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{{short description|Misplaced Pages list article}} {{Short description|None}}
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{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}} {{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Jewish Polish history}} {{Jewish Polish history}}
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From the ] until the ], ] comprised an appreciable part of ]'s population. The ], known for its ]<ref name="Hugh">Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'', University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in '''' by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in '''' (Walburg Instituut, 1994).</ref> and described as '']'' (] for "] of the Jews"),<ref name="Haumannp30">{{Cite book|last=Haumann|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|title=A History of East European Jews|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789639241268|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Gellerp20">{{cite book|last=Geller|first=Ewa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319924809|editor1-last=Moskalewicz|editor1-first=Marcin|page=20 (13–26)|chapter=Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought|editor2-last=Caumanns|editor2-first=Ute|editor3-last=Dross|editor3-first=Fritz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Despard|first=Matthew K.|date=2015-01-02|title=In Search of a Polish Past|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=62|issue=1|pages=40–43|doi=10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenfeld|first=Gavriel D.|date=September 2016|title=Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews|journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust|volume=30|issue=3|pages=258–273|doi=10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550|s2cid=191753083|issn=2325-6249}}</ref><ref name="Elphick2019">{{cite book|author=Daniel Elphick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KCsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries|date=3 October 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49367-3|page=18}}</ref> had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ]. From the ] until the ], ] comprised an appreciable part of ]'s population. The ], known for its ]<ref name="Hugh">Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'', University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in '''' by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in '''' (Walburg Instituut, 1994).</ref> and described as '']'' (] for "] of the Jews"),<ref name="Haumannp30">{{Cite book|last=Haumann|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypcWuuGVvX8C&pg=PA30|title=A History of East European Jews|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789639241268|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Gellerp20">{{cite book|last=Geller|first=Ewa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlNuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319924809|editor1-last=Moskalewicz|editor1-first=Marcin|page=20 (13–26)|chapter=Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought|editor2-last=Caumanns|editor2-first=Ute|editor3-last=Dross|editor3-first=Fritz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Despard|first=Matthew K.|date=2015-01-02|title=In Search of a Polish Past|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=62|issue=1|pages=40–43|doi=10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenfeld|first=Gavriel D.|date=September 2016|title=Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews|journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust|volume=30|issue=3|pages=258–273|doi=10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550|s2cid=191753083|issn=2325-6249}}</ref><ref name="Elphick2019">{{cite book|author=Daniel Elphick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KCsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries|date=3 October 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49367-3|page=18}}</ref> had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for ].


At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The vast majority were murdered in ] during the Germany occupation, under the Nazi "]" mass-extermination program. Only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War. At the start of the ], Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html|title = Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour|website = Jewish Virtual Library|publisher = American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "]" mass-extermination program in ] during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.


The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry. The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.
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===Politicians=== ===Politicians===
* ] (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ] (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ], Israeli prime minister and former software entrepreneur * ], Israeli prime minister and former software entrepreneur
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* ] (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm<ref></ref> * ] (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm<ref></ref>
* ], Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs * ], Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ], American politician and businessman
* ] (1917–1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF * ] (1917–1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
* ], ] between 2010 and 2015 * ], ] between 2010 and 2015
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* ] (1888–1960), British politician<ref></ref> * ] (1888–1960), British politician<ref></ref>
* ], Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw * ], Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw
* ] (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)<ref></ref> * ] (1923–2016), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)<ref></ref>
* ], Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs * ], Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* ] (1915–2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref> * ] (1915–2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)<ref></ref>
* ], Israeli President 1963 to 1973 * ], Israeli President 1963 to 1973
* ] (1882–1955), Polish politician<ref></ref> (of Jewish descent) * ] (1882–1955), Polish politician<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |title=Notes for an Autobiography<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-12-20 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044745/http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/autobio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (of Jewish descent)
* ], politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly '']'' * ], politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly '']''
* ] (1902–1977), American politician<ref></ref> * ] (1902–1977), American politician<ref></ref>
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* Rabbi ], preacher (meggid) from Dubno * Rabbi ], preacher (meggid) from Dubno
* ] (1670–1756), rabbi<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}</ref> * ] (1670–1756), rabbi<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105726/http://bible.tmtm.com/HART%2C_AARON_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 |date=2008-09-28 }}</ref>
* Rabbi ]<ref></ref> (1550-1583), co-signer of the ] laws; chief rabbi of ] * Rabbi ]<ref></ref> (1550–1583), co-signer of the ] laws; chief rabbi of ]
* Rabbi ], Warsaw Rabbinate * Rabbi ], Warsaw Rabbinate
* Rabbi ] * Rabbi ]
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* Rabbi ] (April 6, 1898 – August 6, 1992), also known as the ''Lev Simcha''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1977 to 1992. * Rabbi ] (April 6, 1898 – August 6, 1992), also known as the ''Lev Simcha''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1977 to 1992.
* Rabbi ] (June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the ''Pnei Menachem''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1992 to 1996. * Rabbi ] (June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the ''Pnei Menachem''. Gerrer Rebbe from 1992 to 1996.
* Rabbi ] (born 1939), Gerrer Rebbe from 1996 to the present * Rabbi ] (b. 1939), Gerrer Rebbe from 1996 to the present
* Rabbi ] (1798 – March 21, 1870) * Rabbi ] (1798 – March 21, 1870)
* Rabbi ] (March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), rabbi of ], founder of ], and creator of ] * Rabbi ] (March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), rabbi of ], founder of ], and creator of ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
⚫ * ] (1905–1974)
*
⚫ * ] (1905-1974)
* ] * ]


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* ], (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian * ], (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian
* ], microbiologist and scientist * ], microbiologist and scientist
* ] (born 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981) * ] (b. 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981)
* ], physicist * ], physicist
* ], immunologist * ], immunologist
* ], computer scientist * ], computer scientist
* ]<ref></ref> (1852-1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907) * ]<ref></ref> (1852–1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907)
* ], Jurist * ], jurist
* ] (1914-1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of ] * ] (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of ]
* ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944) * ], physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944)
* ], Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of ] * ], Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (1916-1980), historian; made ] to Israel<ref>'']'', Jacob Talmon</ref> * ] (1916–1980), historian; made ] to Israel<ref>'']'', Jacob Talmon</ref>
* ] * ]


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===Artists=== ===Artists===
* ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], Polish-Jewish painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ]<ref></ref> * ], Polish-Jewish painter<ref></ref>
* ], painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander ] during ] * ], painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander ] during ]
* ], Polish-Jewish painter * ], Polish-Jewish painter
* ], Polish-Jewish sculptor
* ], American-British sculptor * ], American-British sculptor
* ], Polish-Jewish oil painter * ], Polish-Jewish oil painter
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* ], Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver * ], Polish-Jewish artist, painter, sculptor and engraver
* ], French comics editor and writer * ], French comics editor and writer
* ] (born 1925), painter; immigrated to Israel<ref>Richard McBee, '']'', July 4, 2003.</ref> * ] (1925-2018), painter; immigrated to Israel<ref>Richard McBee, '']'', July 4, 2003.</ref>
* ] (born 1916), artist<ref>Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.</ref> * ] (1916-2009), artist<ref>Kirshenblatt, Mayer and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. They called me Mayer July: Painted memories of a Jewish childhood in Poland before the Holocaust. University of California Press. Los Angeles:2007.</ref>
* ], Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator * ], Israeli painter, graphic designer, author and illustrator
* ] (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer * ] (1913-1970), painter and theater stage designer
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* ], painter, illustrator, graphic artist * ], painter, illustrator, graphic artist
* ] (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * ] (1887-1961), painter; immigrated to England<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ], Polish-Jewish painter and protégé of ]


===Musicians=== ===Musicians===
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* ], composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia * ], composer and conductor; born in Dvinsk, Latvia
* ], composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States * ], composer; born in Warsaw, Poland; immigrated to the United States
* ], bebop jazz pianist and composer; father born in Poland
* ], conductor and violinist; born in ], ] * ], conductor and violinist; born in ], ]
* ], band leader; parents born in Poland * ], band leader; parents born in Poland
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* ] (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> (Jewish mother) * ] (1902-1966), actor and singer; immigrated to the United States<ref></ref> (Jewish mother)
* ] (1900-1973), composer and conductor * ] (1900-1973), composer and conductor
* ] (born 1965), polish pianist and composer<ref>{{Citation |title=Slawomir Kowalinski |date=2022-02-25 |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Slawomir_Kowalinski&oldid=220585183 |work=Misplaced Pages |language=de |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
* ] (5 July 1879 - 16 August 1959), harpsichordist * ] (5 July 1879 - 16 August 1959), harpsichordist
* ] vocalist and bassist for ], (Parents born in Poland) * ] vocalist and bassist for ], (Parents born in Poland)
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===Screen and stage=== ===Screen and stage===
* ] * ] (born 1941)
* ] (1908-1980), film director<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander|title=YIVO &#124; Ford, Aleksander}}</ref> * ] (1908-1980), film director<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ford_Aleksander|title=YIVO &#124; Ford, Aleksander}}</ref>
* ] (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org">Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref> * ] (1900-1996), Polish-American film actor and director<ref name="yivoencyclopedia.org">Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010.<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>. Accessed 7 July 2012.</ref>
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* ] (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref> * ] (1887-1980), cinematographer; immigrated to the United States; brother of Mikhail Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ] (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref> * ] (1897-1980), cinematographer and photographer; immigrated to the Soviet Union; brother of Boris Kaufman and Dziga Vertov<ref></ref>
* ] (1892–1953), opera singer, emigrated to Argentina
* ] (born 1937), film, television, theatre and radio actor, comedian<ref></ref> * ] (1937-2021), film, television, theatre and radio actor, comedian<ref></ref>
* ] * ] (born 1940)
*] (1921-1961), film director and screenwriter, one of the creators of the Polish Film School *] (1921-1961), film director and screenwriter, one of the creators of the Polish Film School
* ] (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ] (born 1933), Polish-French film director (Jewish father, half-Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ] (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England<ref></ref> * ] (1888-1982), ballet dancer and teacher; immigrated to England<ref></ref>
* ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |title=Piotr Skrzynecki<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132842/http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ], cabaret director (Jewish mother)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |title=Piotr Skrzynecki<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132842/http://www.teatry.art.pl/!osobistosci/skrzynecki.htm |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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* ] * ]
* ], writer and poet<ref></ref> * ], writer and poet<ref></ref>
* ] (1916-2000), writer<ref></ref> * ] (1916-2000), writer<ref></ref>
* ], writer and screenwriter * ], writer and screenwriter
* ] * ]
*] (1917-1943), journalist, diarist *] (1917-1943), journalist, diarist
* ]
* ], writer and feminist * ], writer and feminist
* ] * ]
* ], writer * ], writer
* ]
* ] (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)<ref></ref> * ] (1877-1937), poet (Jewish ancestry)<ref></ref>
* ] (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref> * ] (1908-1988), writer (Jewish mother)<ref></ref>
* ] (Jewish mother)
* ], writer * ], writer
* ] * ]
* ] (1899-1968), poet<ref>], art. Stern, Anatol</ref> * ] (1899-1968), poet<ref>], art. Stern, Anatol</ref>
* ] (1928-2016), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages * ] (1928-2016), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages
* ]
* ] (Jewish father) * ] (Jewish father)
* ] (1894-1953), poet * ] (1894-1953), poet
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* ] (1900-1967), poet<ref></ref> * ] (1900-1967), poet<ref></ref>
* ], poet<ref></ref> * ], poet<ref></ref>
* ] (1930-1994), writer


===]=== ===]===
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==Business figures== ==Business figures==
* ], founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation * ], founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation
* ]
* ], industrialist, engineer and founder of ] * ], industrialist, engineer and founder of ]
* ] (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of ]; half-brother of Prohibition-era ] ] (born Iakov Faktorowicz) * ] (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of ]; half-brother of Prohibition-era ] ] (born Iakov Faktorowicz)
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* ] (1849-1937), banker<ref></ref> * ] (1849-1937), banker<ref></ref>
* ], impresario, brewer who emigrated to England * ], impresario, brewer who emigrated to England
* ] (born 1925), American poker player and entrepreneur<ref></ref> * ] (1925-2021), American poker player and entrepreneur<ref></ref>
* ] (1810-1896), printer and publisher<ref></ref> * ] (1810-1896), printer and publisher<ref></ref>
* ] (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of ] * ] (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of ]
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* ] (1900-1941), left wing, Polish national team; murdered by the Nazis in the ] * ] (1900-1941), left wing, Polish national team; murdered by the Nazis in the ]
* ], centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto * ], centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto
* ], American-born, midfield, ]


===Professional wrestling=== ===Professional wrestling===
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}} }}


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Poland}}
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}} {{Lists of Jews by country|noredlinks=yes}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Polish Jews}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish Jews}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 15:28, 3 October 2024

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From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Polish Jews comprised an appreciable part of Poland's population. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known for its religious tolerance and described as Paradisus Judaeorum (Latin for "Paradise of the Jews"), had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for Ashkenazi Jews.

At the start of the Second World War, Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population). The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "Final Solution" mass-extermination program in the Holocaust in Poland during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.

The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.

Historical figures

Politicians

Others

Graves of Polish Jews among the fallen soldiers of the Polish Defensive War of 1939; Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw

Sovereign Polish Armed Forces

  • Berek Joselewicz, Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
  • Bernard Mond, member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of Brigade General and, in command of the 6th Infantry Division (Poland), fought against the Germans in 1939
  • Poldek Pfefferberg, Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his sergeant major; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film Schindler's List was based on
  • Baruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD

Religious figures

Rabbis

Academics

Economists

Mathematicians

Philosophers

Sciences

Historians

Cultural figures

Artists

Musicians

Screen and stage

Writers and poets

Polish-language

Yiddish-language

Business figures

Sports

Baseball

Chess

Fencing

Football

Professional wrestling

Swimming

Track and field

  • Myer Prinstein, Olympic long-jumper from Szczuczyn, Poland
  • Irena Szewińska, sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
  • Jadwiga Wajs, two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)

Weightlifting

  • Ben Helfgott, Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived Buchenwald and Theresienstadt; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis

Holocaust survivors

See also

References

  1. Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution, University of Chicago Press 1992, page 51. Quote: "Poland, at that time, was the most tolerant country in Europe." Also in Britain and the Netherlands by S. Groenveld, Michael J. Wintle; and in The exchange of ideas (Walburg Instituut, 1994).
  2. Haumann, Heiko (2002-01-01). A History of East European Jews. Central European University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9789639241268.
  3. Geller, Ewa (2018). "Yiddish 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" from Early Modern Poland: A Humanistic Symbiosis of Latin Medicine and Jewish Thought". In Moskalewicz, Marcin; Caumanns, Ute; Dross, Fritz (eds.). Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe. Springer. p. 20 (13–26). ISBN 9783319924809.
  4. Despard, Matthew K. (2015-01-02). "In Search of a Polish Past". Jewish Quarterly. 62 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1080/0449010x.2015.1010393. ISSN 0449-010X.
  5. Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (September 2016). "Mixed Metaphors in Muranów: Holocaust Memory and Architectural Meaning at the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 30 (3): 258–273. doi:10.1080/23256249.2016.1242550. ISSN 2325-6249. S2CID 191753083.
  6. Daniel Elphick (3 October 2019). Music behind the Iron Curtain: Weinberg and his Polish Contemporaries. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-108-49367-3.
  7. "Poland Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
  8. Menachem Begin – Biography
  9. David Ben-Gurion The First Prime Minister
  10. The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Burton
  11. PRZEKRÓJ - Trzeci Kaczyński
  12. Catholic Encyclopedia: Julian Klaczko
  13. RP.pl: David Miliband
  14. Factmonster: Namier
  15. Shimon Peres – Biography
  16. Yitzhak Shamir – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  17. "Notes for an Autobiography". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  18. Looking for The Political Graveyard?
  19. Canadian Jewish News
  20. Gaspar da Gama
  21. Tributes to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Archived 2005-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Annette Insdorf (1987-05-31). "Rosa Luxemburg: More Than a Revolutionary". The New York Times.
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