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Elizavetpol Governorate Елисаветпольская губернія
Governorate
Coat of arms
Administrative map of the Elizavetpol Governorate
Country	Russian Empire
Viceroyalty	Caucasus
Established	1867
Abolished	1920
Capital	Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja)
Area
• Total	44,296.15 km (17,102.84 sq mi)
Highest elevation	4,466 m (14,652 ft)
Population
• Total	1,275,131
• Density	29/km (75/sq mi)
• Urban	12.24%
• Rural	87.76%

Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Prehistory Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age Shulaveri–Shomu culture c.6000–c.4000 BC Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivan c.4945–c.3800 BC Leyla-Tepe culture c.4350–c.4000 BC Kura–Araxes culture c.3400–c.2000 BC Nakhchivan culture c.3000–c.2000 BC Talish–Mughan culture c.1400–c.700 BC Khojaly–Gadabay culture c.1300–c.700 BC
Antiquity Kingdom of Iškuza c.700 BC–c.590s BC Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC       • Satrapy of Media c.550 BC – 323 BC Seleucid Empire 312 BC – 63 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC – AD 224 Caucasian Albania c.200 BC – c.AD 800 Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395
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Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918       • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920       • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920           • Battle of Baku 1918       • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920 Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922       • Treaty of Kars 1921 Soviet Union 1922–1991       • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936           • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936       • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991           • World War II 1941–1945           • Black January 1990       • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
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Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
Prehistory Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Legend of Hayk Trialeti–Vanadzor culture Armani Lchashen–Metsamor culture Hayasa-Azzi Arme–Shupria Mushki Urumu Nairi Confederation Urartu (Kingdom of Van) Etiuni
Antiquity Satrapy of Armenia Armenia Minor Kingdom of Armenia Armenian Empire Roman Armenia Christianization of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene Commagene Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Muslim conquest of Armenia
Middle Ages Emirate of Armenia Principality of Hamamshen Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Vaspurakan Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Syunik Kingdom of Artsakh Zakarid Armenia Principality of Khachen Mongol Armenia Kingdom of Cilicia
Early modern age Iranian Armenia Five Melikdoms Ottoman Armenia Russian Armenia Armenian Oblast Armenian question Armenian genocide Western Armenia National movement
Modern age First Republic of Armenia Armenian S.S.R. Republic of Mountainous Armenia Contemporary Armenia Republic of Artsakh
Timeline • Origins • Etymology
v t e

The Elizavetpol Governorate, also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja). The area of the governorate stretched 38,922.43 square versts (44,296.15 square kilometres; 17,102.84 square miles) and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.

Geography

The area of the governorate includes the southern slope of the main Caucasus range in the northeast, where Mount Bazardüzü and other peaks rise above the snow-line; the arid steppes beside the Kura river, reaching 1000 ft. of altitude in the west and sinking to 100–200 ft. in the east, where irrigation is necessary; and the northern slopes of the Transcaucasian escarpment and portions of the Armenian Highlands, which is intersected towards its western boundary, near Lake Sevan, by chains of mountains consisting of trachytes and various crystalline rocks.

Elsewhere the country has the character of a plateau, 7,000 to 8,000 ft. high, deeply trenched by tributaries of the Aras. All varieties of climate are found in the snowclad peaks, Alpine meadows, and stony deserts of the high levels, to that of the hill slopes and of the arid Caspian steppes.

History

Elizavetpol Governorate was created by the decree "On the transformation of the administration of the Caucasian and Transcaucasian region" dated December 9, 1867. The province included the Elizavetpol uezd of the Tiflis Governorate, the Nukha and Shusha uezds of the Baku Governorate and part of the abolished Ordubad uezd. By the same decree, the Kazakh and Zangezur uezds were formed as part of the province. In 1873, three new uezds were formed in the Governorate - Aresh, Jebrail and Jevanshir. The governorate included lands of the former Ganja Khanate, Shaki Khanate, and Karabakh Khanate. It bordered with Baku Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, Erivan Governorate, Dagestan Oblast, and Persia.

From 1905, there were attempts by Armenian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire to separate the highland areas (commonly known as Mountainous Karabakh) from the rest of Elizavetpol into a zemstvo (self-governing rural community) province.

On the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in May 1918, the Elizavetpol Governorate was renamed Ganja Governorate to de-Russify the region. The neighboring Democratic Republic of Armenia claimed the entirety of the western highland sections of the governorate which as a whole formed a small Armenian majority, however, Armenian control did not exceed the western parts of Zangezur, Kazakh and Karabakh. In 1919, the entirety of Karabakh south of the Murov Range with British support was separated into the Karabakh General Governorship, following the subjugation of the Karabakh Armenian Council.

The governorate provincial system was abolished in the early 1920s after the Sovietization of Azerbaijan. In early 1921—after the Sovietization of Armenia—a Dashnak Armenian revolt that spawned in Yerevan spread to the Zangezur uezd, becoming known as the Republic of Mountainous Armenia. The rebels led by Garegin Nzhdeh finally departed Zangezur in the summer of 1921 after receiving guarantees the district would remain part of Soviet Armenia.

In the present-day, the territory of the former Elizavetpol Governorate forms the bulk of western Azerbaijan and adjacent areas of northeastern and southeastern Armenia.

Administrative divisions

The counties (uezds) of the Elizavetpol Governorate in 1917 were as follows:

Demographics

The 1886 population estimate was 728,943, living in 3 cities (Elizavetpol, Nukha, and Shusha) and 1521 villages. According to 1886 statistics reported in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the Orthodox Christians constituted 0.21% of the Governorate's population, and various sektanty ("sectarians") around 1% (~7,300 people). This means that most of the ethnic Russians in the governorate at the time (1.11% of the Governorate's 728,943 population in 1886) were members of various sectarian communities such as Doukhobors and Molokans.

Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Elizavetpol Governorate had a population of 878,415 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 34,776 men and 22,702 women. The majority of the population indicated Tatar to be their mother tongue, with a significant Armenian speaking minority.

Linguistic composition of uezds in the Tiflis Governorate in 1897

Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Elizavetpol Governorate had a population of 1,275,131 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 676,377 men and 598,754 women, 1,213,626 of whom were the permanent population, and 61,505 were temporary residents.

Known governors

• Fokion Bulatov, 1868–1876
• Alexander Nakashidze, 1880–1897
• Ivan Kireyev, 1897–1900
• Nikolai Lutsau, 1900–1905
• Yegor Baranovsky, 1905 (acting)
• Alexander Kalachev, 1905–1907
• Samkalov, 1907–1908
• Georgi Kovalev, 1908–1916
• Mikhail Poyarkov, 1916–1917

Notes

1. • Russian: Елисаветпо́льская губе́рнія, romanized: Yelisavetpólskaya gubérniya
   • Azerbaijani: الیساوتوپل غوبیرنیاسی, romanized: Elīsāvetopol ğūbernīyāsı
   • Armenian: Ելիզավետպոլի նահանգ, romanized: Elizavetpoli nahang
2. • Russian: Ганджи́нская губе́рния, romanized: Gandzhínskaya gubérniya
   • Azerbaijani: گنجه غوبیرنیاسی, romanized: Ganca ğūbernīyāsı
   • Armenian: Գանձակի նահանգ, romanized: Ganjaki nahang
3. ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".
4. Primarily Tatars.
5. Primarily Turco-Tatars.

References

1. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elisavetpol". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 280.
2. Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собр. 2-е. Т. XLII. Ч. 2. Ст. 45259.
3. Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti Ensiklopediyası: I cild. pp. 420–423.
4. Мильман А. Ш. (1966). Политический строй Азербайджана в XIX — начале XX веков (административный аппарат и суд, формы и методы колониального управления). Баку: Азернешр. p. 157.
5. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 190–197.
6. "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
7. Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год (in Russian).
8. ^ Елизаветпольская губерния (Elizavetpol Governorate) in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian)
9. Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
10. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
11. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
12. "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
13. "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
14. ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
15. Lands of Ganja Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

• Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.

• Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
• Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
• Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.

v t e Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
Capital: Tiflis (Tbilisi)
Special administrative divisions	Baku gradonachalstvo Zakatal okrug Sukhumi okrug
Governorates	Baku Governorate Baku uezd Geokchay uezd Javad uezd Kuba uezd Lenkoran uezd Shemakha uezd Elizavetpol Governorate Aresh uezd Jevanshir uezd Elizavetpol uezd Zangezur uezd Kazakh uezd Jebrail uezd Nukha uezd Shusha uezd Kutaisi Governorate Zugdidi uezd Kutaisi uezd Lechkhumi uezd Ozurgeti uezd Racha uezd Senaki uezd Shorapani uezd Tiflis Governorate Akhalkalaki uezd Akhaltsikhe uezd Borchaly uezd Gori uezd Dusheti uezd Signakh uezd Telavi uezd Tiflis uezd Tionety uezd Black Sea Governorate Novorossiysky okrug Sochinsky okrug Tuapsinsky okrug Erivan Governorate Alexandropol uezd Nakhichevan uezd Nor Bayazet uezd Surmalu uezd Sharur-Daralayaz uezd Erivan uezd Etchmiadzin uezd
Oblasts	Batum oblast Artvin okrug Batumi okrug Dagestan oblast Avarskiy okrug Andiyskiy okrug Gunibskiy okrug Darginskiy okrug Kazikumukhskiy okrug Kaytago-Tabasaranskiy okrug Kyurinskiy okrug Samurskiy okrug Temir-Khan-Shurinskiy okrug Kars oblast Ardahan okrug Kagizman okrug Kars okrug Olti okrug Kuban oblast Batalpashinsky otdel Yeysky otdel Yekaterinodarsky otdel Kavkazsky otdel Labinsky otdel Maykopsky otdel Tamansky otdel Terek oblast Vedensky okrug Vladikavkazsky okrug Groznensky okrug Nazran okrug Nalchiksky okrug Kizlyarsky otdel Mozdoksky otdel Pyatigorsky otdel Sunzhensky otdel Khasavyurtovsky okrug

40°40′58″N 46°21′38″E / 40.6828°N 46.3606°E / 40.6828; 46.3606

• Elizavetpol Governorate
• Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
• Governorates of the Caucasus
• Modern history of Azerbaijan
• Modern history of Armenia
• States and territories established in 1868
• States and territories disestablished in 1917
• 1868 establishments in the Russian Empire
• 1917 disestablishments in Russia
• 19th century in Azerbaijan
• 20th century in Azerbaijan