 11|year=1987|publisher=The Committee|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IpBAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Famous Sheikhs include ], an early Muslim leader in northern Somalia; ], the patron saint of Harar; ], Sheikh of the ] in ] who recorded the ]; ], scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the ] movement in Somalia and East Africa; ], 19th-century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist who authored ''Shadjarat al-Yakim'' ("The Tree of Certitude"); ], polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part ''Al-Majmu'at al-mubaraka'' ("The Blessed Collection"); and ], teacher in the ] in ] who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.<ref name="Fwmas">{{cite web|title=Scholars Biographies - 15th Century - Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abdullaah as-Sumaalee|url=http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm|publisher=Fatwa-Online|access-date=26 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915024556/http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Honorific for senior Muslim clerics (''wadaad''). Often abbreviated to "Sh".<ref name="Ifla">{{cite book|last=IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, IFLA International Office for UBC., IFLA International Programme for UBC., IFLA UBCIM Programme|title=International cataloguing: quarterly bulletin of the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, Volume 11|year=1987|publisher=The Committee|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IpBAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Famous Sheikhs include ], an early Muslim leader in northern Somalia; ], the patron saint of Harar; ], Sheikh of the ] in ] who recorded the ]; ], scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the ] movement in Somalia and East Africa; ], 19th-century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist who authored ''Shadjarat al-Yakim'' ("The Tree of Certitude"); ], polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part ''Al-Majmu'at al-mubaraka'' ("The Blessed Collection"); and ], teacher in the ] in ] who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.<ref name="Fwmas">{{cite web|title=Scholars Biographies - 15th Century - Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abdullaah as-Sumaalee|url=http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm|publisher=Fatwa-Online|access-date=26 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915024556/http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Title of high honour meaning "]" or "]".<ref name="Ifla"/> Denotes males accepted as descendants of the ] ] through his grandsons, ] and ], sons of the prophet's daughter ] and his son-in-law ].<ref name="Engseng">Ho, Engseng, ''Graves of Tarim'', (University of California Press: 2006), Berkeley. p.149</ref> Used by leaders in the ]; notably by ] ("Mad Mullah").<ref name="Uhlig">{{cite book|last=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Volume 3|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447056076|pages=1045|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Title of high honour meaning "]" or "]".<ref name="Ifla"/> Denotes males accepted as descendants of the ] ] through his grandsons, ] and ], sons of the prophet's daughter ] and his son-in-law ].<ref name="Engseng">Ho, Engseng, ''Graves of Tarim'', (University of California Press: 2006), Berkeley. p.149</ref> Used by leaders in the ]; notably by ] ("Mad Mullah").<ref name="Uhlig">{{cite book|last=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Volume 3|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447056076|pages=1045|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC}}</ref> |
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*''']''' (pl. '''Ashraaf'''<ref name="Lewis224">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|p=224}}</ref>): Historically used to distinguish descendants of Hassan 'Ali Abuu Taalib (Hasan ibn Ali).<ref name="Lewis224"/> Often reserved for early Islamic leaders such as Sharif ] (popularly known as ''Aw Barkhadle'' or the "Blessed Father"),<ref name="Abdullahi13">{{harvcoltxt|Abdullahi|2001|p=13}}</ref> a man described as "the most outstanding ] in northern Somalia".<ref name="Lewis102">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1998|p=102}}</ref>. ] was also a notable Sharif and Somali scholar from Mogadishu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=dictionary+of+somalia&pg=PA344|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1|language=en}}</ref> |
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*''']''' (pl. '''Ashraaf'''<ref name="Lewis224">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1999|p=224}}</ref>): Historically used to distinguish descendants of Hassan 'Ali Abuu Taalib (Hasan ibn Ali).<ref name="Lewis224"/> Often reserved for early Islamic leaders such as Sharif ] (popularly known as ''Aw Barkhadle'' or the "Blessed Father"),<ref name="Abdullahi13">{{harvcoltxt|Abdullahi|2001|p=13}}</ref> a man described as "the most outstanding ] in northern Somalia".<ref name="Lewis102">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1998|p=102}}</ref> ] was also a notable Sharif and Somali scholar from Mogadishu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=dictionary+of+somalia&pg=PA344|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1|language=en}}</ref> |
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*''']''': Honorific reserved for distinguished individuals who have performed the ], or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.<ref name="Ifla"/> |
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*''']''': Honorific reserved for distinguished individuals who have performed the ], or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.<ref name="Ifla"/> |
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==Traditional leaders and officials== |
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==Traditional leaders and officials== |
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*'''Aw''': ] meaning "honorable", "venerable", or simply "]".<ref name="Reese">{{cite book|last=Reese|first=Scott Steven|title=Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic learning, commerce and Somali urban identity in the nineteenth century|year=1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|pages=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeuwAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Reserved for learned Islamic clerics,<ref name="Ifla"/> and used throughout the Somali territories. During his research in the ancient town of ], the historian ] noticed that whenever an old site had the prefix ''Aw'' in its name (such as the ruins of ] and ]),<ref name="Lewis90">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1998|p=90}}</ref> it denoted the final resting place of a local saint.<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia", ''Azania'', '''13''' (1978), p. 184</ref> Similarly, the ancient island of ] on the southeastern Benadir littoral was named for the late Sheikh 'Ismaan, whose tomb is found there.<ref name="Bader263">{{cite book|first=Christian|last=Bader|title=Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique|year=2000|publisher=Karthala|isbn=2845860692|page=263|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=Q9XfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various ], such as ] and ]s, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Sultanate of Adal's reign.<ref name="Lewis90"/> Somaliland and northeastern Somalia in general is home to numerous such ]s, with similar edifices found at ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], among other areas.<ref name="Hodd">Michael Hodd, ''East African Handbook'', (Trade & Travel Publications: 1994), p.640.</ref> |
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*''']''': ] meaning "honorable", "venerable", or simply "]".<ref name="Reese">{{cite book|last=Reese|first=Scott Steven|title=Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic learning, commerce and Somali urban identity in the nineteenth century|year=1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|pages=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeuwAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Reserved for learned Islamic clerics,<ref name="Ifla"/> and used throughout the Somali territories. During his research in the ancient town of ], the historian ] noticed that whenever an old site had the prefix ''Aw'' in its name (such as the ruins of ] and ]),<ref name="Lewis90">{{harvcoltxt|Lewis|1998|p=90}}</ref> it denoted the final resting place of a local saint.<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia", ''Azania'', '''13''' (1978), p. 184</ref> Similarly, the ancient island of ] on the southeastern Benadir littoral was named for the late Sheikh 'Ismaan, whose tomb is found there.<ref name="Bader263">{{cite book|first=Christian|last=Bader|title=Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique|year=2000|publisher=Karthala|isbn=2845860692|page=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9XfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various ], such as ] and ]s, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Sultanate of Adal's reign.<ref name="Lewis90"/> Somaliland and northeastern Somalia in general is home to numerous such ]s, with similar edifices found at ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], among other areas.<ref name="Hodd">Michael Hodd, ''East African Handbook'', (Trade & Travel Publications: 1994), p.640.</ref> |
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*{{cite book|last=Abdullahi| first = Mohamed Diriye| title = Culture and customs of Somalia| publisher = Greenwood| year = 2001| url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration| isbn = 978-0-313-31333-2}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Abdullahi| first = Mohamed Diriye| title = Culture and customs of Somalia| publisher = Greenwood| year = 2001| url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration| isbn = 978-0-313-31333-2}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Cassanelli|first=Lee V.|title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900|year=1982|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812278321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Cassanelli|first=Lee V.|title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900|year=1982|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812278321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book|author=David D. Laitin|title=Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA98|date = 1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46791-7}} |
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*{{cite book| first=David D. |last=Laitin |title=Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA98|date = 1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46791-7}} |
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*{{cite book|last=David D. Laitin|first=Said Sheikh Samatar|title=Somalia: Nation in Search of a State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEE_AQAAIAAJ|date=1987|publisher=Westview Pr.| isbn = 0865315558}} |
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*{{cite book|first=David D. |last=Laitin|first2=Said Sheikh |last2=Samatar|title=Somalia: Nation in Search of a State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEE_AQAAIAAJ|date=1987|publisher=Westview Pr.| isbn = 0865315558}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0852552807|pages=203–204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0852552807|pages=203–204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89|isbn=978-1-56902-103-3}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89|isbn=978-1-56902-103-3}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Luling|first=Virginia|title=Somali Sultanate: the Geledi city-state over 150 years|year=2002|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1874209987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0Y_AQAAIAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Luling|first=Virginia|title=Somali Sultanate: the Geledi city-state over 150 years|year=2002|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1874209987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0Y_AQAAIAAJ}} |
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* (Official website) |
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519035544/http://www.warsangeli.org/ |date=2018-05-19 }} (Official website) |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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* (Official website) |
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519035544/http://www.warsangeli.org/ |date=2018-05-19 }} (Official website) |
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{{List of titles and honours of the Countries Crown}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Somali aristocratic and court titles}} |
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Islamic leaders within Somali society were often drawn from or elevated to the noble ranks. Below is a list of the titles most often used historically by the clergymen (ulama):
Below is a list of the titles traditionally employed by leaders and officials within the Somali customary law or xeer.
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