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{{Short description|Suburb of Vilnius, Lithuania, and site of the Ponary massacre}}
⚫ '''Paneriai''' ({{lang-pl|Ponary}}, {{lang-de|Ponaren}}) is a suburb of ], situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center. The town is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-] road. Paneriai was the site of a mass killing of as many as 100,000 people (mostly ], ] and ]), from Wilno and nearby towns and villages during ].
{{distinguish|Ponary}}


{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
⚫ ==History==
|name = Aukštieji Paneriai
|settlement_type = ]
|image_skyline = Trakų Vokė. Dvaras.JPG
|image_caption = Eldership administration building
|image_map = Vilniaus paneriai.png
|pushpin_map = Lithuania
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aukštieji Paneriai
|coordinates =
|
|subdivision_type = ]
|subdivision_name = {{LTU}}
|subdivision_type2= ]
|subdivision_name2= ] ]
|subdivision_type3= ]
|subdivision_name3= ]
|established_title=
|established_date =
|population_total = 11149
|population_as_of = 2021<ref></ref>
|area_total_km2 = 84.8
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone=]
|utc_offset=+2
|timezone_DST=]
|utc_offset_DST=+3
}}


]
⚫ The village was probably founded some time in the ]. In ], it was acquired by the Vilnius bishopric and soon became the main supplier of ]s to the nearby city. It shared a common history with Vilnius. After the final ] in ], it became a part of ]. During the ], on ], ], the ] took place near the village, in which the forces of ] and ] were defeated by Russian infantry.


]
⚫ As result of Russia's withdrawal from ], and the signing of the ], the area was acquired by Germany and transferred to ]. With Germany's defeat several months later the territory underwent significant political upheaval, but following the ], and the ], it eventually became a part of Poland. In ], after the ], the village was captured by the ] and transferred to ], only to be reannexed by ] the following year. Since ], again part of independent Lithuania, it was recently incorporated to the city of Vilnius as one of its districts.


⚫ '''Aukštieji Paneriai''' (''literally'' {{langx|lt|"a place near ]"}}; adapted to {{langx|pl|Ponary}}, {{langx|yi|פאנאר}}/Ponar) is a neighborhood of ], situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center. It is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-] road. Paneriai was the site of the ], a mass killing of as many as 100,000 people from Vilnius and nearby towns and villages during ].
==Massacre==


⚫ ==History==
{{The Holocaust}}
⚫ The village was probably founded some time in the 14th century. In 1390, it was acquired by the ] and soon became the main supplier of ]s to the nearby city. It shared a common history with Vilnius. After the final ] in 1795, it became a part of the ] of the ]. During the ], on 19 June 1831, the ] took place near the village, in which the forces of ] and ] were defeated by Russian infantry.
⚫ After the annexation of Lithuania the ] authorities started to build a huge oil warehouse for a nearby military airfield. The construction was never finished as in ] the area was occupied by ]. Between July ], and August ], Paneriai became the mass murder site of approximately 100,000 victims, the vast majority of them ] and ] many from nearby Wilno.<ref name="IPN-Ponary">{{pl icon}} (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941-1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and Lithuanian collaborating police). ] documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref> The executions were carried out by German units of ] and ] with help from local Lithuanians ]<ref name="IPN-Ponary"/><ref name="WSP-Ponary">{{pl icon}} Czesław Michalski, (Ponary - the Golgoth of Wilno Region). ''Konspekt'' no. 5, Winter 2000/2001, a publication of ]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref><ref name="Bubnys">{{lt icon}} {{cite book | author =] | coauthors = | title =Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941-1944)| year =2004 | publisher =Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras | location =Vilnius | url =http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm | accessdate =2006-06-09 }}</ref>. The victims were usually brought to the edges of huge pits and shot to death with machine gun fire.

]
The massacres began in July, 1941, when ] rounded up 5,000 Jewish men of Wilno and took them to Paneriai where they were shot. Further mass killings, often aided by Lithuanian police '']'', took place throughout the summer and fall<ref name="Bubnys"/>. By the end of the year, more than 40,000 Jews had been killed at Paneriai.

The total number of victims by the end of 1944 was between 70,000 and 100,000. According to post-war ] by the forces of ] approximately 70% to 90% (50 000-70 000) of the victims were ]s and ] from nearby Polish and Lithuanian cities, while the rest (about 20 000) were primarily ]<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/><ref name="IPN-Ponary"/>. The Polish victims were mostly members of Polish ] (priests, teachers, professors of the ], like ] and ]) and Polish soldiers of ]; among the first victims were approximatly 7,500 Polish ]s shot in ].<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/> At later stages there were also smaller numbers of victims of other nationalities, including local Russians, ] and Lithuanians, particularly communists sympathisers and members of general ] ] who refused to follow German orders<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/>.

The executions at Paneriai are currently a matter of an investigation by the ] branch of the Polish ].<ref name="IPN-Ponary"/>

As Soviet troops advanced in 1943, the German-led units tried to cover up the crime. A unit of eighty workers was formed from nearby ] prisoners and was forced to dig up the bodies, pile them on wood and burn them. The ashes were then mixed with sand and buried.<ref name="WSP-Ponary"/> After six months of this gruesome work, the brigade managed to escape on ], ]. Eleven of them managed to survive the ordeal, and their testimony is largely the basis of the above information.


=== 20th century ===
The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum (currently closed).
⚫ As result of Russia's withdrawal from ], and the signing of the ], the area was occupied by German forces and transferred to ]. With Germany's defeat several months later the territory underwent significant political upheaval, but following the ], ], and the ], it eventually became part of Poland. In 1939, after the ], the village was captured by the ] and transferred to ], only to be reannexed by Soviets the following year.


⚫ Between July 1941, and August 1944, ] of approximately 70,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/07/lithuania_and_nazis_the_country_wants_to_forget_its_collaborationist_past.html|title=Double Genocide|first=Daniel|last=Brook|date=26 July 2015|via=Slate}}</ref> ], 20,000 Polish intelligents, and 8,000 Russian POWs.<ref name="Sak_Ard">], ], ''Ponary Diary, 1941-1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder'', Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10853-2}}, .</ref><ref name="Piotrowski_168">], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}, </ref><ref name="IPN-Ponary">{{in lang|pl}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010055108/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=194&id=3327&search=30903 |date=2007-10-10 }} (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941-1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and local collaborating police). ] documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref> The executions were planned and carried out by German units of ] and ] with help from local lithuanian ] ].<ref name="IPN-Ponary"/><ref name="WSP-Ponary">{{in lang|pl}} Czesław Michalski, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124407/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/konspekt/konspekt5/ponary.html |date=2008-12-24 }} (Ponary - the Golgoth of Wilno Region). ''Konspekt'' no. 5, Winter 2000/2001, a publication of ]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref><ref name="Bubnys">{{cite book | author =Arūnas Bubnys | author-link =Arūnas Bubnys | title =Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941-1944)| year =2004 | publisher =] | location =Vilnius | url =http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm | access-date =2006-06-09 |language=lt}}</ref> The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust<!--when was it raised and what is it?-->, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum.
==Notes==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>


Since 1990, again part of independent Lithuania, it was incorporated to the city of Vilnius as one of its districts.
==External links==
*
* with Ponary timeline (search under Vilna)
*


==References==
{{Vilnius elderates}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
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⚫ ]
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]
]


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Latest revision as of 03:27, 27 October 2024

Suburb of Vilnius, Lithuania, and site of the Ponary massacre Not to be confused with Ponary. Eldership in Lithuania
Aukštieji Paneriai
Eldership
Eldership administration buildingEldership administration building
Location of Aukštieji Paneriai
Country Lithuania
County Vilnius County
MunicipalityVilnius city municipality
Area
 • Total84.8 km (32.7 sq mi)
Population
 • Total11,149
 • Density130/km (340/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Railroad tunnel in Paneriai - the first in Lithuania. Photo from 1879.
Pit used to burn corpses that were exhumed to destroy evidence of mass executions.

Aukštieji Paneriai (literally Lithuanian: "a place near Neris"; adapted to Polish: Ponary, Yiddish: פאנאר/Ponar) is a neighborhood of Vilnius, situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center. It is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-Warsaw road. Paneriai was the site of the Ponary massacre, a mass killing of as many as 100,000 people from Vilnius and nearby towns and villages during World War II.

History

The village was probably founded some time in the 14th century. In 1390, it was acquired by the Vilnius Bishopric and soon became the main supplier of bricks to the nearby city. It shared a common history with Vilnius. After the final Partition of Poland in 1795, it became a part of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire. During the November Uprising, on 19 June 1831, the Battle of Paneriai took place near the village, in which the forces of Dezydery Chłapowski and Antoni Giełgud were defeated by Russian infantry.

20th century

As result of Russia's withdrawal from World War I, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the area was occupied by German forces and transferred to Lithuania. With Germany's defeat several months later the territory underwent significant political upheaval, but following the Lithuanian–Bolshevik War, Polish-Bolshevik War, and the Polish-Lithuanian War, it eventually became part of Poland. In 1939, after the invasion of Poland, the village was captured by the Soviet Union and transferred to Lithuania, only to be reannexed by Soviets the following year.

Between July 1941, and August 1944, Paneriai became the mass murder site of approximately 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Polish intelligents, and 8,000 Russian POWs. The executions were planned and carried out by German units of SD and SS with help from local lithuanian collaborationists Special SD and Security Police Squad. The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum.

Since 1990, again part of independent Lithuania, it was incorporated to the city of Vilnius as one of its districts.

References

  1. gyventojų ir būstų surašymas
  2. Brook, Daniel (26 July 2015). "Double Genocide" – via Slate.
  3. Kazimierz Sakowicz, Yitzhak Arad, Ponary Diary, 1941-1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10853-2, Google Print.
  4. Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, p.168
  5. ^ (in Polish) Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941 - 1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941-1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and local collaborating police). Institute of National Remembrance documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
  6. (in Polish) Czesław Michalski, Ponary - Golgota Wileńszczyzny Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine (Ponary - the Golgoth of Wilno Region). Konspekt no. 5, Winter 2000/2001, a publication of Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
  7. Arūnas Bubnys (2004). Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941-1944) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
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