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{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
{{More footnotes|date=August 2009}} {{More footnotes|date=August 2009}}
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{{Infobox Dogbreed {{Infobox Dogbreed
| image = Bosniantornjak.jpg | image = Bosniantornjak.jpg
| image_caption = Tornjak | image_caption = Tornjak
| name = Tornjak | name = Tornjak
⚫ | country = ], ]
| altname = Bosnian and Herzegovinian Shepherd Dog (FCI)
⚫ | country = ]<br>]
<!-----Kennel club standards-----> <!-----Kennel club standards----->
| kc_name = Croatian Kennel Club | kc_name = Croatian Kennel Club
| kc_std = http://webeng.hks.hr/tornjak/ | kc_std = https://hks.hr/tornjak/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/355g02-en.pdf | fcistd = https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/355g02-en.pdf
}}<!-- End Infobox Dogbreed info. Article Begins Here --> |fcistd1=355|maleheight=65 - 70 cm|femaleheight=60 - 65 cm}}<!-- End Infobox Dogbreed info. Article Begins Here -->


The '''Tornjak''' ({{IPA-sh|torɲâk|pron}}), is a ] native to ] and ].<ref name="FCITornjak">{{cite web|url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/BOSNIAN-AND-HERZEGOVINIAN-CROATIAN-SHEPHERD-DOG-355.html|title=Tornjak|publisher=FCI|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> The name comes from the local word for a ] ], "{{Lang|sh-Latn|tor}}". The foundation stock is made up from genetically homogeneous ] shepherding dogs dispersed in the mountains and valleys of the region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://web.hks.hr/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Tornjak-eng.pdf|title=Tornjak (Bosnian and Herzegovinian 2017|publisher=FCI|access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref> They are a ]-type mountain dog,<ref name="FCITornjak" /> similar to other livestock guardian breeds of the region, the ], ] and the ]. The '''Tornjak''' ({{IPA|sh|torɲâk|pron}}), also known as the '''Bosnian-Herzegovinian sheepdog''', is a recreated breed of ] native to ] and ].<ref name="FCITornjak">{{cite web |last=FCI |date=23 November 2017 |title=Tornjak |url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/CROATIAN-SHEPHERD-DOG-355.html |access-date=28 May 2018 |website=] |publisher=FCI}}</ref> They are ] mountain dogs,<ref name="FCITornjak" /> similar to other livestock guardian breeds of the region, the ], ], and the ].


==History== ==History==
The earliest written reference to the breed dates back to the 11th century.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=FCI |url=https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/355g02-en.pdf |title=Tornjak (Bosnian and Herzegovinian - Croatian Shepherd dog) |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=FCI |location=13, Place Albert 1er B, 6530 Thuin, Belgique |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> Descriptions of the Tornjak are present in the writings of Peter Horvat, ], in 1374, and Peter Lukić, ] of the ], in 1752. The dogs are described as guarding dogs, intelligent and bred to limit aggression. They were the ] shepherd dog of ].<ref>Cathie Carmichael, A Concise History of Bosnia, Cambridge University Press, 2 Jul. 2015 - 221, p. 17</ref>
Tornjak belongs to the rare ] and share many characteristics with other livestock guarding dogs. The Tornjak is an old breed first mentioned in the 11th then 14th century. Descriptions of the Tornjak were found in the writings of Peter Horvat, ], ], which date back to the year 1374, those descriptions were also found in the writings of Peter Lukić, ] of the ], which were written in 1752. To this day, these dogs are called ''Toraši'' (Torashi) in the surroundings of the city of ] and on the ], whereas the shepherds of the ]-mountains call them ''Dinarci''. Descriptions of Tornjaks from these documents are the very same as they are today, except for the name of the breed, which was ''Bosanski Ovčar'', meaning Bosnian Shepherd Dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhtornjak.com/en/|title=TORNJAK - Bosnian shepherd dog|website=Bhtornjak.com|accessdate=11 December 2017}}</ref> It was also called the ''Hrvatski pas planinac'', meaning Croatian mountain dog. The dogs in these documents were described entirely equal (in respect to their function and their appearance) as they are today: a protective guarding dog which keeps and watches all that their owners ask them, but is highly intelligent and selectively bred to be without excessive aggression. They are also pleasant toward strangers that they meet outside of their domain.


It is considered that the dogs of the Tornjak's type have existed in the area around and in ] (]), especially in the region around ] (close to the city of ], ]) as a central area of the region since the ]s. The ] used their dogs for war and as guardian dogs, as well as for fighting in the arena. Although the Tornjak is a very old breed, with the vanishing of nomadic sheep herding, the Tornjak also gradually vanished. In the early 1970s, a group of local ] began to collect the remaining dogs which best corresponded to the old writings about the breed.<ref name="123dog.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.123dog.net/servlets/gateway/user/GalleryNews.jsp/id/256/typeid/3002/jlang/en/dogs.html|title=Tornjak - A Breed Resurrected - Dogs and dog breeds and dog pictures|website=123dog.net|accessdate=11 December 2017}}</ref> Tornjaks were first imported to the UK in 2013 with intentions of working towards UK Kennel Club Recognition. Prevalence of the Tornjak gradually declined with the end of nomadic sheep herding in the region. In the early 1970s, a group of ] began a project to identify and breed dogs sharing similar characteristics to those found in historic writings about the breed.<ref name="123dog.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.123dog.net/servlets/gateway/user/GalleryNews.jsp/id/256/typeid/3002/jlang/en/dogs.html|title=Tornjak - A Breed Resurrected - Dogs and dog breeds and dog pictures|website=123dog.net|accessdate=11 December 2017}}</ref> Pure blood breeding began in 1978 and the foundation stock of the modern breed is genetically homogeneous ] shepherding dogs identified through this process.<ref name=":0" />

Tornjaks were first imported to the UK in 2013 with intentions of working towards ] Recognition.

== Name ==
Numerous names are used to describe dogs from this region sharing similar characteristics and fulfilling a similar role.

The FCI standard name, Tornjak, is derived from the word {{Lang|sh-Latn|tor}}, meaning ] ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Desmond |date=2012 |title=Tornjak |url=https://www.spiritofbosnia.org/v7n2/tornjak/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Spirit of Bosnia |language=en-US}}</ref> The breed is called ''Toraši'' in ] and the ], and the shepherds of the ] call the breed ''Dinarci''. ''Bosanski Ovčar Tornjak'', meaning Bosnian Shepherd Dog<ref>{{cite web |title=TORNJAK - Bosnian shepherd dog |url=http://www.bhtornjak.com/en/ |accessdate=11 December 2017 |website=Bhtornjak.com}}</ref> and ''Hrvatski pas planinac'', meaning Croatian mountain dog, are also used.


== Characteristics == == Characteristics ==
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=== Appearance === === Appearance ===
The Tornjak is a large and powerful dog, with well proportioned, almost square-bodied features and agile movements. The dog's bones are not light, but nevertheless not heavy nor coarse. The bodies of these dogs are strong and well built, with harmonious and dignified movements, possessing a self-confident, serious and calm disposition. In general the Tornjak is a long-coated dog with short hair over the face and legs. The hair is distinctively long and abundant over the neck (mane), and on the back of the upper thighs (breeches). The tail is especially well feathered, and carried like a flag while the dog moves. The coat is very dense and can not be parted. The Tornjaks are large dogs, with somewhat square-bodied features and relatively agile movements. Despite this, their bones are not lightweight. The Tornjak is a long-coated breed with short hair over the face and legs. The hair is distinctively long and abundant over the neck (mane), and on the back of the upper thighs (breeches). The tail is notably feathered and carried like a flag while the dog moves. The coat is very dense and cannot be parted.


As a rule, the Tornjak is parti-colored, with white being the dominant ground color. White markings are most commonly found around the neck, over the head and along the legs. The patches can be any color. Similar to other livestock guardian dogs, the distinct markings served an utilitarian purpose, helping shepherds distinguish their dogs from both sheep and wolves. As a rule, the Tornjaks are particolored, with white being the dominant ground color. White markings are most commonly found around the neck, over the head, and along the legs. The patches can be any color. Similar to other livestock guardian dogs, the distinct markings served a utilitarian purpose, helping shepherds distinguish their dogs from both sheep and wolves.


;Temperament ;Temperament


Tornjak has a calm temperament. A typical adult Tornjak is very calm, peaceful, at first sight an indifferent animal, but when the situation demands it, it is a vigilant and very alert watchdog. The character is equal to the temperament; they are not nervous nor aggressive. In general, they are very tough, not too demanding, sturdy dogs. With their human family they are very emotional. When living in a pack they are highly social animals, without fighting between the pack members. Towards strangers or other animals, as a rule, Tornjak is not overly aggressive. But when the situation calls upon it, Tornjak is quite decisive and it can without any consideration attack even much stronger rivals. Shepherds used to say that a Tornjak that guards the flock is a fair match to two wolves, and that a couple of Tornjaks will confront and chase away a bear. In these situations, Tornjaks can be very tenacious.] Tornjaks have a calm temperament. A typical adult Tornjak is a calm, peaceful, and seemingly indifferent animal, but when the situation demands, it is a vigilant and alert watchdog. The character is equal to the temperament; they are not nervous nor aggressive.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} In general, they are very tough, sturdy, and not overly demanding dogs. With their human family, they can be very affectionate. When living in a pack they are highly social animals, without fighting between the pack members. Towards strangers or other animals, as a rule, Tornjaks are not overly aggressive. But when the situation calls upon it, Tornjaks are quite decisive, and they can attack even stronger rivals without consideration. Shepherds used to say that a Tornjak that guards the flock is a fair match to two wolves and that a couple of Tornjaks will confront and chase away a bear. In these situations, Tornjaks can be very tenacious.]


==Activities== ==Activities==
Tornjak's exercise levels are usually not demanding, especially in the first 9–12 months (during the last intensive growth period). After that they can exercise as much as possible. They prefer long walks without a leash and a lot of playing with other dogs. They will also be just as satisfied with only a 20-minute walk if its owner is in a hurry. Tornjaks learn quickly and do not forget easily; they happily perform tasks and are therefore easy to train. Strong and hardy, during the snowy winter nights, these dogs lie on the ground and often get covered with snow without freezing due to their thick coats. They are primarily used for herding and protection of livestock. A Tornjak's exercise levels are usually not demanding, especially in the first 9–12 months (during the last intensive growth period). They prefer long walks without a leash and a lot of playing with other dogs. They will also be just as satisfied with only a 20-minute walk if their owner is in a hurry. Tornjaks learn quickly and do not forget easily; they happily perform tasks and are therefore easy to train. Strong and hardy, these dogs lie on the ground during the snowy winter nights and often get covered with snow without freezing due to their thick coats. They are primarily used for herding and protection of livestock.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}


==Care== ==Care==
Tornjak is not recommended for apartment life. They need space and will do best with at least a large yard. Because its thick coat protects it so well it can happily cope with living outdoors provided it has proper shelter. This breed is best suited to a family with much space surrounding the home where it can attend to its own exercise needs. The Tornjak is not suited for apartment life. They need lots of space and will do best with at least a large yard. Because its thick coat protects it so well, it can cope well with living outdoors provided it has proper shelter. This breed is best suited to a family with space surrounding the home where it can attend to its own exercise needs.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}


Tornjak is a very healthy breed, but because they were very poorly fed in their past, they now do not need much protein in their food. For feeding Tornjaks a low protein diet is suitable. A high protein diet can lead to the development of coat problems. Climbing up and down stairs the first six months can ruin hock joints or lead to ]. Climbing up and down stairs the first six months can ruin hock joints or lead to ].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}


Tornjak needs early socialization. Early experiences (before 9 months of age) has a very significant effect throughout the dog's life. They need to be confronted with all potentially fearful stimuli as early as possible in order to avoid later fear reactions. Traffic noise, big trucks and buses will provoke fear reactions in adulthood if the Tornjak has not previously faced these situations as a puppy. In this early age all Tornjak puppies have to meet as many unknown people as possible, and also other animals, dogs, and pets especially, for developing a good and stable behavior as an adult. Tornjaks need early socialization. Early experiences (before 9 months of age) have a very significant effect throughout the dog's life. They need to be confronted with potentially frightening stimuli as early as possible to avoid later fear reactions. Traffic noise, big trucks, and buses will provoke fear reactions in adulthood if the Tornjak has not previously faced these situations as a puppy. At this early age, all Tornjak puppies have to meet as many unknown people as possible, and also other animals, dogs, and pets especially, to develop good and stable social behavior as an adult.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}


==Ban== ==Ban==
The dog is banned in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk:443/english/ImportExport/Travelling_with_pet_animals/Pages/The-Danish-dog-legislation.aspx|title=Danish Legislation on Dogs|website=www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk|accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> This breed is banned in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/ImportExport/Travelling_with_pet_animals/Pages/The-Danish-dog-legislation.aspx|title=Danish Legislation on Dogs|website=www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk|accessdate=15 February 2019|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705235419/https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/ImportExport/Travelling_with_pet_animals/Pages/The-Danish-dog-legislation.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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* *
* *
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524044902/https://tornjakuk.webs.com/ |date=2023-05-24 }}


{{Croatian dogs}} {{Croatian dogs}}

Latest revision as of 20:06, 15 October 2024

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Dog breed
Tornjak
Tornjak
OriginBosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
Traits
Height Males 65 - 70 cm
Females 60 - 65 cm
Kennel club standards
Croatian Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Tornjak (pronounced [torɲâk]), also known as the Bosnian-Herzegovinian sheepdog, is a recreated breed of livestock guardian dog native to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. They are molosser-type mountain dogs, similar to other livestock guardian breeds of the region, the Šarplaninac, Bucovina Shepherd Dog, and the Greek Shepherd.

History

The earliest written reference to the breed dates back to the 11th century. Descriptions of the Tornjak are present in the writings of Peter Horvat, Bishop of Đakovo, in 1374, and Peter Lukić, Canon of the Đakovo diocese, in 1752. The dogs are described as guarding dogs, intelligent and bred to limit aggression. They were the transhumance shepherd dog of Vlachs in medieval Bosnia.

Prevalence of the Tornjak gradually declined with the end of nomadic sheep herding in the region. In the early 1970s, a group of cynologists began a project to identify and breed dogs sharing similar characteristics to those found in historic writings about the breed. Pure blood breeding began in 1978 and the foundation stock of the modern breed is genetically homogeneous landrace shepherding dogs identified through this process.

Tornjaks were first imported to the UK in 2013 with intentions of working towards UK Kennel Club Recognition.

Name

Numerous names are used to describe dogs from this region sharing similar characteristics and fulfilling a similar role.

The FCI standard name, Tornjak, is derived from the word tor, meaning sheep pen. The breed is called Toraši in Sinj and the Kamešnica mountain, and the shepherds of the Dinara mountains call the breed Dinarci. Bosanski Ovčar Tornjak, meaning Bosnian Shepherd Dog and Hrvatski pas planinac, meaning Croatian mountain dog, are also used.

Characteristics

A female Tornjak of Croatian breeding participating in the European Winner Show 2008 in Budapest, Hungary.

Appearance

The Tornjaks are large dogs, with somewhat square-bodied features and relatively agile movements. Despite this, their bones are not lightweight. The Tornjak is a long-coated breed with short hair over the face and legs. The hair is distinctively long and abundant over the neck (mane), and on the back of the upper thighs (breeches). The tail is notably feathered and carried like a flag while the dog moves. The coat is very dense and cannot be parted.

As a rule, the Tornjaks are particolored, with white being the dominant ground color. White markings are most commonly found around the neck, over the head, and along the legs. The patches can be any color. Similar to other livestock guardian dogs, the distinct markings served a utilitarian purpose, helping shepherds distinguish their dogs from both sheep and wolves.

Temperament

Tornjaks have a calm temperament. A typical adult Tornjak is a calm, peaceful, and seemingly indifferent animal, but when the situation demands, it is a vigilant and alert watchdog. The character is equal to the temperament; they are not nervous nor aggressive. In general, they are very tough, sturdy, and not overly demanding dogs. With their human family, they can be very affectionate. When living in a pack they are highly social animals, without fighting between the pack members. Towards strangers or other animals, as a rule, Tornjaks are not overly aggressive. But when the situation calls upon it, Tornjaks are quite decisive, and they can attack even stronger rivals without consideration. Shepherds used to say that a Tornjak that guards the flock is a fair match to two wolves and that a couple of Tornjaks will confront and chase away a bear. In these situations, Tornjaks can be very tenacious.

an example of shorter coat in the Summer.
The coat is shorter in the Summer.

Activities

A Tornjak's exercise levels are usually not demanding, especially in the first 9–12 months (during the last intensive growth period). They prefer long walks without a leash and a lot of playing with other dogs. They will also be just as satisfied with only a 20-minute walk if their owner is in a hurry. Tornjaks learn quickly and do not forget easily; they happily perform tasks and are therefore easy to train. Strong and hardy, these dogs lie on the ground during the snowy winter nights and often get covered with snow without freezing due to their thick coats. They are primarily used for herding and protection of livestock.

Care

The Tornjak is not suited for apartment life. They need lots of space and will do best with at least a large yard. Because its thick coat protects it so well, it can cope well with living outdoors provided it has proper shelter. This breed is best suited to a family with space surrounding the home where it can attend to its own exercise needs.

Climbing up and down stairs the first six months can ruin hock joints or lead to hip dysplasia.

Tornjaks need early socialization. Early experiences (before 9 months of age) have a very significant effect throughout the dog's life. They need to be confronted with potentially frightening stimuli as early as possible to avoid later fear reactions. Traffic noise, big trucks, and buses will provoke fear reactions in adulthood if the Tornjak has not previously faced these situations as a puppy. At this early age, all Tornjak puppies have to meet as many unknown people as possible, and also other animals, dogs, and pets especially, to develop good and stable social behavior as an adult.

Ban

This breed is banned in Denmark.

See also

References

  1. ^ FCI (23 November 2017). "Tornjak". Federation Cynologique Internationale. FCI. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  2. ^ FCI (2017-11-23). Tornjak (Bosnian and Herzegovinian - Croatian Shepherd dog) (PDF). 13, Place Albert 1er B, 6530 Thuin, Belgique: FCI. Retrieved 20 May 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. Cathie Carmichael, A Concise History of Bosnia, Cambridge University Press, 2 Jul. 2015 - 221, p. 17
  4. "Tornjak - A Breed Resurrected - Dogs and dog breeds and dog pictures". 123dog.net. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  5. Morris, Desmond (2012). "Tornjak". Spirit of Bosnia. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  6. "TORNJAK - Bosnian shepherd dog". Bhtornjak.com. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  7. "Danish Legislation on Dogs". www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

External links

Dogs originating in Croatia
Croatia
Livestock guardian dogs
  • † = Descended from and closely related to livestock guardian dogs, but traditionally used in other roles
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