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{{Short description|Swiss-American psychologist (1928–2023)}}
{{Infobox Biography
{{Infobox scientist
| subject_name = Edgar H. Schein
| image_name = | image =
| image_size = | image_size = 150px
| name = Edgar H. Schein
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|3|5}}
| place_of_birth = ]
| birth_place = ], Switzerland
| date_of_death =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|1|26|1928|3|5}}
| place_of_death =
| occupation = ], Author | death_place =
| spouse = Mary | nationality = American
| parents = | field = ]
| work_institution = ]
| children = 3
| alma_mater = ], ], ]
| doctoral_advisor =
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| known_for = ], ], ], group process consultation, ]
| author_abbreviation_bot =
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'''Edgar H. Schein''' (born ]), a professor at the ] has had a notable mark on the field of ] in many areas, including ], ], and ]. He is generally credited with inventing the term ]. '''Edgar Henry Schein''' (March 5, 1928 – January 26, 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/5-enduring-management-ideas-mit-sloans-edgar-schein|title=5 enduring management ideas from MIT Sloan's Edgar Schein|website=MIT Sloan|date=12 July 2023 }}</ref> was a Swiss-born American business theorist and psychologist who was professor at the ]. He was a foundational researcher in the discipline of ],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coutu|first1=Diane|date=March 2002|title=The Anxiety of Learning|url=https://hbr.org/2002/03/the-anxiety-of-learning|journal=Harvard Business Review|volume=80|issue=3|pages=100–6|access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref> and made notable contributions in the field of ] in many areas, including ], group process consultation, and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty-and-research/faculty-directory/detail/?id=41040|title=Edgar Schein - Faculty {{!}} MIT Sloan School of Management|website=mitsloan.mit.edu|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref> He was the son of former ] professor ].


==Model of organizational culture==
Schein (2004) identifies three distinct levels in organizational cultures; artefacts and behaviours, espoused values and assumptions
]

Schein's model of organizational culture originated in the 1980s. Schein (2004) identifies three distinct levels in organizational cultures:

# artifacts and behaviours
# espoused values
# assumptions

The three levels refer to the degree to which the different cultural phenomena are visible to the observer.

* Artifacts include any tangible, overt or verbally identifiable elements in any organization. Architecture, furniture, dress code, office jokes, all exemplify organizational artifacts. Artifacts are the visible elements in a culture and they can be recognized by people not part of the culture.
* Espoused values are the organization's stated values and rules of behavior. It is how the members represent the organization both to themselves and to others. This is often expressed in official philosophies and public statements of identity. It can sometimes often be a projection for the future, of what the members hope to become. Examples of this would be employee professionalism, or a "family first" mantra. Trouble may arise if espoused values by leaders are not in line with the deeper ]s of the culture.<ref>http://businessmate.org/Article.php?Artike1ld=36Edgar H. Schein's Model of Organizational Culture {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426031347/http://businessmate.org/Article.php?Artike1ld=36 |date=2012-04-26 }}</ref>
* Shared basic assumptions are the deeply embedded, taken-for-granted behaviours which are usually unconscious, but constitute the essence of culture. These assumptions are typically so well integrated in the office dynamic that they are hard to recognize from within.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary of Culture Levels - Schein. Abstract|url=http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_schein_three_levels_culture.html|website=www.valuebasedmanagement.net|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>

== Career anchors ==
The career anchor is a part of what one finds as they clarify their self-image surrounding one's (1) needs and motives, (2) talents, and (3) values, the anchor being set of needs, values, and talents that a person is least willing to give up when forced to make a choice. The concept is Schein's attempt to reflect the lifelong search of every human to find themselves.<ref name=":0">Schein, E. H. (1980),, third edition, accessed 31 May 2020</ref>

Schein's original research in the mid-1970s identified five possible career anchor groups: (1) autonomy/independence, (2) security/stability, (3) technical-functional competence, (4) general managerial competence, and (5) entrepreneurial creativity. Follow-up studies in the 1980s identified three additional constructs: (6) service or dedication to a cause, (7) pure challenge, and (8) life style.

A 2008 study distinguishes between entrepreneurship and creativity to form nine possible constructs.<ref>
{{cite web
| first = Nira
| last = Danziger
| title = The construct validity of Schein's career anchors orientation inventory
| url = http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1663093
| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited
| year = 2008
| access-date = 2011-11-09
}}
</ref>


==Education== ==Education==
*], ], ], ] * ], ], ], 1952
*], ], ], ] * ], ], ], 1949
*] * PhB, BA, University of Chicago, 1947


== Publications == == Publications ==
* ''Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-psychological Analysis of the "Brainwashing" of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists'' with Inge Schneier and Curtis H. Barker (1961) W. W. Norton & Company; {{ISBN|978-0393006131}}.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2573656 | doi=10.2307/2573656 | jstor=2573656 | last1=Killian | first1=Lewis M. | title=Reviewed work: Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-Psychological Analysis of the "Brainwashing" of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists., Edgar H. Schein, Inge Schneider, Curtis H. Barker | journal=Social Forces | year=1962 | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=283–284 | doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/coercivepersuasi0000sche|title=Coercive persuasion; a socio-psychological analysis of the "brainwashing" of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists|first=Edgar H.|last=Schein|date=April 8, 1961|publisher=N.Y., Norton|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
*''Brainwashing and Totalitarianization in Modern Society'' (1959)
* ''Professional Education: Some New Directions'' (1972) McGraw-Hill; {{ISBN|978-0070100428}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780070100428|title=ISBN 9780070100428|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
*''Coercive Persuasion: A socio-psychological analysis of the "brainwashing" of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists'' (1961), W. W. Norton (publishers)
* ''Career Dynamics: Matching Individual and Organizational Needs'' (1978) Addison-Wesley; {{ISBN|978-0201068344}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780201068344|title=ISBN 9780201068344|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Organizational Psychology'' (1980) ISBN 0-13-641332-3
* ''Organizational Psychology'', 3rd Edition (1979) Pearson; {{ISBN|978-0136413325}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780136413325|title=ISBN 9780136413325|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
*''Organizational Culture and Leadership'' (1985) ISBN 1-55542-487-2
* ''The Clinical Perspective in Field Work'' (1987) Sage University Papers Series on Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 5.; {{ISBN|978-0803929753}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0803929757|title=ISBN 9780803929753|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''The Art of Managing Human Resources'' edited by Edgar H. Schein (1987) Oxford University Press; {{ISBN|978-0195048827}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780195048827|title=ISBN 9780195048827|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Strategic Pragmatism: The Culture of Singapore's Economic Development Board'' (1996) MIT Press; {{ISBN|978-0262534048}}.<ref name="OCLI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scheinocli.org/publications|title=Publications|website=OCLI.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780262534048|title=ISBN 9780262534048|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Process Consultation Revisited: Building the Helping Relationship'' (1998) Addison-Wesley Longman; {{ISBN|978-0201345964}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780201345964|title=ISBN 9780201345964|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation'' with Peter S. DeLisi, Paul J. Kampas, and Michael M. Sonduck (2004) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1576753057}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781576753057|title=ISBN 9781576753057|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Procesadvisering: Over De Ondersteunende Rol Van De Adviseur En De Samenwerking Tussen Adviseur En Client'' (2005) Academic Service; {{ISBN|978-9052615318}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9789052615318|title=ISBN 9789052615318|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Helping: How to Offer, Give, and Receive Help'' (2011) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1605098562}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781605098562|title=ISBN 9781605098562|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Career Anchors: The Changing Nature of Careers Self Assessment'', 4th Edition with John VanMaanen (2013) Wiley; {{ISBN|978-1118455760}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781118455760|title=ISBN 9781118455760|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* . ''Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior'', Vol. 2., pp. 1-19 (2015).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Organizational Psychology Then and Now: Some Observations|first=Edgar H.|last=Schein|date=April 10, 2015|journal=Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111449|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''Dialogic Organization Development: The Theory and Practice of Transformational Change'' edited by Gervase R. Bushe & Robert J. Marshak, foreword Edgar Schein (2015) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1626564046}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781626564046|title=ISBN 9781626564046|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Becoming American: My First Learning Journey'' (2016) iUniverse; {{ISBN|978-1491789858}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781491789858|title=ISBN 9781491789858|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Humble Consulting: How to Provide Real Help Faster'' (2016) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1626567207}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781626567207|title=ISBN 9781626567207|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Organizational Culture and Leadership'', 5th Edition with Peter A. Schein (2016) Wiley; {{ISBN|978-1119212041}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781119212041|title=ISBN 9781119212041|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Humble Leadership: The Power of Relationships, Openness, and Trust'' with Peter A. Schein (2018) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1523095384}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781523095384|title=ISBN 9781523095384|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''The Corporate Culture Survival Guide'', 3rd Edition with Peter A. Schein (2019) Wiley; {{ISBN|978-1119212287}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781119212287|title=ISBN 9781119212287|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>
* ''Humble Inquiry: The Gentle Art of Asking Instead of Telling'', 2nd Edition with Peter A. Schein (2021) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; {{ISBN|978-1523092628}}.<ref name="OCLI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781523092628|title=ISBN 9781523092628|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref>


==Awards, honors== ==Awards, honors==
;Awards ;Awards
*Lifetime Achievement Award in Workplace Learning and Performance of the American Society of Training Directors, ], ] * Lifetime Achievement Award in Workplace Learning and Performance of the American Society of Training and Development, February 3, 2000
*] Award for Career Scholarship, Careers Division of the ], ], ] * ] Award for Career Scholarship, Careers Division of the ], August 8, 2000
*Marion Gislason Award for Leadership in Executive Development, ] School of Management Executive Development Roundtable, ], ] * Marion Gislason Award for Leadership in Executive Development, ] School of Management Executive Development Roundtable, December 11, 2002
* Distinguished Scholar-Practitioner Award of the Academy of Management, 2009
;Professional
* Life Time Achievement Award from the International Leadership Association, 2012
*Fellow, ]
* Honorary Doctorate from the IEDC Bled School of Management in Slovenia, 2012
*Fellow, ]
;Board Member
*Advisory Board, ]
*Board Member, ]
*Board Member, ]



;Professional
* Fellow, ]
* Fellow, ]


;Board member
== External links ==
* Advisory Board, ]
*
* Board Member, ]
* Board Member, ]


==See also==
]
*]
]
*]
]
*]
]
*]
]
*]
]


==References==
]
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Schein, Edgar}}
{{academic-bio-stub}}
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Latest revision as of 23:06, 7 December 2024

Swiss-American psychologist (1928–2023)
Edgar H. Schein
Born(1928-03-05)March 5, 1928
Zürich, Switzerland
DiedJanuary 26, 2023(2023-01-26) (aged 94)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard University, Stanford University, University of Chicago
Known forcoercive persuasion, organizational development, career development, group process consultation, organizational culture
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsMIT Sloan School of Management

Edgar Henry Schein (March 5, 1928 – January 26, 2023) was a Swiss-born American business theorist and psychologist who was professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He was a foundational researcher in the discipline of organizational behavior, and made notable contributions in the field of organizational development in many areas, including career development, group process consultation, and organizational culture. He was the son of former University of Chicago professor Marcel Schein.

Model of organizational culture

Illustration of Schein's model of organizational culture

Schein's model of organizational culture originated in the 1980s. Schein (2004) identifies three distinct levels in organizational cultures:

  1. artifacts and behaviours
  2. espoused values
  3. assumptions

The three levels refer to the degree to which the different cultural phenomena are visible to the observer.

  • Artifacts include any tangible, overt or verbally identifiable elements in any organization. Architecture, furniture, dress code, office jokes, all exemplify organizational artifacts. Artifacts are the visible elements in a culture and they can be recognized by people not part of the culture.
  • Espoused values are the organization's stated values and rules of behavior. It is how the members represent the organization both to themselves and to others. This is often expressed in official philosophies and public statements of identity. It can sometimes often be a projection for the future, of what the members hope to become. Examples of this would be employee professionalism, or a "family first" mantra. Trouble may arise if espoused values by leaders are not in line with the deeper tacit assumptions of the culture.
  • Shared basic assumptions are the deeply embedded, taken-for-granted behaviours which are usually unconscious, but constitute the essence of culture. These assumptions are typically so well integrated in the office dynamic that they are hard to recognize from within.

Career anchors

The career anchor is a part of what one finds as they clarify their self-image surrounding one's (1) needs and motives, (2) talents, and (3) values, the anchor being set of needs, values, and talents that a person is least willing to give up when forced to make a choice. The concept is Schein's attempt to reflect the lifelong search of every human to find themselves.

Schein's original research in the mid-1970s identified five possible career anchor groups: (1) autonomy/independence, (2) security/stability, (3) technical-functional competence, (4) general managerial competence, and (5) entrepreneurial creativity. Follow-up studies in the 1980s identified three additional constructs: (6) service or dedication to a cause, (7) pure challenge, and (8) life style.

A 2008 study distinguishes between entrepreneurship and creativity to form nine possible constructs.

Education

Publications

  • Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-psychological Analysis of the "Brainwashing" of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists with Inge Schneier and Curtis H. Barker (1961) W. W. Norton & Company; ISBN 978-0393006131.
  • Professional Education: Some New Directions (1972) McGraw-Hill; ISBN 978-0070100428.
  • Career Dynamics: Matching Individual and Organizational Needs (1978) Addison-Wesley; ISBN 978-0201068344.
  • Organizational Psychology, 3rd Edition (1979) Pearson; ISBN 978-0136413325.
  • The Clinical Perspective in Field Work (1987) Sage University Papers Series on Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 5.; ISBN 978-0803929753.
  • The Art of Managing Human Resources edited by Edgar H. Schein (1987) Oxford University Press; ISBN 978-0195048827.
  • Strategic Pragmatism: The Culture of Singapore's Economic Development Board (1996) MIT Press; ISBN 978-0262534048.
  • Process Consultation Revisited: Building the Helping Relationship (1998) Addison-Wesley Longman; ISBN 978-0201345964.
  • DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation with Peter S. DeLisi, Paul J. Kampas, and Michael M. Sonduck (2004) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1576753057.
  • Procesadvisering: Over De Ondersteunende Rol Van De Adviseur En De Samenwerking Tussen Adviseur En Client (2005) Academic Service; ISBN 978-9052615318.
  • Helping: How to Offer, Give, and Receive Help (2011) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1605098562.
  • Career Anchors: The Changing Nature of Careers Self Assessment, 4th Edition with John VanMaanen (2013) Wiley; ISBN 978-1118455760.
  • Organizational Psychology Then and Now: Some Observations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 2., pp. 1-19 (2015).
  • Dialogic Organization Development: The Theory and Practice of Transformational Change edited by Gervase R. Bushe & Robert J. Marshak, foreword Edgar Schein (2015) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1626564046.
  • Becoming American: My First Learning Journey (2016) iUniverse; ISBN 978-1491789858.
  • Humble Consulting: How to Provide Real Help Faster (2016) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1626567207.
  • Organizational Culture and Leadership, 5th Edition with Peter A. Schein (2016) Wiley; ISBN 978-1119212041.
  • Humble Leadership: The Power of Relationships, Openness, and Trust with Peter A. Schein (2018) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1523095384.
  • The Corporate Culture Survival Guide, 3rd Edition with Peter A. Schein (2019) Wiley; ISBN 978-1119212287.
  • Humble Inquiry: The Gentle Art of Asking Instead of Telling, 2nd Edition with Peter A. Schein (2021) Berrett-Koehler Publishers; ISBN 978-1523092628.

Awards, honors

Awards
  • Lifetime Achievement Award in Workplace Learning and Performance of the American Society of Training and Development, February 3, 2000
  • Everett Cherrington Hughes Award for Career Scholarship, Careers Division of the Academy of Management, August 8, 2000
  • Marion Gislason Award for Leadership in Executive Development, Boston University School of Management Executive Development Roundtable, December 11, 2002
  • Distinguished Scholar-Practitioner Award of the Academy of Management, 2009
  • Life Time Achievement Award from the International Leadership Association, 2012
  • Honorary Doctorate from the IEDC Bled School of Management in Slovenia, 2012
Professional
Board member

See also

References

  1. "5 enduring management ideas from MIT Sloan's Edgar Schein". MIT Sloan. 12 July 2023.
  2. Coutu, Diane (March 2002). "The Anxiety of Learning". Harvard Business Review. 80 (3): 100–6. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
  3. "Edgar Schein - Faculty | MIT Sloan School of Management". mitsloan.mit.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
  4. http://businessmate.org/Article.php?Artike1ld=36Edgar H. Schein's Model of Organizational Culture Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  5. "Summary of Culture Levels - Schein. Abstract". www.valuebasedmanagement.net. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  6. Schein, E. H. (1980),Organizational Psychology, third edition, accessed 31 May 2020
  7. Danziger, Nira (2008). "The construct validity of Schein's career anchors orientation inventory". Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  8. Killian, Lewis M. (1962). "Reviewed work: Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-Psychological Analysis of the "Brainwashing" of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists., Edgar H. Schein, Inge Schneider, Curtis H. Barker". Social Forces. 40 (3): 283–284. doi:10.2307/2573656. JSTOR 2573656.
  9. Schein, Edgar H. (April 8, 1961). "Coercive persuasion; a socio-psychological analysis of the "brainwashing" of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists". N.Y., Norton – via Internet Archive.
  10. "ISBN 9780070100428". isbnsearch.org.
  11. "ISBN 9780201068344". isbnsearch.org.
  12. "ISBN 9780136413325". isbnsearch.org.
  13. "ISBN 9780803929753". isbnsearch.org.
  14. "ISBN 9780195048827". isbnsearch.org.
  15. ^ "Publications". OCLI.org.
  16. "ISBN 9780262534048". isbnsearch.org.
  17. "ISBN 9780201345964". isbnsearch.org.
  18. "ISBN 9781576753057". isbnsearch.org.
  19. "ISBN 9789052615318". isbnsearch.org.
  20. "ISBN 9781605098562". isbnsearch.org.
  21. "ISBN 9781118455760". isbnsearch.org.
  22. Schein, Edgar H. (April 10, 2015). "Organizational Psychology Then and Now: Some Observations". Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111449.
  23. "ISBN 9781626564046". isbnsearch.org.
  24. "ISBN 9781491789858". isbnsearch.org.
  25. "ISBN 9781626567207". isbnsearch.org.
  26. "ISBN 9781119212041". isbnsearch.org.
  27. "ISBN 9781523095384". isbnsearch.org.
  28. "ISBN 9781119212287". isbnsearch.org.
  29. "ISBN 9781523092628". isbnsearch.org.
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